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PAZARLAMADA SES SEMBOLİZMİ: SES SEMBOLİZMİNİ ARAŞTIRAN PAZARLAMA ÇALIŞMALARININ ÜZERİNE BÜTÜNCÜL BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 26, 1 - 18, 13.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.573615

Öz





Özellikle 2000’li yılların başından itibaren,
ses sembolizmi üzerine yapılan pazarlama çalışmalarında artış olmasına rağmen,
mevcut literaturde bu çalışmaları bütüncül bir şekilde ele alan herhangi bir
çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu boşluğu doldurmak için bu çalışma 1970-2019 yılları
arasında ses sembolizmi olgusunu inceleyen 46 tane pazarlama çalışmasına
ilişkin geniş çaplı bir inceleme sunmaktadır. Derlenen makaleler, çalışmaların
kapsamı, yöntemi ve incelenen kavramsal alanlar açısından içerik analizi ile
incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, ses sembolizmi olgusunun mevcut pazarlama
literatüründe hızla gelişme göstermesine rağmen ses sembolizmi üzerine yapılan
çalışmaların hala geliştirilebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın, ilgili
mevcut bilgi birikimine bütünlükçü bir yaklaşım sunarak ve mevcut literatürdeki
eksiklikleri göstererek gelecek çalışmalara da katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir
.




Kaynakça

  • Abelin, A. (1999). Studies in Sound Symbolism. Göteborg: Gothenburg Monographs in Linguistics 17.
  • Ang, S. H. (1997). Chinese Consumers’ Perception of Alpha-Numeric Brand Names. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(3): 220 – 233.
  • Argo, J. J., Popa, M., and Smith, M. C. (2010). The Sounds of Brands. Journal of Marketing, 74(4): 97-109.
  • Arora, S., Kalro, A. D., and Sharma, D. (2015). A Comprehensive Framework of Brand Name Classification. Journal of Brand Management, 22(2): 79–116.
  • Athaide, G. A. and Klink, R. R. (2012). Creating Global Brand Names: The Use of Sound Symbolism. Journal of Global Marketing, 25(202): 212, 2012.
  • Baxter, S. M. and Lowrey, T. (2011). Phonetic Symbolism and Children’s Brand Name Preferences. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(7): 516–523.
  • Baxter, S. M., and Lowrey, T. (2014). Examining Children's Preference for Phonetically Manipulated Brand Names across Two English Accent Groups. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31 (2014): 122–124.
  • Baxter, S. M., Kulczynski, A., and, Ilicic, J. (2014). Revisiting the Automaticity of Phonetic Symbolism Effects. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31(2014): 448–451.
  • Baxter, S. M., Ilicic, J., Kulczynski, A.,and Lowrey, T. (2015). Communicating Product Size Using Sound and Shape Symbolism. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(5):472-480.
  • Baxter, S. M., Ilicic, J., and Kulczynski, A. (2015). What’s in a Name? Examining The Effect of Phonetic Fit between Spokesperson Name and Product Attributes on Source Credibility. Marketing Letters, 26(4): 525–534.
  • Baxter, Stacey M., Ilicic, Jasmina, Kulczynski, Alicia, and Lowrey, Tina M. (2017). Using Sublexical Priming to Enhance Brand Name Phonetic Symbolism Effects in Young Children. Marketing Letters, 28(4): 565-577.
  • Blackett, T. (1989). Brand Name Research – Getting It Right. Marketing and Research Today, May, 89-93.
  • Bolinger, D. (1950). Rhyme, Assonance and Morpheme Analysis. Word, 6: 117-136.
  • Boyd, C. (1985). Point of View: Alpha-Numeric Brand Names. Journal of Advertising Research, 25(5): 48–52.
  • Brinton, L. L. (2000). The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. Philadelphia, USA: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
  • Coulter, K. S. and Coulter, R. (2010). A Small Sounds, Big Deals: Phonetic Symbolism Effects in Pricing. The Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2): 315-28.
  • Coulter, K. S. and Grewal, D. (2014). Name-Letters and Birthday-Numbers: Implicit Egotism Effects in Pricing. Journal of Marketing, 78(3): 102-120.
  • Doorn, G. V., Paton, B. and Spence, C. (2016). Is J The New K? Initial Letters and Brand Names. Journal of Brand Management, 23: 666–678.
  • Doyle, J. R. and Bottomley, P.A. (2011). Mixed Messages in Brand Names: Separating the Impacts of Letter Shape from Sound Symbolism. Psychology & Marketing, 28(7): 749–762.
  • Ergenç, İ. (2002). Konuşma Dili ve Türkçenin Söyleyiş Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları
  • Fischer, A. (1999). What If Anything, Is Phonological Iconicity, In Max Nanny and Olga Fischer (ed.), Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature (p. 123-134). Philadelphia, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Guevremont, A. and Grohmann, B. (2015). Consonants in Brand Names Influence Brand Gender Perceptions. European Journal of Marketing, 49 (1/2): 101-122.
  • Gunasti, K. and Ross Jr, W. T. (2010). How and When Alphanumeric Brand Names Affect Consumer Preferences. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(6): 1177-1192.
  • Hinton, L., Nichols, H., and Ohala, J. (1994). Introduction: Sound Symbolic Processes. In Hinton, Nichols, and Ohala (ed.), Sound Symbolism, Cambridge (p.1-12). England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jenkins, J. J., Russell, W. A. and Suci, G. J. (1958). An Atlas of Semantic Profiles For 360 Words. The American Journal of Psychology, 71(4): 688–699.Jespersen, O. (1922): Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Ilicic, J., Baxter, S. M., and Kulczynski, A. (2015). Names versus Faces: Examining Spokesperson-Based Congruency Effects in Advertising. European Journal of Marketing, 49(1/2): 62-81.
  • Klink, R. R. (2000). Creating Brand Names with Meaning: The Use of Sound Symbolism. Marketing Letters, 11(1): 5-20.
  • Klink, R. R. (2001). Creating Meaningful Brand Names: A Study of Semantics and Sound Symbolism. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 9(2): 27-34.Klink, R. R. (2003). Creating Meaningful Brands: The Relationship between Brand Name and Brand Mark. Marketing Letters, 14(3): 143-157.
  • Klink, R. R. (2009). Gender Differences in New Brand Name Response. Marketing Letters, 20(3): 313-326.
  • Klink, R. R. and Athaide, G. A. (2012). Creating Brand Personality with Brand Names. Marketing Letters, 23(1): 109-117.
  • Klink, R. R. and Athaide, G. A. (2014). Examining the Brand Name – Mark Relationship in Emerging Markets. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(4/5): 262-267.
  • Klink, R. R. and Wu, L. (2014). The Role of Position, Type, and Combination of Sound Symbolism Imbeds in Brand Names. Marketing Letters, 25(1): 13–24.
  • Klink, R., R. and Wu, L. (2017). Creating Ethical Brands: The Role of Brand Name on Consumer Perceived Ethicality. Marketing Letters, 2(3)8, 411-422.
  • Kniffin, K. M. and Shimizu, M. (2016). Sounds That Make You Smile and Share: A Phonetic Key to Pro-sociality And Engagement. Marketing Letters, 27(2): 273-283.
  • Kohli, C. (1997). Branding Consumer Goods: Insights from Theory and Practice. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(3): 206 – 219.
  • Köhler, Wolfgang. (1947). Gestalt Psychology: An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology. New York: Liverlight Publishing Corp.
  • Kuehnl, C. and Mantau, A. (2013). Same Sound, Same Preference? Investigating Sound Symbolism Effects in International Brand Names. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 30(4): 417–420.
  • Lieven, T., Grohmann, B., Herrmann, A., Landwehr, J. R., and Van Tilburg, M. (2015). The Effect of Brand Design on Brand Gender Perceptions and Brand Preference. European Journal of Marketing, 49(1/2): 146-169.
  • Lowrey, T. M., Shrum, L. J. and Dubitsky,T. M. (2003). The Relation between Brand-Name Linguistic Characteristics and Brand-Name Memory. Journal of Advertising, 32(3): 7–17.
  • Lowrey, T. M. and Shrum, L. J. (2007). Phonetic Symbolism and Brand Name Preference. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(3): 406-414.
  • Lowrey, T. M., Lerman, D., and Luna, D. (2007). Phonetic Symbolism and Brand Name Preferences in French and English. European Advances in Consumer Research, 8:118-119.
  • Newman, S. S. (1933). Further Experiments in Phonetic Symbolism. American Journal of Psychology, 45, 53-75.
  • Park, J. W. and Osera, S. (2008). The Effect of Brand Sound on Consumers’ Brand Evaluation in Japan. ACR Latin American Advances.
  • Pathak, A., Calvert, G. and Velasco, C. (2017). Evaluating the Impact of Early-and Late-Acquired Phonemes on the Luxury Appeal of Brand Names. Journal of Brand Management, 24(6): 522-545.
  • Pathak, A., Calvert, G. A., and Lim, E. A. (2017). How the Linguistic Characteristics of a Brand Name Can Affect Its Luxury Appeal. International Journal of Market Research, 59(5): 567-600.
  • Pavia, T. and Costa, J. A. (1993). The Winning Number: Consumer Perceptions of Alpha-Numeric Brand Names. Journal of Marketing, 57 (3), 85-98.Peterson, R. A. and Ross, I. (1972). How to Name New Brands. Journal of Advertising Research, 12 (6): 29-34.
  • Pogacar, R., Plant, E., Rosulek, L. F. and Kouril, M. (2015). Sounds good: Phonetic sound patterns in top brand names. Marketing Letters, 26(4), 549–563.
  • Pogacar, R., Kouril, M., Carpenter, T. P. and Kellaris, J. J. (2018). Implicit and Explicit Preferences for Brand Name Sounds. Marketing Letters, 29(2): 241-259.
  • Ramachandran, V.S. and Hubbard, E.M. (2001). Synaesthesia – A Window into Perception, Thought and Language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(12): 3-34.Robertson, K. R. (1989). Strategically Desirable Brand Name Characteristics. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6 (4): 61-71.
  • Sapir, E. (1929). A Study in Phonetic Symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12 (3): 225-239.
  • Schloss I. (1981). Chickens and Pickles. Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (December): 47-49.
  • Shrum, L. J., Lowrey, T. M., Luna, D., Lerman, D.B. and Liu, M. (2012). Sound Symbolism Effects across Languages: Implications for Global Brand Names. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29 (2012): 275–279.
  • Spears, N., Ketron, S. and Cowan, K. (2016). The Sweet Taste of Consistency in Brand Name Sound & Product/Label Shapes: Investigating Appetitive Responses in A Dessert Context and Obstacles That Suppress. Journal of Brand Management, 23(4): 439-456.
  • Vanden Bergh, B.G., Adler, K. and Oliver, L. (1987). Linguistic Distinction among Top Brand Names. Journal of Advertising Research, 27(4): 39-44.
  • Vanden Bergh, B. (1990). The Rekurring Kase Of The Special K. Journal of Advertising Research, 30(5): 9- 12.
  • Wu, L., Klink, R. R. and Guo, J. (2013). Creating Gender Brand Personality with Brand Names: The Effects of Phonetic Symbolism. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 21(3): 319-330.
  • Yorkston, E. and Menon, G. (2004). A Sound Idea: Phonetic Effects of Brand Names on Consumer Judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1): 43-51.

Sound Symbolism in Marketing: An Integrative Review of Marketing Studies into Sound Symbolism

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 26, 1 - 18, 13.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.573615

Öz



Despite an increase
in marketing research on sound symbolism particularly since the beginning of
2000s, there is a lack of integrative review of the empirical marketing studies
regarding sound symbolism. To address this gap, this study offers a
comprehensive review of 46 sound symbolism related marketing articles published
between 1970 and 2019. The compiled articles were examined through content
analysis in terms of the scope of research, methodology, and conceptual issues.
The results indicate that despite the significant progress in the extant sound
symbolism literature with respect to marketing, marketing research on sound
symbolism is still at the stage of development. This study is expected to
contribute to the pertinent body of knowledge by introducing an integrative
literature review of sound symbolic marketing research and to further marketing
studies by indicating the gaps that were not addressed by previous marketing research.




Kaynakça

  • Abelin, A. (1999). Studies in Sound Symbolism. Göteborg: Gothenburg Monographs in Linguistics 17.
  • Ang, S. H. (1997). Chinese Consumers’ Perception of Alpha-Numeric Brand Names. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(3): 220 – 233.
  • Argo, J. J., Popa, M., and Smith, M. C. (2010). The Sounds of Brands. Journal of Marketing, 74(4): 97-109.
  • Arora, S., Kalro, A. D., and Sharma, D. (2015). A Comprehensive Framework of Brand Name Classification. Journal of Brand Management, 22(2): 79–116.
  • Athaide, G. A. and Klink, R. R. (2012). Creating Global Brand Names: The Use of Sound Symbolism. Journal of Global Marketing, 25(202): 212, 2012.
  • Baxter, S. M. and Lowrey, T. (2011). Phonetic Symbolism and Children’s Brand Name Preferences. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28(7): 516–523.
  • Baxter, S. M., and Lowrey, T. (2014). Examining Children's Preference for Phonetically Manipulated Brand Names across Two English Accent Groups. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31 (2014): 122–124.
  • Baxter, S. M., Kulczynski, A., and, Ilicic, J. (2014). Revisiting the Automaticity of Phonetic Symbolism Effects. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31(2014): 448–451.
  • Baxter, S. M., Ilicic, J., Kulczynski, A.,and Lowrey, T. (2015). Communicating Product Size Using Sound and Shape Symbolism. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 24(5):472-480.
  • Baxter, S. M., Ilicic, J., and Kulczynski, A. (2015). What’s in a Name? Examining The Effect of Phonetic Fit between Spokesperson Name and Product Attributes on Source Credibility. Marketing Letters, 26(4): 525–534.
  • Baxter, Stacey M., Ilicic, Jasmina, Kulczynski, Alicia, and Lowrey, Tina M. (2017). Using Sublexical Priming to Enhance Brand Name Phonetic Symbolism Effects in Young Children. Marketing Letters, 28(4): 565-577.
  • Blackett, T. (1989). Brand Name Research – Getting It Right. Marketing and Research Today, May, 89-93.
  • Bolinger, D. (1950). Rhyme, Assonance and Morpheme Analysis. Word, 6: 117-136.
  • Boyd, C. (1985). Point of View: Alpha-Numeric Brand Names. Journal of Advertising Research, 25(5): 48–52.
  • Brinton, L. L. (2000). The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction. Philadelphia, USA: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
  • Coulter, K. S. and Coulter, R. (2010). A Small Sounds, Big Deals: Phonetic Symbolism Effects in Pricing. The Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2): 315-28.
  • Coulter, K. S. and Grewal, D. (2014). Name-Letters and Birthday-Numbers: Implicit Egotism Effects in Pricing. Journal of Marketing, 78(3): 102-120.
  • Doorn, G. V., Paton, B. and Spence, C. (2016). Is J The New K? Initial Letters and Brand Names. Journal of Brand Management, 23: 666–678.
  • Doyle, J. R. and Bottomley, P.A. (2011). Mixed Messages in Brand Names: Separating the Impacts of Letter Shape from Sound Symbolism. Psychology & Marketing, 28(7): 749–762.
  • Ergenç, İ. (2002). Konuşma Dili ve Türkçenin Söyleyiş Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Multilingual Yabancı Dil Yayınları
  • Fischer, A. (1999). What If Anything, Is Phonological Iconicity, In Max Nanny and Olga Fischer (ed.), Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature (p. 123-134). Philadelphia, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Guevremont, A. and Grohmann, B. (2015). Consonants in Brand Names Influence Brand Gender Perceptions. European Journal of Marketing, 49 (1/2): 101-122.
  • Gunasti, K. and Ross Jr, W. T. (2010). How and When Alphanumeric Brand Names Affect Consumer Preferences. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(6): 1177-1192.
  • Hinton, L., Nichols, H., and Ohala, J. (1994). Introduction: Sound Symbolic Processes. In Hinton, Nichols, and Ohala (ed.), Sound Symbolism, Cambridge (p.1-12). England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jenkins, J. J., Russell, W. A. and Suci, G. J. (1958). An Atlas of Semantic Profiles For 360 Words. The American Journal of Psychology, 71(4): 688–699.Jespersen, O. (1922): Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Ilicic, J., Baxter, S. M., and Kulczynski, A. (2015). Names versus Faces: Examining Spokesperson-Based Congruency Effects in Advertising. European Journal of Marketing, 49(1/2): 62-81.
  • Klink, R. R. (2000). Creating Brand Names with Meaning: The Use of Sound Symbolism. Marketing Letters, 11(1): 5-20.
  • Klink, R. R. (2001). Creating Meaningful Brand Names: A Study of Semantics and Sound Symbolism. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 9(2): 27-34.Klink, R. R. (2003). Creating Meaningful Brands: The Relationship between Brand Name and Brand Mark. Marketing Letters, 14(3): 143-157.
  • Klink, R. R. (2009). Gender Differences in New Brand Name Response. Marketing Letters, 20(3): 313-326.
  • Klink, R. R. and Athaide, G. A. (2012). Creating Brand Personality with Brand Names. Marketing Letters, 23(1): 109-117.
  • Klink, R. R. and Athaide, G. A. (2014). Examining the Brand Name – Mark Relationship in Emerging Markets. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(4/5): 262-267.
  • Klink, R. R. and Wu, L. (2014). The Role of Position, Type, and Combination of Sound Symbolism Imbeds in Brand Names. Marketing Letters, 25(1): 13–24.
  • Klink, R., R. and Wu, L. (2017). Creating Ethical Brands: The Role of Brand Name on Consumer Perceived Ethicality. Marketing Letters, 2(3)8, 411-422.
  • Kniffin, K. M. and Shimizu, M. (2016). Sounds That Make You Smile and Share: A Phonetic Key to Pro-sociality And Engagement. Marketing Letters, 27(2): 273-283.
  • Kohli, C. (1997). Branding Consumer Goods: Insights from Theory and Practice. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(3): 206 – 219.
  • Köhler, Wolfgang. (1947). Gestalt Psychology: An Introduction to New Concepts in Modern Psychology. New York: Liverlight Publishing Corp.
  • Kuehnl, C. and Mantau, A. (2013). Same Sound, Same Preference? Investigating Sound Symbolism Effects in International Brand Names. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 30(4): 417–420.
  • Lieven, T., Grohmann, B., Herrmann, A., Landwehr, J. R., and Van Tilburg, M. (2015). The Effect of Brand Design on Brand Gender Perceptions and Brand Preference. European Journal of Marketing, 49(1/2): 146-169.
  • Lowrey, T. M., Shrum, L. J. and Dubitsky,T. M. (2003). The Relation between Brand-Name Linguistic Characteristics and Brand-Name Memory. Journal of Advertising, 32(3): 7–17.
  • Lowrey, T. M. and Shrum, L. J. (2007). Phonetic Symbolism and Brand Name Preference. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(3): 406-414.
  • Lowrey, T. M., Lerman, D., and Luna, D. (2007). Phonetic Symbolism and Brand Name Preferences in French and English. European Advances in Consumer Research, 8:118-119.
  • Newman, S. S. (1933). Further Experiments in Phonetic Symbolism. American Journal of Psychology, 45, 53-75.
  • Park, J. W. and Osera, S. (2008). The Effect of Brand Sound on Consumers’ Brand Evaluation in Japan. ACR Latin American Advances.
  • Pathak, A., Calvert, G. and Velasco, C. (2017). Evaluating the Impact of Early-and Late-Acquired Phonemes on the Luxury Appeal of Brand Names. Journal of Brand Management, 24(6): 522-545.
  • Pathak, A., Calvert, G. A., and Lim, E. A. (2017). How the Linguistic Characteristics of a Brand Name Can Affect Its Luxury Appeal. International Journal of Market Research, 59(5): 567-600.
  • Pavia, T. and Costa, J. A. (1993). The Winning Number: Consumer Perceptions of Alpha-Numeric Brand Names. Journal of Marketing, 57 (3), 85-98.Peterson, R. A. and Ross, I. (1972). How to Name New Brands. Journal of Advertising Research, 12 (6): 29-34.
  • Pogacar, R., Plant, E., Rosulek, L. F. and Kouril, M. (2015). Sounds good: Phonetic sound patterns in top brand names. Marketing Letters, 26(4), 549–563.
  • Pogacar, R., Kouril, M., Carpenter, T. P. and Kellaris, J. J. (2018). Implicit and Explicit Preferences for Brand Name Sounds. Marketing Letters, 29(2): 241-259.
  • Ramachandran, V.S. and Hubbard, E.M. (2001). Synaesthesia – A Window into Perception, Thought and Language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(12): 3-34.Robertson, K. R. (1989). Strategically Desirable Brand Name Characteristics. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6 (4): 61-71.
  • Sapir, E. (1929). A Study in Phonetic Symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12 (3): 225-239.
  • Schloss I. (1981). Chickens and Pickles. Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (December): 47-49.
  • Shrum, L. J., Lowrey, T. M., Luna, D., Lerman, D.B. and Liu, M. (2012). Sound Symbolism Effects across Languages: Implications for Global Brand Names. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29 (2012): 275–279.
  • Spears, N., Ketron, S. and Cowan, K. (2016). The Sweet Taste of Consistency in Brand Name Sound & Product/Label Shapes: Investigating Appetitive Responses in A Dessert Context and Obstacles That Suppress. Journal of Brand Management, 23(4): 439-456.
  • Vanden Bergh, B.G., Adler, K. and Oliver, L. (1987). Linguistic Distinction among Top Brand Names. Journal of Advertising Research, 27(4): 39-44.
  • Vanden Bergh, B. (1990). The Rekurring Kase Of The Special K. Journal of Advertising Research, 30(5): 9- 12.
  • Wu, L., Klink, R. R. and Guo, J. (2013). Creating Gender Brand Personality with Brand Names: The Effects of Phonetic Symbolism. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 21(3): 319-330.
  • Yorkston, E. and Menon, G. (2004). A Sound Idea: Phonetic Effects of Brand Names on Consumer Judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(1): 43-51.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

İlkin Yaran Ögel 0000-0003-3414-753X

Gül Bayraktaroğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Yaran Ögel, İ., & Bayraktaroğlu, G. (2020). Sound Symbolism in Marketing: An Integrative Review of Marketing Studies into Sound Symbolism. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(26), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.573615


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