EVALUATION OF THE POLYPHENOL CONTENTS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PROPOLIS EXTRACTED WITH DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

Yıl 2022, , 176 - 187, 13.11.2022

Çiğdem Özenirler , Golshan Zare

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1106415

Öz

Propolis is classified as an opotherapeutic medicine due to the botanical origin of the resins. The chemical composition of propolis is greatly influenced by the honeybee species, botanical source and extraction techniques. Within this frame, we compared the same propolis’ polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities prepared with different techniques. Four types of extracts were prepared. The first type was prepared classically by ethyl alcohol (POH). The second and third types were extracted by sterile distilled water kept as both sterilised (PS) and non-sterilized (PN). The fourth one was prepared with full vacuumed and dried propolis with honey (PH). The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation scavenging, Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity. Also total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts were investigated. POH extract showed significantly high content of total phenol and flavonoids which followed by PN, PS and PH. POH showed approximately two times higher activity on DPPH radical (IC50=4,39μg/mL) compared with quercetin as references. The highest activity on DPPH is shown by POH with 4,39 μg/mL of IC50 value which was followed by aqueous extracts 18,08. The lowest activity was shown by PS with 4,39 μg/mL of IC50 value. The highest scavenging activity against ABTS radical cation was shown by POH (73,37 mg TE/g extract) and the lowest activity was shown by PS (34,21 mg TE/g extract). According to the results, the new aqueous extraction technique is promising with relatively high polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities. Also honey with propolis can be an alternative product, although it has relatively lower values of antioxidant activity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Propolis, Antioxidant, Honey, A new aqueous extraction, Propolis, Antioksidan, Bal, Su bazlı yeni bir ekstraksiyon

Farklı Tekniklerle Ekstrakte Edilen Propolisin Polifenol İçerikleri Ve Antioksidan Aktivitelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Propolis, arılardan gelen organik salgıların karmaşık kimyasal bileşimi nedeniyle opoterapotik bir ilaç olarak sınıflandırılır. Propolisin kimyasal bileşimi, bal arısı türü, botanik kaynak ve ekstraksiyon tekniklerinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmektedir. Bu çerçevede toplanan ham propolisten farklı tekniklerle hazırlanmış ekstaraktlar, polifenol içerikleri ve antioksidan aktiviteleri bazında karşılaştırılmıştır. Dört tip ekstrakt hazırlanmıştır. Birinci tip klasik olarak etil alkol (POH) ile hazırlanmıştır. İkinci ve üçüncü tipler, hem sterilize edilmiş (PS) hem de sterilize edilmemiş (PN) olarak tutulan steril damıtılmış su ile özütlenmiştir. Dördüncüsü ise tamamen vakumlanmış ve kurutulmuş ballı propolis (PH) ile hazırlanmıştır. Ekstraktların antioksidan aktivitesi, DPPH radikal süpürücü, ABTS radikal katyon süpürücü, Kuprik iyonu azaltan antioksidan kapasite, toplam fenolik içerik ve toplam flavonoid içerik deneyleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. POH özütü, önemli ölçüde yüksek toplam fenol ve flavonoid içeriği göstermiş ve bunu PN, PS ve PH izlemiştir. POH, referans olarak kuersetin ile karşılaştırıldığında DPPH radikali (IC50=12,24 μg/mL) üzerinde yaklaşık iki kat daha yüksek aktivite göstermiştir. DPPH üzerindeki en düşük aktivite, 56,72 μg/mL IC50 değeri ile PS tarafından gösterilmiştir. En yüksek aktivite POH (271,75 mg GAE/g ekstraktı) tarafından gösterilirken, bunu su ekstraktları takip etmiş ve en düşük değer HP'ye ait olarak tespit edilmiştir. ABTS radikal katyonuna karşı en yüksek süpürme aktivitesi POH (73,37 mg TE/g özü) ve en düşük aktivite PS (34,21 mg TE/g özü) ile gösterilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, nispeten yüksek polifenol içerikleri ve antioksidan aktiviteleri ile yeni su ekstraksiyon tekniğinin umut vericidir. Ayrıca propolisli balın, nispeten daha düşük değerlere sahip olmasına rağmen alternatif bir ürün olarak tüketilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Propolis, Antioksidan, Bal, Su bazlı yeni bir ekstraksiyon

Kaynakça

• Alvarez-Suárez, J. M., Tulipani, S., Romandini, S., Bertoli, E., & Battino, M. (2010). Contribution of honey in nutrition and human health, a review. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 3(1), 15–23.
• Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE. A novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols, vitamin C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: The CUPRAC method J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004; 52(26): 7970-7981, doi.org/10.1021/jf048741x.
• Araghi SH, John A, Googheri, MSS. A molecular dynamics simulations study of the ionic liquid effect on the β-glucosidase active site interactions with a flavonoid glycoside Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2021; 340, 117115, doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117115.
• Bankova V, Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2005; 100(1-2): 114-117, doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.004.
• Bankova V, Popova M, Trusheva B, Propolis volatile compounds: chemical diversity and biological activity: a review Chemistry Central Journal. 2014; 8(1): 1-8, doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-8-28.
• Bankova V, Trusheva B, Popova M, Propolis extraction methods: A review Journal of Apicultural Research. 2021; 60(5): 734-743, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2021.1901426.
• Bhargava P, Mahanta D, Kaul A, Ishida Y, Terao K, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC, Experimental Evidence for Therapeutic Potentials of Propolis Nutrients. 2021; 13(8): 2528, doi.org/10.3390/nu13082528.
• Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset , Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity, LWT-Food Science and Technology,1995; 28(1): 25-30, doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5.
• Çelemli Gençay Ö, Atakay M., Sorkun K, The correlation between botanical source and the biologically active compounds of propolis, İstanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 2019; 49(2): 81-87, doi.org/10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.435408.
• Çelemli Gençay Ö, Chemical properties of propolis collected by stingless bees, In Pot-Honey. Springer, New York, NY, 2013; pp. 525-537.
• Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J, Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 2002; 10(3): 178-182.
• Christov R, Trusheva B, Popova M, Bankova V, Bertrand M, Chemical composition of propolis from canada, its antiradical activity and plant origin Nat. Prod. Res. 2006; 20: 531–536, doi.org/10.1080/14786410500056918.
• Dallabona I D, de Lima GG, Cestaro BI, de Souza Tasso I, Paiva TS., Laureanti EJG, et. al. Development of alginate beads with encapsulated jabuticaba peel and propolis extracts to achieve a new natural colorant antioxidant additive International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020; 163: 1421-1432, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.256.
• Degirmencioglu T, Guzelmeric H, Yuksel E, Kırmızıbekmez, PI, Deniz H, Yesilada E, A new type of Anatolian propolis: Evaluation of its chemical composition, activity profile and botanical origin, Chemistry & biodiversity 2019; 16(12): e1900492, doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900492.
• Dezmirean DS, Paşca C, Moise AR, Bobiş O, Plant sources responsible for the chemical composition and main bioactive properties of poplar-type propolis Plants, 2021; 10(1): 22, doi.org/10.3390/plants10010022.
• EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to propolis (ID 1242, 1245, 1246, 1247, 1248, 3184) and flavonoids in propolis (ID 1244, 1644, 1645, 3526, 3527, 3798, 3799) pursuant to Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA journal, 2010; 8(10), 1810, doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1810.
• Elbaz NM, Khalil IA, Abd-Rabou AA, El-Sherbiny IM, Chitosan-based nano-in-microparticle carriers for enhanced oral delivery and anticancer activity of propolis international journal of biological macromolecules. 2016; 92: 254-269, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.024.
• Escuredo O, Míguez M, Fernández-González M, Carmen Seijo M, Nutritional value and antioxidant activity of honeys produced in a European Atlantic area, Food Chemistry, 2013; 138: 851–856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.015.
• Gardana C, Scaglianti M, Pietta P, Simonetti P, Analysis of the polyphenolic fraction of propolis from different sources by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2007; 45(3): 390-399, doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.022
• Gheldof N, Wang XH, Engeseth N, Identification and quantification of antioxidant components of honeys from various floral sources J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50(21): 5870–5877, doi.org/10.1021/jf0256135.
• Güzelmeriç E, Yuksel P I, Yaman BK, Sipahi H, Celik C, Kırmızıbekmez H, et. al. Comparison of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity profiles of various chemically characterized Turkish propolis sub-types: Which propolis type is a promising source for pharmaceutical product development? Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2021; 203: 114196, doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114196.
• Hammer Ø, Harper DA, Ryan PD, PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia electronica, 2001; 4(1), 9.
• Hernandez Zarate MS, Abraham Juarez MDR, Ceron Garcia A, Ozuna Lopez C, Gutierrez Chavez AJ, Segoviano Garfias JDJN, et. al. Flavonoids, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of Guanajuato, Mexico Food Science and Technology, 2018; 38: 210-215, /doi.org/10.1590/fst.29916.
• Huang S, Zhang CP, Wang K, Li GQ, Hu FL, Recent advances in the chemical composition of propolis, Molecules, 2014; 19: 19610–19632, doi.org/10.3390/molecules191219610.
• Li K, Yao F, Xue Q, Fan, H, Yang, L Li, X., et. al. Inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase of the flavonoids-rich extract from Scutellaria baicalensis shoots and interpretation of structure–activity relationship of its eight flavonoids by a refined assign-score method Chemistry Central Journal. 2018; 12(1): 1-11, doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0445-y.
• Lorenzon MCA, Castro RN, de Oliveira Pires L, Koshiyama AS, Bento KJB, Biological values of different types of Brazilian propolis Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2018; 8: 90, doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2018.5.033118054
• Lotfy M, Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2006; 7(1): 22-31.
• Machado B, Pulcino T N, Silva A L, Tadeu D, Melo RGS, Mendonça IG, Propolis as an alternative in prevention and control of dental cavity Immunity. 2017; 19: 24, doi.org/ ?10.5455/ja.20160726115117.
• Midorikawa K, Banskota A H, Tezuka Y, Nagaoka T, Matsushige K, Message D, et. al. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of propolis Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques, 2001; 12(6): 366-373, doi.org/10.1002/pca.605.
• Nalbantsoy, A., Sarıkahya, N. B., Özverel, C. S., Barlas, A. B., Kırcı, D., Akgün, İ. H., et. al. Chemical composition and biological activities of Cypriot propolis. Journal of Apicultural Research 2022; 61(2): 233-24, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2021.1977028.
• Narimane S, Demircan E, Salah A, Ozcelik BÖ, Salah R, Correlation between antioxidant activity and phe-nolic acids profile and content of Algerian propolis: influence of solvent Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017; 30(4):1417–1423.
• Osés, SM, Melgosa L, Pascual-Maté A, Fernández-Muiño MA, Sancho MT, Design of a food product composed of honey and propolis Journal of Apicultural Research, 2015; 54(5): 461-467, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1183934.
• Özkök A, Keskin M, Samancı AET, Önder EY, Takma Ç, Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds for basic standardisation of Turkish propolis Applied Biological Chemistry, 2021; 64(1): 1-10, doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00608-3.
• Park YK, Ikegaki M, Preparation of water and ethanolic extracts of propolis and evaluation of the preparations Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 1998; 62(11): 2230-2232, doi.org/10.1271/bbb.62.2230.
• Pasupuleti VR, Sammugam L, Ramesh N, Gan SH, Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017; doi.org/10.1155/2017/1259510.
• Paviani LC, Dariva C, Marcucci MC, Cabral FA, Supercritical carbon dioxide selectivity to fractionate phenolic compounds from the dry ethanolic extract of propolis, Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2010;33(1): 15-27, doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00256.x.
• Pereira DS, Freitas CIA, Freitas MO, Maracaja P, da Silva JBA, da Silva RA, et. al., Histórico e principais usos da própolis apícola Embrapa Amazônia Oriental-Artigo em periódico indexado (ALICE), 2015.
• Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C, Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1999; 26(9): 1231-1237, doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3.
• Ristivojević P, Trifković J, Andrić F, Milojković-Opsenica D, Poplar-type propolis: chemical composition, botanical origin and biological activity, Natural product communications. 2015; 10(11): doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1501001117.
• Salatino A, Fernandes-Silva CC, Righi AA, Salatino MLF, Propolis research and the chemistry of plant products Natural product reports. 2011; 28(5): 925-936, doi.org/10.1039/C0NP00072H.
• Salatino A, Teixeira ÉW, Negri G, Origin and chemical variation of Brazilian propolis, Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine 2005; 2(1): 33-38, doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh060.
• Salgueiro FB, Castro RN, Comparação entre a composição química e capacidade antioxidante de diferentes extratos de própolis verde, Química Nova. 2016; 39: 1192-1199, doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20160136.
• Santos-Buelga C, González-Paramás AM, Phenolic composition of propolis. In Bee Products-Chemical and Biological Properties Springer, Cham.2017, pp. 99-111.
• Simone-Finstrom M, Borba RS., Wilson M, Spivak M, Propolis counteracts some threats to honey bee health, Insects. 2017; 8(2): 46, doi.org/10.3390/insects8020046
• Slinkard K, Singleton VL, Total phenol analysis: Automation and comparison with manual methods American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 1977, 28(1): 49-55.
• Socha R, Gałkowska D, Bugaj M, Juszczak L, Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland, Natural Product Research 2014; 29(5): pp. 416–422, doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.949705.
• Sun C, Wu Z, Wang Z, Zhang H, Effect of ethanol/ water solvents on phenolic profiles and antioxidant proper- ties of Beijing propolis extracts Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2015, Article ID 595393, 9 pages. doi.org/10.1155/2015/595393.
• Uzel A, Önçağ Ö, Çoğulu D, Gençay Çelemli Ö, Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of four different Anatolian propolis samples Microbiological research. 2005; 160(2): 189-195, doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2005.01.002.
• Zenebom O, Pascuet N, Ministério da Saúde. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Métodos físico-químicos para análise de alimentos 2005; 4.
• Zhang CP, Zheng HQ, Hu FL, Extraction, partial characterization, and storage stability of β‐glucosidase from propolis Journal of food science. 2011; 76(1): C75-C79, doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01941.x.