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PARA ARZININ İÇSELLİĞİ HİPOTEZİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ (2006-2018)

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 24, 131 - 150, 24.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.539915

Öz

Para arzının
içselliğinin tartışılması eskilere dayanan bir konu olmasına rağmen, bir teori
olarak ele alınması Post Keynesyen İktisatçılar’a dayanmaktadır. Para arzının
içselliği hipotezinde Post Keynesyen İktisatçılar, bir ekonomide kredi ile para
arzı ve parasal taban arasında bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu ileri
sürmektedirler. Bu çalışmada 2006-2018 dönemi aylık verileri kullanılarak Türkiye
ekonomisi için para arzının içselliği hipotezi araştırılmaktadır. Analizde
yöntem olarak Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik prosedürü ve Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto
nedensellik analizi prosedürü kullanılmaktadır. Ampirik bulgular, krediden para
arzına, parasal tabana ve para çarpanına doğru bir nedensellik ilişkisi
olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca para arzından krediye doğru da bir nedensellik
ilişkisi söz konusudur. Bu durumda, kredi ile para çarpanı arasındaki çift
yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi, para arzının içselliği ile ilgili likidite tercihi
görüşünü desteklemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. AKÇAY, S. (2011). Toplam ar&ge yatırımları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: amerika birleşik devletlerinden kanıt. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 79-92.2. Arestis, P. and Howells, P. 1996. Theoretical reflections on endogenous money: the problem with convenience lending, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 20, no. 5, 539–51.3. Arestis, P. (1997) PKE theoretical aspects of money and finance, in: P. Arestis (Ed) Money, Pricing, Distribution and Economic Integration (London, Macmillan), pp. 9–33.4. Arestis, P., Dunn, S. P., & Sawyer, M. (1999). Post Keynesian economics and its critics. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21(4), 527-549.5. Arestis, P., & Sawyer, M. (2006). The nature and role of monetary policy when money is endogenous. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30(6), 847-860.6. Bertocco, G. (2011). On the monetary nature of the interest rate in Keynes’s thought. Department of Economics, University of Insubria, Working Paper, 2.7. Brunner, K. (1968). The Role of Money and Monetary Policy” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Rewiev.8. Chick, Victoria. 1977. The Theory of Monetary Policy. Oxford: Parkgate Books.9. Chick, V. (1983) Macroeconomics After Keynes: a reconsideration of the General Theory (Oxford, Philip Allan).10. Davidson, P. (1984). Reviving Keynes’s revolution. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 6(4), 561-575.11. Davidson, P. (1989). On the Endogeneity of Money Once More. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Spring, 11(3), pp.488-490.12. Dow, S. C. (1996). The methodology of macroeconomic thought. Books.13. Dow, S. C. (1997) Endogenous money, in: G. C. Harcourt & P. A. Riach (Eds) A ‘Second Edition’ of The General Theory (London, Routledge), pp. 61–78.14. Dow, S. C. (2006) “Endogenous Money: Structuralist”, in P. Arestis and M. Sawyer (eds.), A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 35-51.15. Erataş, F., Nur H.B. ve Çınar S., (2015). Para arzının post keynesyen yorumu: gelişmiş ülkeler örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 3, Sayı: 15, Eylül 2015, s. 398-409.16. Fontana, G. (2003) “Post Keynesian Approaches to Endogenous Money: A Time Framework Explanation”, Review of Political Economy, 15(3), 291-314.17. Friedman, M. (1989). Quantity theory of money. In Money (pp. 1-40). Palgrave Macmillan, London.18. Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.19. Göktaş, Pınar, Aytaç Pekmezci ve Kurtuluş Bozkurt (2018). Ekonometrik Serilerde Uzun Dönem Eşbütünleşme ve Kısa Dönem Nedensellik İlişkisi. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.20. Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.21. Hatemi, A., & Irandoust, M. (2005). Energy consumption and economic growth in Sweden: a leveraged bootstrap approach, 1965–2000. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 2(4), 87-98.22. Hatemi-j, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.23. Haghighat, J. (2012). The endogenous money in Iran: What it is and why it matters. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(2), 82.24. Howells, P. G. A. (1995) Endogenous money, International Papers in Political Economy, 2, n. 2.25. Howells, P.G.A., and Hussein, K. 'The Endogeneity of Money: Evidence from the G7." Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 1998, 45 (3), 329-340.26. Işık, S. and H. Kahyaoğlu (2011), ‘The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence From Turkey (1987-2007)’, Journal of Money, Investment and Banking, 19, 61-71.27. Kaldor, N. (1970) The new Monetarism, Lloyds Bank Review, 97, pp. 1–17.28. Kaldor, N. 1982. The Scourge of Monetarism, London, Oxford University.29. Kaldor, N. (1983). Devaluation and adjustment in developing countries. Finance and Development, 20(2), 35.30. Kaldor, N., & Trevithick, J. (1981). A Keynesian perspective on money. Lloyds Bank Review, 139(1), 1-19.31. Lavoie, M. (1984). The endogenous flow of credit and the post Keynesian theory of money. Journal of Economic Issues, 18(3), 771-797.32. Lavoie, M. (1992) Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economics (Aldershot, Edward Elgar).33. Lavoie, M. (1996) “Horizontalism, Structuralism, Liquidity Preference and the Principle of Increasing Risk”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 43(3), 275-300.34. Lavoie, M. (2005). Monetary base endogeneity and the new procedures of the asset-based Canadian and American monetary systems. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(4), 689-709.35. Lopreite, M. (2014). The endogenous money hypothesis: An empirical study of the euro area (1999-2010). Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 4(4), 1-23.36. Meyer, L. H. 2001. Does money matter?, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, vol. 83, no. 5, 1–1537. Minsky, H. P. (1982) Can ‘It’ Happen Again? Essays on instability and finance (New York, M. E. Sharpe).38. Moore, B.J. ( 1988). Horizontalists and Verticalists: The Macroeconomics of Credit Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.39. Moore, B.J. (1989a) "A Simple Model of Bank Intermediation." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 12 (1), 10-28.40. Moore, B.J. (1989b) “The Endogeneity of Credit Money”, Review of Political Economy, 1(1), 65-93.41. Nayan, S., Kadir, N., Abdullah, M. S., & Ahmad, M. (2013). Post Keynesian endogeneity of money supply: Panel evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 48-54.42. Nell, K. S. (2000). The endogenous/exogenous nature of South Africa’s money supply under direct and indirect monetary control measures. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(2), 313-329.43. ÖZGÜR, G. (2008). İçsel para teorisi’ne genel bir bakış. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 51-79.44. Özgür, G. (2011). Türkiye ekonomisinde para arzının içsel süreci. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 22(78), 67-90.45. Palley, T. (1991) “The Endeogenous Money Supply: Consensus and Disagreement”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 13(3), 397-403.46. Palley, T. (1994) "Competing Views of the Money Supply Process." Metroeconomica, 45 (1), 397-403.47. Palley, T. I. (2002). Endogenous money: what it is and why it matters. Metroeconomica, 53(2), 152-180.48. Pastoret, C. (2006). Fiscal Policy, Government Intervention and Endogenous Money: Are Chartalist and Circuitist Theories Complementary?. Post-Keynesian Principles of Economic Policy, Edited by Claude Gnos and Louis-Philippe Rochon, USA.pp: 151-163.49. Paya, M. M. (2013). Para Teorisi ve Para Politikası. Türkmen Kitabevi.50. Pollin, R. (1991) “Two Theories of Money Supply Endogeneity”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 13(3), 366-96.51. Pollin, R. (1996) “Money Supply Endogeneity: What are the Questions and Why do They Matter”, in G. Deleplace, and E. J. Nell (eds.), Money in Motion: The Post Keynesian and circulation Approaches, New York: St. Martin's Press, 490-515.52. Rochon, L. P. (1999) Credit, Money and Production: an alternative Post Keynesian approach (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar).53. Robinson, J. (1933) The Economics of Imperfect Competition, London: Macmillan.54. Rogers, C. (1989) Money, Interest and Capital: a study in the foundations of monetary theory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).55. Rousseas, S. (1986) Post Keynesian Monetary Economics (New York, M. E. Sharpe).56. Shanmugam B., M. Nair and O. Wee Li (2003), ‘The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia’, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 25 (4), 599-611.57. Smithin, J. (1994) Controversies in Monetary Economics: ideas, issues and policy (Aldershot, Edward Elgar).58. Tobin, J. (1971). Essays in Economics: Macroeconomics. Chicago: Markham.59. Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.60. Vera, A. P. (2001). The endogenous money hypothesis: some evidence from Spain (1987–1998). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(3), 509-526.61. Weintraub, S. (1978) Keynes, Keynesians, and Monetarists (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press).62. Wray, L. R. (1990) Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: the endogenous money approach (Aldershot, Edward Elgar).63. Wray, L. R. (1992) Commercial banks, the central bank, and endogenous money, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 14, pp. 297–282.

THE ENDOGENOUS MONEY HYPOTHESIS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR TURKEY (2006-2018)

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 24, 131 - 150, 24.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.539915

Öz

The idea of the hypothesis of the money supply as a theory
is based on the Post Keynesians.
This hypothesis suggests that there is
a causal relationship between credit and money supply and monetary base in an
economy.
With
the developing financial system and financial innovations, the endogeneity of
money supply is one of the priority issues to be studied.
For this reason
it is important to consider the endogeneity of money supply in a theoretical
and empirical context.
In this study, the hypothesis of endogeneity money supply
for Turkey's economy was investigated by Toda-Yamamoto and Bootstrap
Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis procedures for the period 2006-2018.
Empirical
findings show that there is a causal relationship between credit and money
supply, monetary base and money multiplier. There is also a causal relationship
from money supply to credit.
In this case,
the bidirectional causality relationship between credit and money multiplier
supports the view of liquidity preference regarding the endogeneity of money
supply.

Kaynakça

  • 1. AKÇAY, S. (2011). Toplam ar&ge yatırımları ile ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: amerika birleşik devletlerinden kanıt. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 79-92.2. Arestis, P. and Howells, P. 1996. Theoretical reflections on endogenous money: the problem with convenience lending, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 20, no. 5, 539–51.3. Arestis, P. (1997) PKE theoretical aspects of money and finance, in: P. Arestis (Ed) Money, Pricing, Distribution and Economic Integration (London, Macmillan), pp. 9–33.4. Arestis, P., Dunn, S. P., & Sawyer, M. (1999). Post Keynesian economics and its critics. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 21(4), 527-549.5. Arestis, P., & Sawyer, M. (2006). The nature and role of monetary policy when money is endogenous. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 30(6), 847-860.6. Bertocco, G. (2011). On the monetary nature of the interest rate in Keynes’s thought. Department of Economics, University of Insubria, Working Paper, 2.7. Brunner, K. (1968). The Role of Money and Monetary Policy” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Rewiev.8. Chick, Victoria. 1977. The Theory of Monetary Policy. Oxford: Parkgate Books.9. Chick, V. (1983) Macroeconomics After Keynes: a reconsideration of the General Theory (Oxford, Philip Allan).10. Davidson, P. (1984). Reviving Keynes’s revolution. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 6(4), 561-575.11. Davidson, P. (1989). On the Endogeneity of Money Once More. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Spring, 11(3), pp.488-490.12. Dow, S. C. (1996). The methodology of macroeconomic thought. Books.13. Dow, S. C. (1997) Endogenous money, in: G. C. Harcourt & P. A. Riach (Eds) A ‘Second Edition’ of The General Theory (London, Routledge), pp. 61–78.14. Dow, S. C. (2006) “Endogenous Money: Structuralist”, in P. Arestis and M. Sawyer (eds.), A Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 35-51.15. Erataş, F., Nur H.B. ve Çınar S., (2015). Para arzının post keynesyen yorumu: gelişmiş ülkeler örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl: 3, Sayı: 15, Eylül 2015, s. 398-409.16. Fontana, G. (2003) “Post Keynesian Approaches to Endogenous Money: A Time Framework Explanation”, Review of Political Economy, 15(3), 291-314.17. Friedman, M. (1989). Quantity theory of money. In Money (pp. 1-40). Palgrave Macmillan, London.18. Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438.19. Göktaş, Pınar, Aytaç Pekmezci ve Kurtuluş Bozkurt (2018). Ekonometrik Serilerde Uzun Dönem Eşbütünleşme ve Kısa Dönem Nedensellik İlişkisi. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.20. Hacker, R. S., & Hatemi-J, A. (2006). Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.21. Hatemi, A., & Irandoust, M. (2005). Energy consumption and economic growth in Sweden: a leveraged bootstrap approach, 1965–2000. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 2(4), 87-98.22. Hatemi-j, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43(1), 447-456.23. Haghighat, J. (2012). The endogenous money in Iran: What it is and why it matters. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(2), 82.24. Howells, P. G. A. (1995) Endogenous money, International Papers in Political Economy, 2, n. 2.25. Howells, P.G.A., and Hussein, K. 'The Endogeneity of Money: Evidence from the G7." Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 1998, 45 (3), 329-340.26. Işık, S. and H. Kahyaoğlu (2011), ‘The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Some Evidence From Turkey (1987-2007)’, Journal of Money, Investment and Banking, 19, 61-71.27. Kaldor, N. (1970) The new Monetarism, Lloyds Bank Review, 97, pp. 1–17.28. Kaldor, N. 1982. The Scourge of Monetarism, London, Oxford University.29. Kaldor, N. (1983). Devaluation and adjustment in developing countries. Finance and Development, 20(2), 35.30. Kaldor, N., & Trevithick, J. (1981). A Keynesian perspective on money. Lloyds Bank Review, 139(1), 1-19.31. Lavoie, M. (1984). The endogenous flow of credit and the post Keynesian theory of money. Journal of Economic Issues, 18(3), 771-797.32. Lavoie, M. (1992) Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economics (Aldershot, Edward Elgar).33. Lavoie, M. (1996) “Horizontalism, Structuralism, Liquidity Preference and the Principle of Increasing Risk”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 43(3), 275-300.34. Lavoie, M. (2005). Monetary base endogeneity and the new procedures of the asset-based Canadian and American monetary systems. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 27(4), 689-709.35. Lopreite, M. (2014). The endogenous money hypothesis: An empirical study of the euro area (1999-2010). Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology, 4(4), 1-23.36. Meyer, L. H. 2001. Does money matter?, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, vol. 83, no. 5, 1–1537. Minsky, H. P. (1982) Can ‘It’ Happen Again? Essays on instability and finance (New York, M. E. Sharpe).38. Moore, B.J. ( 1988). Horizontalists and Verticalists: The Macroeconomics of Credit Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.39. Moore, B.J. (1989a) "A Simple Model of Bank Intermediation." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 12 (1), 10-28.40. Moore, B.J. (1989b) “The Endogeneity of Credit Money”, Review of Political Economy, 1(1), 65-93.41. Nayan, S., Kadir, N., Abdullah, M. S., & Ahmad, M. (2013). Post Keynesian endogeneity of money supply: Panel evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 48-54.42. Nell, K. S. (2000). The endogenous/exogenous nature of South Africa’s money supply under direct and indirect monetary control measures. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(2), 313-329.43. ÖZGÜR, G. (2008). İçsel para teorisi’ne genel bir bakış. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 51-79.44. Özgür, G. (2011). Türkiye ekonomisinde para arzının içsel süreci. Ekonomik Yaklasim, 22(78), 67-90.45. Palley, T. (1991) “The Endeogenous Money Supply: Consensus and Disagreement”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 13(3), 397-403.46. Palley, T. (1994) "Competing Views of the Money Supply Process." Metroeconomica, 45 (1), 397-403.47. Palley, T. I. (2002). Endogenous money: what it is and why it matters. Metroeconomica, 53(2), 152-180.48. Pastoret, C. (2006). Fiscal Policy, Government Intervention and Endogenous Money: Are Chartalist and Circuitist Theories Complementary?. Post-Keynesian Principles of Economic Policy, Edited by Claude Gnos and Louis-Philippe Rochon, USA.pp: 151-163.49. Paya, M. M. (2013). Para Teorisi ve Para Politikası. Türkmen Kitabevi.50. Pollin, R. (1991) “Two Theories of Money Supply Endogeneity”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 13(3), 366-96.51. Pollin, R. (1996) “Money Supply Endogeneity: What are the Questions and Why do They Matter”, in G. Deleplace, and E. J. Nell (eds.), Money in Motion: The Post Keynesian and circulation Approaches, New York: St. Martin's Press, 490-515.52. Rochon, L. P. (1999) Credit, Money and Production: an alternative Post Keynesian approach (Cheltenham, Edward Elgar).53. Robinson, J. (1933) The Economics of Imperfect Competition, London: Macmillan.54. Rogers, C. (1989) Money, Interest and Capital: a study in the foundations of monetary theory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).55. Rousseas, S. (1986) Post Keynesian Monetary Economics (New York, M. E. Sharpe).56. Shanmugam B., M. Nair and O. Wee Li (2003), ‘The Endogenous Money Hypothesis: Empirical Evidence from Malaysia’, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 25 (4), 599-611.57. Smithin, J. (1994) Controversies in Monetary Economics: ideas, issues and policy (Aldershot, Edward Elgar).58. Tobin, J. (1971). Essays in Economics: Macroeconomics. Chicago: Markham.59. Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.60. Vera, A. P. (2001). The endogenous money hypothesis: some evidence from Spain (1987–1998). Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 23(3), 509-526.61. Weintraub, S. (1978) Keynes, Keynesians, and Monetarists (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press).62. Wray, L. R. (1990) Money and Credit in Capitalist Economies: the endogenous money approach (Aldershot, Edward Elgar).63. Wray, L. R. (1992) Commercial banks, the central bank, and endogenous money, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 14, pp. 297–282.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Asuman Koç Yurtkur 0000-0001-8366-4280

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Koç Yurtkur, A. (2019). PARA ARZININ İÇSELLİĞİ HİPOTEZİ: TÜRKİYE İÇİN AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ (2006-2018). Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(24), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.539915


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