Araştırma Makalesi
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KÜLTÜRÜN MUHASEBE STANDARTLARINA ETKİSİ HAKKINDA BİR İNCELEME: İSVEÇ, TÜRKİYE VE ÇİN ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 100 - 115, 31.08.2025

Öz

Küreselleşen dünyada muhasebe standartlarının uluslararası uyumu giderek önem kazanırken, kültürel farklılıkların bu süreçte nasıl bir rol oynadığı önemli bir araştırma konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, İsveç, Türkiye ve Çin örneğinde kültürel farklılıkların özellikle Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları (UFRS) gibi muhasebe standartlarına etkisi incelenmektedir. Hofstede’nin Kültürel Boyutları ile Gray’in Muhasebe Değerleri Çerçevesi ve Kurumsal Teori bir arada kullanılarak ülkelerin muhasebe sistemleri karşılaştırılmıştır. 2018-2024 arasındaki literatür taraması, ulusal kültürün muhasebe uygulamalarını şekillendirmede önemli bir faktör olduğunu ve UFRS’nin her ülkede kültürel ve kurumsal bağlamlara bağlı olarak farklı biçimlerde yorumlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Gray’in geliştirdiği muhasebe değerleri kültürlerde finansal raporlama yaklaşımlarını etkilerken, Kurumsal Teori çerçevesi ülkelerin UFRS’ye uyumunda zorlayıcı ve normatif baskıları vurgulamaktadır. Sonuçlar, İsveç’in düşük hiyerarşi ve yüksek şeffaflık kültürünün UFRS uygulamasını kolaylaştırdığını, Türkiye ve Çin’de ise yüksek belirsizlikten kaçınma ve güç mesafesi gibi değerlerin UFRS’nin yorumlanmasında temkinli ve kuralcı bir yaklaşıma yol açtığını göstermektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, farklı kültürel sistemlere sahip ülkelerde finansal raporlamada karşılaşılan sorunlara yönelik UFRS çerçevesinde uyarlama ve rehberlik önerileri sunulmuştur. Bu kapsamlı karşılaştırmalı analiz, uluslararası muhasebe standartlarının “tek tip” yaklaşımının sınırlarını ortaya koyarak, standart belirleyicilere kültürel farklılıkları göz önüne alan politikalar geliştirme çağrısında bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agana, J. A., Zamore, S., & Domeher, D. (2023). IFRS adoption: A systematic review of the underlying theories. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 11, 3-17.
  • Bahadır, O., Demir, V., & Öncel, A. G. (2016). IFRS implementation in Turkey: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems (JAMIS), 15(1), 5–26.
  • Chaieb, S. (2021). The effect of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on the degree of compliance with IFRS standards in developing countries. Corporate Ownership & Control, 19(1), 146–158.
  • Chanchani, S., & Willett, R. (2004). An empirical assessment of Gray’s accounting value constructs. The International Journal of Accounting, 39(1), 125–154.
  • DeFond, M. L., Gao, X., Li, O. Z., & Xia, L. (2019). IFRS adoption in China and foreign institutional investments. China Journal of Accounting Research, 12(1), 1–32.
  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (Vol. 17). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Doupnik, T., & Riccio, E. L. (2006). The Influence of Conservatism and Secrecy on the Interpretation of Verbal Probability Expressions in Anglo and Latin Cultural Areas. The International Journal of Accounting, 41(3), 237–261.
  • El-Helaly, M., Ntim, C. G., & Soliman, M. (2020). The role of national culture in international financial reporting standards adoption. Research in International Business and Finance, 54, 101241.
  • Eljammi Ayadi, J., Damak, S., & Hussainey, K. (2021). The impact of conservatism and secrecy on the IFRS interpretation: The case of Tunisia and Egypt. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 19(2), 234–271.
  • Gray, S. J. (1988). Towards a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus, 24(1), 1–15.
  • Hawksford (2020). Chinese accounting standards vs. international financial reporting standards: What are the main differences? Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://www.hawksford.com/insights-and-guides/china-business-guides/chinese-accounting-standards-vs-ifrs
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41.
  • Investopedia. (2024). Guanxi: What it is, history, how it works, FAQ. Retrieved February 3, 2025, Retrieved January 2, 2025, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/guanxi.asp
  • Jiannan, Y., & Huaying, Y. (2024). IFRS in China: A systematic literature review. American International Journal of Business Management, 7(12), 261–265.
  • Koç, E. (2020). Power distance as a cultural variable. In Cross-cultural aspects of tourism and hospitality, 138–174.
  • Nobes, C. (1998). Towards a general model of the reasons for international differences in financial reporting. Abacus, 34(2), 162–187.
  • Radebaugh, L. H., Gray, S. J., & Black, E. L. (2006). International accounting and multinational enterprises (6th ed.). Wiley.
  • Rodriguez, R. P. (2009). Three essays on the quantification, validation, and application of Gray's accounting values (Doctoral dissertation). Texas.
  • Scholer, F. (2018). The cultural aspect of differences in company performance across countries: Gray’s accounting values contribute more than Hofstede’s original cultural dimensions. Journal of Accounting & Marketing, 7(3).
  • Sığrı, Ü., & Gürbüz, S. (2013). Örgütsel davranış. Beta Yayınları.
  • The Culture Factor Group. (2025). Country comparison tool. Retrieved January 2, 2025, from https://www.theculturefactor.com/country-comparison-tool
  • Tsakumis, G. T. (2007). The influence of culture on accountants’ application of financial reporting rules. Abacus, 43(1), 27–48.
  • Tunç, T. (2019). Çin örgüt kültürü: Geçmişten bugüne bir değerlendirme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (54), 367–391.
  • Zhang, M. (2024). Chinese accounting standards convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 114, 162–168.

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: THE CASE OF SWEDEN, TÜRKİYE AND CHINA

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 100 - 115, 31.08.2025

Öz

While international harmonization of accounting standards is becoming increasingly important in a globalizing world, the role of cultural differences in this process has become an important research topic. This study examines the impact of cultural differences on accounting standards, especially International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), in the case of Sweden, Turkey and China. A combination of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, Gray's Accounting Values Framework and Institutional Theory is used to compare the countries' accounting systems. The literature review from 2018 to 2024 reveals that national culture is an important factor in shaping accounting practices and that IFRS are interpreted differently in each country depending on cultural and institutional contexts. The accounting values developed by Gray influence financial reporting approaches across cultures, while the Institutional Theory framework emphasizes coercive and normative pressures on countries to comply with IFRS. The results show that Sweden's culture of low hierarchy and high transparency facilitates IFRS adoption, while in Turkey and China, values such as high uncertainty avoidance and power distance lead to a cautious and prescriptive approach to IFRS interpretation. The study also provides recommendations for adaptation and guidance within the IFRS framework to address the problems encountered in financial reporting in countries with different cultural systems. This comprehensive comparative analysis reveals the limits of the “uniform” approach of international accounting standards and calls on standard setters to develop policies that take into account cultural differences.

Kaynakça

  • Agana, J. A., Zamore, S., & Domeher, D. (2023). IFRS adoption: A systematic review of the underlying theories. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 11, 3-17.
  • Bahadır, O., Demir, V., & Öncel, A. G. (2016). IFRS implementation in Turkey: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems (JAMIS), 15(1), 5–26.
  • Chaieb, S. (2021). The effect of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on the degree of compliance with IFRS standards in developing countries. Corporate Ownership & Control, 19(1), 146–158.
  • Chanchani, S., & Willett, R. (2004). An empirical assessment of Gray’s accounting value constructs. The International Journal of Accounting, 39(1), 125–154.
  • DeFond, M. L., Gao, X., Li, O. Z., & Xia, L. (2019). IFRS adoption in China and foreign institutional investments. China Journal of Accounting Research, 12(1), 1–32.
  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (Vol. 17). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Doupnik, T., & Riccio, E. L. (2006). The Influence of Conservatism and Secrecy on the Interpretation of Verbal Probability Expressions in Anglo and Latin Cultural Areas. The International Journal of Accounting, 41(3), 237–261.
  • El-Helaly, M., Ntim, C. G., & Soliman, M. (2020). The role of national culture in international financial reporting standards adoption. Research in International Business and Finance, 54, 101241.
  • Eljammi Ayadi, J., Damak, S., & Hussainey, K. (2021). The impact of conservatism and secrecy on the IFRS interpretation: The case of Tunisia and Egypt. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 19(2), 234–271.
  • Gray, S. J. (1988). Towards a theory of cultural influence on the development of accounting systems internationally. Abacus, 24(1), 1–15.
  • Hawksford (2020). Chinese accounting standards vs. international financial reporting standards: What are the main differences? Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://www.hawksford.com/insights-and-guides/china-business-guides/chinese-accounting-standards-vs-ifrs
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41.
  • Investopedia. (2024). Guanxi: What it is, history, how it works, FAQ. Retrieved February 3, 2025, Retrieved January 2, 2025, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/guanxi.asp
  • Jiannan, Y., & Huaying, Y. (2024). IFRS in China: A systematic literature review. American International Journal of Business Management, 7(12), 261–265.
  • Koç, E. (2020). Power distance as a cultural variable. In Cross-cultural aspects of tourism and hospitality, 138–174.
  • Nobes, C. (1998). Towards a general model of the reasons for international differences in financial reporting. Abacus, 34(2), 162–187.
  • Radebaugh, L. H., Gray, S. J., & Black, E. L. (2006). International accounting and multinational enterprises (6th ed.). Wiley.
  • Rodriguez, R. P. (2009). Three essays on the quantification, validation, and application of Gray's accounting values (Doctoral dissertation). Texas.
  • Scholer, F. (2018). The cultural aspect of differences in company performance across countries: Gray’s accounting values contribute more than Hofstede’s original cultural dimensions. Journal of Accounting & Marketing, 7(3).
  • Sığrı, Ü., & Gürbüz, S. (2013). Örgütsel davranış. Beta Yayınları.
  • The Culture Factor Group. (2025). Country comparison tool. Retrieved January 2, 2025, from https://www.theculturefactor.com/country-comparison-tool
  • Tsakumis, G. T. (2007). The influence of culture on accountants’ application of financial reporting rules. Abacus, 43(1), 27–48.
  • Tunç, T. (2019). Çin örgüt kültürü: Geçmişten bugüne bir değerlendirme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (54), 367–391.
  • Zhang, M. (2024). Chinese accounting standards convergence with International Financial Reporting Standards. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 114, 162–168.
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Muhasebe Teorisi ve Standartları, Uluslararası Muhasebe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Burçak Kiziltan Işik 0000-0003-1277-679X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kiziltan Işik, B. (2025). KÜLTÜRÜN MUHASEBE STANDARTLARINA ETKİSİ HAKKINDA BİR İNCELEME: İSVEÇ, TÜRKİYE VE ÇİN ÖRNEĞİ. Uluslararası İşletme Bilimi ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 5(2), 100-115.

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