Role Of India In Regional Integrations In Eurasia

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 87 - 100, 30.12.2023

Seyit Ali Avcu

Öz

India is considered as one of the rising powers in international relations and a candidate for future regional hegemon. However, India has been unwilling to act as a regional hegemon and engage in region-building to create stability in the conflict-ridden region. Moreover, India has been reactive rather than proactive in creating regionalism as in seen in Chinese led Belt and Road initiative (BRI). How do we explain the puzzle of India’s hesitance of involving region-building? Which International Relations theory best explain the behavior of India? I argue that liberalism and constructivism fit to explain the behavior of India. In terms of constructivism, Indian identity, shaped by long colonialism and struggle for independence and by establishing non-alignment movement during the cold war, prevents India to take much active role beyond its border. Over conscientious about its sovereignty, India is less willing to be bound by any regional organization. In terms of Liberalism, the protectionist policies caused by domestic structure of protective industry hinders India’s regionalism efforts. However, seeing other regionalism efforts around, India takes small steps in Eurasian regionalism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eurasian Regionalism, Eurasian Economic Union, Belt and Road Initiative, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, India

Avrasya'da Bölgesel Entegrasyonlarda Hindistan'ın Rolü

Öz

Hindistan, uluslararası ilişkilerde yükselen güçlerden biri ve gelecekteki bölgesel hegemon adayı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ancak Hindistan bölgesel bir hegemon olarak hareket etme ve çatışmaların kol gezdiği bölgede istikrar yaratmak için bölge inşa etme çabalarına katılma konusunda isteksiz davranmaktadır. Üstelik Hindistan, Çin liderliğindeki Kuşak ve Yol Girişiminde (KYG) görüldüğü gibi belgeselcilik yaratmada proaktif olmaktan ziyade reaktif davranmaktadır. Hindistan'ın bölge inşasına dahil olma konusundaki tereddüdünü nasıl açıklayabiliriz? Hangi Uluslararası İlişkiler teorisi Hindistan'ın davranışını en iyi şekilde açıklıyor? Bu makalede Liberalizm ve Konstrüktivizmin Hindistan'ın davranışını açıklamaya uygun olduğu savunulmaktadır. Konstrüktivizm açısından bakıldığında, uzun sömürgecilik ve bağımsızlık mücadelesi ile şekillenen ve Soğuk Savaş döneminde Bağlantısızlık Hareketi'ni kuran Hint kimliği, Hindistan'ın sınırlarının ötesinde çok daha aktif bir rol almasını engellemektedir. Egemenliği konusunda aşırı hassas olan Hindistan, herhangi bir bölgesel kuruluşa bağlı kalmaya daha az isteklidir. Liberalizm açısından ise ithal-ikameci sanayinin yapısından kaynaklanan korumacı politikalar Hindistan'ın bölgeselcilik çabalarını engellemektedir. Ancak diğer bölgecilik süreçlerinin farkında olan Hindistan, Avrasya Bölgeciliği konusunda küçük adımlar atmaya başlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrasya Bölgeselciliği, Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği, Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi, Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü, Hindistan

Kaynakça

• Akcay, N. (2022). Does the Organization of Turkic States Worry China and Russia? https://thediplomat.com/2022/11/does-the-organization-of-turkic-states-worry-china-and-russia/
• Börzel, T. A., Risse, T., Börzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (Eds.). (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism. Oxford University Press.
• Chaudhury, D. R. (2023). Eurasian Economic Union meets to speed up proposed FTA with India. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/eurasian-economic-union-meets-to-speed-up-proposed-fta-with-india/articleshow/100510786.cms?from=mdr
• Chourasia, S. K. (2023). The rise of the Middle Corridor: What is India’s response? Orfonline.Org. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-rise-of-the-middle-corridor
• Chung, C.(2004). "The Shanghai Co-operation Organization: China's changing influence in Central Asia", The China Quarterly, 180: 989-1009.
• Conflict Between India and Pakistan. (2023). Global Conflict Tracker. https://cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-india-and-pakistan
• Destradi, S. (2010). Regional Powers and Their Strategies: Empire, Hegemony, and Leadership. Review of International Studies, 36(4): 903–930.”
• Destradi, S. (2012). Indian Foreign Policy and Security Policy in South Asia: Regional Power Strategies”. London: Routledge.
• Entry of India and Pakistan into SCO to bolster grouping’s strength. (2018). https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/entry-of-india-and-pakistan-into-sco-to-bolster-groupings-strength-xi-jinping/articleshow/64527445.cms?from=mdr
• Escobar, P. (2014). China’s New Silk Road. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/chinas-new-silk-road/ India’s Plan to Realize TAPI. (2022). https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/indias-plan-to-realize-tapi/ Instability in Afghanistan. (2023). https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-afghanistan
• Khalil, A. B. (2021). Afghanistan and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
• Kazakhstan: Visa-free travel for Indians and a lot of offbeat adventures. (2023). The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/you-can-soon-travel-to-space-and-get-married-at-the-cost-of-inr-1-crore-per-person/articleshow/100420326.cms https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/afghanistan-and-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization/
• Kothari, Raj Kumar. (2020). India's Strategic Interests In Central Asia. World Affairs: The. Journal of International Issues, Vol. 24, No. 1. pp. 100-117.
• Laskar, R. H. (2023, April 18). India, Russia begin talks on Eurasia free trade deal. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-and-russia-discuss-fta-involving-eurasian-economic-union-to-address-trade-imbalance-created-by-45bn-two-way-trade-101681757779557.html
• Markey, D. (2023). The Persistent Threat of Nuclear Crises Among China, India and Pakistan. United States Institute of Peace. https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/02/persistent-threat-nuclear-crises-among-china-india-and-pakistan
• Menon, R., & Saharanya, R. (2019). Realizing India’s Strategic Interests in Central Asia. Carnegie India. https://carnegieindia.org/2019/12/01/realizing-india-s-strategic-interests-in-central-asia-pub-80576
• Muttreja, I., & Tarapore, A. (2023). India-China relations: Is the Quad the answer? https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/india-china-relations-quad-answer
• Reserve Bank of India—Weekly Statistical Supplement. (2023). https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?PARAM1=2&TYPE=Section
• Rickleton, C. (2014). Central Asia: Can China’s Silk Road Vision Coexist with an Eurasian Union? https://eurasianet.org/central-asia-can-chinas-silk-road-vision-coexist-with-a-eurasian-union
• Schulz, D. (2022). How India Can Broaden its Relationships With Central Asia • Stimson Center. Stimson Center. https://www.stimson.org/2022/how-india-can-broaden-its-relationships-with-central-asia/
• Shinde, V. (2023). India and Japan are fostering friendships in Central Asia. East Asia Forum. https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2023/04/22/india-and-japan-are-fostering-friendships-in-central-asia/
• Singh, A. I. (2021). The new Cold War and us: India’s strategic conundrums are multiplied in the US-China faceoff, compared to the one with Russia. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/the-new-cold-war-and-us-indias-strategic-conundrums-are-multiplied-in-the-us-china-faceoff-compared-to-the-one-with-russia/
• Türkiye´s Relations With Central Asian Republics. (2023). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_s-relations-with-central-asian-republics.en.mfa
• Wood, C. (2023). India’s Soft Power at Play in Central Asia. https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/indias-soft-power-at-play-in-central-asia/