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The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 39 - 52, 30.06.2024

Öz

States bear international responsibility for wrongful acts committed by their authorities, institutions, representatives, or individuals, violating international obligations. Israel's construction of settlements in occupied Palestinian territories constitutes an internationally wrongful act, incurring international responsibility for damages and necessitating compensation. This article sheds light on the ongoing Israeli settlement operations in Palestinian-occupied territories, analyzing Israel's behavior in the framework of international law, including customary law, and the Fourth Geneva Convention. Moreover, It studies triggering Israel's international responsibility, the consequences of settlement operations, and the obligation to halt activities, emphasizing compensation for Palestinian communities. Finally, it addresses collective responsibility and the international community's role in legally intervening to cease Israeli settlement operations.

Kaynakça

  • Abu el-Wafa, A. (2016). The mediator in public international law [Al-wasayt fiy Al-qanun Al-daily Al-eam]. Dar el-Nahda for publishment and distribution. http://librarycatalog.bau.edu.lb/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=9422
  • Amer, S. A. (1997). Popular resistance army in public international law "with special reference to the foundations of international legitimacy of the Palestinian resistance [el-Muqawama el Shaabia el-Musalahat fi el-Qanun el-Duwali el-Aam mae ishara khasa ila usus el-Sharaeia el-Duwalia lilmuqawama el-Filstinia]. Dar El-fikr El-arabi. https://www.nli.org.il/ar/books/NNL_ALEPH990025090130205171/NLI
  • Aminzadeh, E., & Siah Rostam, H. (2010). Prohibition of deportation of Palestinian civilians and building Jewish Settlements under International Law. Private Law Studies Quarterly, 40(2), 35-48. https://jlq.ut.ac.ir/article_21603.html?lang=en
  • Amnesty International (2009). Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: Demand Dignity: Troubled waters – Palestinians denied fair access to water. 18 August, https://www.amnestyusa.org/pdf/mde150272009en.pdf
  • Amnesty (2001). Broken Lives- A Year of Intifada. 19 August, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp content/uploads/2021/06/mde150832001en.pdf
  • Colonization & Wall Resistance Commission (2018). Prominent Israeli Violations in The Palestinian Territories till The First Half of 2017. 15 August, http://www.cwrc.ps/file/files/88.pdf
  • Commission for Human Rights (2001). The Israeli violations of the rights of the Palestinian citizens during the year 2001. 21 August, https://cdn1.ichr.ps/cached_uploads/view/ichr-files/files/000000296.pdf
  • Darawi, D. (2001). War and crimes against humanity: Israel's international responsibility for crimes during the Al-Aqsa Intifada [Al-harb waljarayim dida al'iinsania: Masuulit Israel alduwlia an aljarayim khilal intifadat alaqsa]. The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens’ Rights. https://cdn1.ichr.ps/cached_uploads/download/ichr-files/files/000000364.pdf
  • El-far, A. M. (2008). The general international law [el-Kanun el-Duwalia el-Aam]. Dar el-Nahda for publishment and distribution.
  • El-Wadeya, S. K. (2009). The International Responsibility for Israeli War Crimes [el-Maswuwlia el- Duwalia aan jarayim alharb el-Esrayiylia, Al-Zaytuna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • https://www.alzaytouna.net/product/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4 %D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86- %D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3/
  • Hindawi, H. (1998). The legal status of Jerusalem [el-Wade el-Qanuniu limadinat el-Quds]. Dar el- Nahda for publishment and distribution.
  • Human Rights Watch (2017). Israel/Palestine: UN Settlement Business Data Can Stem Abuse Critical to Avoid Corporate Role in Rights Violations. 19 August, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/28/israel/palestine-un-settlement-business- data-can-st
  • Human Rights Watch (2017). Israel/Palestine: UN Settlement Business Data Can Stem Abuse Critical to Avoid Corporate Role in Rights Violations. 20 August, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/28/israel/palestine-un-settlement-business- data-can-stem-abuse.
  • I.C.J Reports (1996), LEGALITY OF THE THREAT OR USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS, pp. 90, 102, https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
  • International Law Commission (2001). Draft articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2(2), 2. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf
  • Israel High Court (1980). Kawasma et al.v.Minister of Defence et al. Case H.C.698/80, Judgment of 4 Dec.1980.
  • Israel High Court (1985). Nazal et al. V.IDF commander of Judea and Samaria Region. Case H.C.513/85, Judgment of 29 Sep.1985.
  • Karam, D. (2017). The West Bank apartheid/separation wall: Space, punishment and the disruption of social continuity. Geopolitics, 22(4), 887-910. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2016.1275576
  • Lein, Y. (2002). Land grab: Israel's settlement policy in the West Bank. Jerusalem: B'tselem. https://www.btselem.org/download/200205_land_grab_eng.pdf
  • Metwally, R., & Ghanem, M. (2002). The case of Egyptian compensation from Israel [milaf el- Taawidat el-Missria min Israel]. Dar El-Shorouk.
  • https://www.google.com.tr/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9 %84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9/VeotAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&b sq=inauthor:%22Man%C4%81l%20Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1%20Gh %C4%81nim%22
  • OHCHR (2017). Israel must face new international legal push to end illegal occupation of Palestine, UN expert says. 11 August, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22315
  • OHCHR (2021). Occupied Palestinian Territory: Israeli settlements should be classified as war crimes, says UN expert. 21 July, https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27291&Lan gID=E
  • OHCHR (2021). UN experts say Israeli settlement expansion ‘tramples’ on human rights law.28 July, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27758&La ngID=E
  • Roberts, A. (1990). Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967. American Journal of International Law, 84(1), 34-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203016
  • Sarhan, A. M. (1969). The general international law [El-Kanun el-Duwalia el-Aam]. Dar el-Nahda for publishment and distribution. http://librarycatalog.bau.edu.lb/cgi-bin/koha/opac- detail.pl?biblionumber=26976
  • Stahl, Z. (2016). From occupation to annexation: the silent adoption of the Levy report on retroactive authorization of illegal construction in the West Bank. Yesh Din-Volunteers for
  • Human Rights. https://www.yesh-din.org/en/from-occupation-to-annexation-the-silent- adoption-of-the-levy-report-on-retroactive-authorization-of-illegal-construction-in-the- west-bank/
  • The Knesset (1981). The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law that applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. 13 August, https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/about/history/Documents/kns10_golan_eng.pdf
  • The Knesset (2018). BASIC LAW: ISRAEL - THE NATION STATE OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. 15 June, https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawNationSta te.pdf
  • The Knesset (1980). The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, 13 August, https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawJerusalem. pdf
  • The Prime Minister of Israel's Communications Office (2005). Summary of the Sasson Report. 13 August from https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-203215/
  • UN (2016). Report of the UN Secretary-General on Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan (UN Doc. A/71/355),
  • General Assembly. 21 August, https://documents-dds ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/267/89/PDF/N1626789.pdf?OpenElement
  • Yesh Din-Volunteers for Human Rights (2015). Under the radar: Israel’s silent policy of transforming unauthorized outposts into official settlements. 18 August, http://files.yesh- din.org/userfiles/Yesh%20Din_Under%20The%20Radar%20-%20English_WEB(3).pdf
  • Zemmali, A. (1997). Introduction to international humanitarian law [Madkhal ila el-Kanun el- Duwlii el-Insani]. The Printing and Artistic Production Unit at the Arab Institute for Human Rights. https://shababalrafedain.net/database/2019/09/24766_mdxl_l_alqanun_alduli_alnsani__yamr_alzmali_PDF.pdf

İsrail'in İşgal Altındaki Filistin Topraklarındaki Yerleşim Faaliyetlerine İlişkin Uluslararası Sorumluluğu

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 39 - 52, 30.06.2024

Öz

Devletler, yetkilileri, kurumları, temsilcileri veya bireyleri tarafından uluslararası yükümlülükleri ihlal ederek işlenen haksız fiillerden dolayı uluslararası sorumluluk taşımaktadır. İsrail'in işgal altındaki Filistin topraklarında yerleşim yerleri inşa etmesi, uluslararası hukuka aykırı bir eylem teşkil etmekte olup, zararlar konusunda uluslararası sorumluluk doğurmakta ve tazminat gerektirmektedir. Bu makale, Filistinde işgal altındaki bölgelerde devam eden İsrail yerleşim operasyonlarına ışık tutup, İsrail'in davranışını, Uluslararası teamül hukuku ve Dördüncü Cenevre Sözleşmesi dâhil olmak üzere uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca İsrail'in uluslararası sorumluluğunu tetiklemesi, yerleşim operasyonlarının sonuçları ve Filistin topluluklarına tazminat verilmesine vurgu yaparak yerleşim faaliyetleri durdurma zorunluluğunu da incelimektedir. Son olarak, kolektif sorumluluğa ve uluslararası toplumun İsrail'in yerleşim operasyonlarını durdurmaya yasal olarak müdahale etmedeki rolüne değinmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abu el-Wafa, A. (2016). The mediator in public international law [Al-wasayt fiy Al-qanun Al-daily Al-eam]. Dar el-Nahda for publishment and distribution. http://librarycatalog.bau.edu.lb/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=9422
  • Amer, S. A. (1997). Popular resistance army in public international law "with special reference to the foundations of international legitimacy of the Palestinian resistance [el-Muqawama el Shaabia el-Musalahat fi el-Qanun el-Duwali el-Aam mae ishara khasa ila usus el-Sharaeia el-Duwalia lilmuqawama el-Filstinia]. Dar El-fikr El-arabi. https://www.nli.org.il/ar/books/NNL_ALEPH990025090130205171/NLI
  • Aminzadeh, E., & Siah Rostam, H. (2010). Prohibition of deportation of Palestinian civilians and building Jewish Settlements under International Law. Private Law Studies Quarterly, 40(2), 35-48. https://jlq.ut.ac.ir/article_21603.html?lang=en
  • Amnesty International (2009). Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: Demand Dignity: Troubled waters – Palestinians denied fair access to water. 18 August, https://www.amnestyusa.org/pdf/mde150272009en.pdf
  • Amnesty (2001). Broken Lives- A Year of Intifada. 19 August, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp content/uploads/2021/06/mde150832001en.pdf
  • Colonization & Wall Resistance Commission (2018). Prominent Israeli Violations in The Palestinian Territories till The First Half of 2017. 15 August, http://www.cwrc.ps/file/files/88.pdf
  • Commission for Human Rights (2001). The Israeli violations of the rights of the Palestinian citizens during the year 2001. 21 August, https://cdn1.ichr.ps/cached_uploads/view/ichr-files/files/000000296.pdf
  • Darawi, D. (2001). War and crimes against humanity: Israel's international responsibility for crimes during the Al-Aqsa Intifada [Al-harb waljarayim dida al'iinsania: Masuulit Israel alduwlia an aljarayim khilal intifadat alaqsa]. The Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizens’ Rights. https://cdn1.ichr.ps/cached_uploads/download/ichr-files/files/000000364.pdf
  • El-far, A. M. (2008). The general international law [el-Kanun el-Duwalia el-Aam]. Dar el-Nahda for publishment and distribution.
  • El-Wadeya, S. K. (2009). The International Responsibility for Israeli War Crimes [el-Maswuwlia el- Duwalia aan jarayim alharb el-Esrayiylia, Al-Zaytuna Center for Studies and Consultations.
  • https://www.alzaytouna.net/product/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4 %D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86- %D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3/
  • Hindawi, H. (1998). The legal status of Jerusalem [el-Wade el-Qanuniu limadinat el-Quds]. Dar el- Nahda for publishment and distribution.
  • Human Rights Watch (2017). Israel/Palestine: UN Settlement Business Data Can Stem Abuse Critical to Avoid Corporate Role in Rights Violations. 19 August, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/28/israel/palestine-un-settlement-business- data-can-st
  • Human Rights Watch (2017). Israel/Palestine: UN Settlement Business Data Can Stem Abuse Critical to Avoid Corporate Role in Rights Violations. 20 August, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/28/israel/palestine-un-settlement-business- data-can-stem-abuse.
  • I.C.J Reports (1996), LEGALITY OF THE THREAT OR USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS, pp. 90, 102, https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/95/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
  • International Law Commission (2001). Draft articles on the responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2(2), 2. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf
  • Israel High Court (1980). Kawasma et al.v.Minister of Defence et al. Case H.C.698/80, Judgment of 4 Dec.1980.
  • Israel High Court (1985). Nazal et al. V.IDF commander of Judea and Samaria Region. Case H.C.513/85, Judgment of 29 Sep.1985.
  • Karam, D. (2017). The West Bank apartheid/separation wall: Space, punishment and the disruption of social continuity. Geopolitics, 22(4), 887-910. DOI: 10.1080/14650045.2016.1275576
  • Lein, Y. (2002). Land grab: Israel's settlement policy in the West Bank. Jerusalem: B'tselem. https://www.btselem.org/download/200205_land_grab_eng.pdf
  • Metwally, R., & Ghanem, M. (2002). The case of Egyptian compensation from Israel [milaf el- Taawidat el-Missria min Israel]. Dar El-Shorouk.
  • https://www.google.com.tr/books/edition/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9 %84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9/VeotAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&b sq=inauthor:%22Man%C4%81l%20Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1%20Gh %C4%81nim%22
  • OHCHR (2017). Israel must face new international legal push to end illegal occupation of Palestine, UN expert says. 11 August, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22315
  • OHCHR (2021). Occupied Palestinian Territory: Israeli settlements should be classified as war crimes, says UN expert. 21 July, https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27291&Lan gID=E
  • OHCHR (2021). UN experts say Israeli settlement expansion ‘tramples’ on human rights law.28 July, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27758&La ngID=E
  • Roberts, A. (1990). Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967. American Journal of International Law, 84(1), 34-103. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203016
  • Sarhan, A. M. (1969). The general international law [El-Kanun el-Duwalia el-Aam]. Dar el-Nahda for publishment and distribution. http://librarycatalog.bau.edu.lb/cgi-bin/koha/opac- detail.pl?biblionumber=26976
  • Stahl, Z. (2016). From occupation to annexation: the silent adoption of the Levy report on retroactive authorization of illegal construction in the West Bank. Yesh Din-Volunteers for
  • Human Rights. https://www.yesh-din.org/en/from-occupation-to-annexation-the-silent- adoption-of-the-levy-report-on-retroactive-authorization-of-illegal-construction-in-the- west-bank/
  • The Knesset (1981). The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law that applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. 13 August, https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/about/history/Documents/kns10_golan_eng.pdf
  • The Knesset (2018). BASIC LAW: ISRAEL - THE NATION STATE OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. 15 June, https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawNationSta te.pdf
  • The Knesset (1980). The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, 13 August, https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawJerusalem. pdf
  • The Prime Minister of Israel's Communications Office (2005). Summary of the Sasson Report. 13 August from https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-203215/
  • UN (2016). Report of the UN Secretary-General on Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan (UN Doc. A/71/355),
  • General Assembly. 21 August, https://documents-dds ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N16/267/89/PDF/N1626789.pdf?OpenElement
  • Yesh Din-Volunteers for Human Rights (2015). Under the radar: Israel’s silent policy of transforming unauthorized outposts into official settlements. 18 August, http://files.yesh- din.org/userfiles/Yesh%20Din_Under%20The%20Radar%20-%20English_WEB(3).pdf
  • Zemmali, A. (1997). Introduction to international humanitarian law [Madkhal ila el-Kanun el- Duwlii el-Insani]. The Printing and Artistic Production Unit at the Arab Institute for Human Rights. https://shababalrafedain.net/database/2019/09/24766_mdxl_l_alqanun_alduli_alnsani__yamr_alzmali_PDF.pdf
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mohammad Yousef 0000-0001-7201-483X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yousef, M. (2024). The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 39-52.
AMA Yousef M. The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. Haziran 2024;8(1):39-52.
Chicago Yousef, Mohammad. “The International Responsibility of Israel for Its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Haziran 2024): 39-52.
EndNote Yousef M (01 Haziran 2024) The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 8 1 39–52.
IEEE M. Yousef, “The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 39–52, 2024.
ISNAD Yousef, Mohammad. “The International Responsibility of Israel for Its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 8/1 (Haziran 2024), 39-52.
JAMA Yousef M. The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2024;8:39–52.
MLA Yousef, Mohammad. “The International Responsibility of Israel for Its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 39-52.
Vancouver Yousef M. The International Responsibility of Israel for its Settlement Operations in the Palestinian-Occupied Territories. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2024;8(1):39-52.
ULİSA: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniv. ULİSA Enstitüsü tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.