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Predisposing Factors for Chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) Infectioan in Honey Bees in Northwest Turkey

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 56 - 69, 25.05.2010

A.Ebru Borum Mihriban Ülgen

Öz

-

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Alizadeh, A., Mossadegh, MS.1994. Stonebrood and some other fungi associated with Apis florea in Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research, 33: 213-218.
  • Anderson, DL., Giacon, H., Gibson, NL. 1997. Culture, detection and thermal destruction of the chalkbrood fungus, Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36: 163-168.
  • Anderson, DL., Gibson, NL. 1998.New species and isolates of spore-cyst fungi (Plectomycetes: Ascosphaerales) from Australia. Australian Systematic Botany, 11: 53-72.
  • Bailey, L. 1967. The effect of temperature on the pathogenicity of the fungus, Ascosphaera apis, for larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Insect Pathology and Microbial Control, Wageningen, editor: P.A. van der Laan, North- Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 162-167.
  • Bailey, L., Ball, BV. 1991. Fungi. Honey bee pathology. Second Edition, Academic Press, London, page: 53-62.
  • Batra, LR., Batra, SWT., Bohart, GE. 1973. The mycoflora of domesticated and wild bees (Apiodea). Applicata, 49: 13-14. et Mycologia
  • Bienkowska, M., Pohorecka K., Konopacka, Z. 1996. Prelimiary relationship between Varroa and chalkbrood infestations Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, XL(2):271- 272. on the in honeybee colonies.
  • Calderon, RA., Rivera, G., Sanchez, LA., Zamora, LG. 2004. Chalkbrood (A. apis) and some other fungi associated with africanized honey bees (apis mellifera) in Costa rica. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43: 187-188. Charles, P., JR Milne. 1983.Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hygienic behavior and resistance to chalkbrood. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76: 384- 387.
  • Çakmak, İ, Aydın, L., Güleen, E. 2003.Güney marmara bölgesinde bal arısı zararlıları ve hastalıkları. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 3: 33-35.
  • Dallman, H. 1966. New methods for the control of chalkbrood in bee colonies. Garten und Kleintierzucht, Ausgabe C, Imker, 5: 10.
  • Deans, ASC. 1940. Chalkbrood. Bee World, 21: 46.
  • Doan, A., Topçu, B., Bilgili, A.1999.Arılarda organik zehirlenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi., 5: 125-127. (Kaumafos)
  • Faucon, JP., Mathieu, L., Ribiere, M., Martel, AC., Dranjnudel, P., Zeggane, S., Nelson, DL., Gochnauer, TA. 1982. Field and laboratory studies on chalkbrood disease of honey bees. American Bee Journal, 122: 29-34.(Metinde 2002) Flores, JM., Gutierrez, I., Puerta, predisposing 2004.Oxytetracycline condition for chalkbrood in honey bee. Veterinary Microbiology, 103: 195-199.
  • Flores, JM., Spivak, M., Gutierrez, I. 2005. Spores of Ascosphaera apis contained in wax foundation Veterinary Microbiology, 108: 141-144. honeybee brood.
  • Giauffrett, AM., Taliercio, YP. 1967. Fungal diseases of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.): a study of some antimycotics. Bulletin Apicole, 9: 123-124.
  • Giaffuret, A., Tostain-Caucat, MJ., Taliercio, Y. 1969.Possibilities of disinfection by ethylene oxide in bee pathology. Bulletin Apicole, 12: 45-52.
  • Gilliam, M.1987. Infectivity and survival of the chalkbrood pathogen, A. apis, in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera. Apidologie, 17: 93-100.
  • Gilliam, M, Lorenz, BJ., Prest, DB., Camazine, S.1993. Ascosphaera apis from Apis cerena from South Korea. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 61: 111-112.
  • Gilliam, M., Taber, S. III, Richardson, GV. 1983. Hygienic behavior of honey bees in relation to chalkbrood disease. Apidologie, 14: 29-39.
  • Gilliam, M., Taber, III S., Lorenz, BJ., Prest, DB.1988. Factors affecting development of chalkbrood disease in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera, fed polen contamined with Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 52: 314-325.
  • Gilliam, M, Vandenberg, JD. 1990. Fungi. Editor: MORSE RA., NOWOGRODZKI R. Honey bee pests, University Press, Ithaca and London, page 64- 91. diseases. Cornell
  • Gochnauer, TA., Furgula, B., Shimanuki, H. 1975.Diseases and enemies of the honey bee. Editors: Dadant and Sons. The hive and the honey bee. Hamilton, Illinois: Dadant and Sons, page: 615-662.
  • Hale, PJ., Menapece, DM. 1980.Effect of time and temperature on the viability of Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 36: 429-430.
  • Herbert, EW. Jr., Shimanuki, H., Knox, DA. 1977.Transmission of chalkbrood disease of honeybees by infected queens, and worker brood and adults. Journal of Apicultural Research, 16: 204-208.
  • Hornitzky, M. 2001. Literature review of chalkbrood a fungal disease of honey bees. Rural Industries Research Development Corporation (RIRDC), 11, 1-14.
  • James, RR., Skinner, JS. 2005. PCR diagnostic methods for Ascosphaera infections in bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90: 98-10.
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Yeninar, H.,Kumova, U., Özkök, D.1995. Epidemiology and control of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), diseases in Turkey. TUBİTAK Project No VHAG-925, TUBİTAK Publication No: 92-0054, Final Report. 93 pp. Ankara.
  • Kayral, G. 2004.Yeni teknik arıcılık. 8.Baskı, Simge Ofis Matbaacılık Ve Tic.Ltd.Şti., İstanbul.
  • Koenig, JP., Boush, GM., Erickson., EH. 1986. Old may American Bee Journal, 126: 191-192. chalkbrood disease.
  • Koenig, JP., Boush, GM., Erickson, EH. 1986. Effect of type of brood comb on chalkbrood disease in honeybee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 25: 58-62. Koenig, JP., Boush, GM., Erickson, EH JR.1987.Isolation of the chalkbrood pathogen, Ascosphaera apis, from honey bee (Apis mellifera) surfaces, polen loads, and a water source. American Bee Journal, 127: 581-583.
  • Lee, ML., Lee, MY., Chang, YD. 2003.Infection rates of three common diseases of Apis mellifera L. in Korea. Apimondia.
  • Liu, TP. 1996. Varroa mites as carriers of honey- bee chalkbrood. American Bee Journal, 136: 655. Maghrabi, HA., Kish, LP. 1987.Isozyme characterization of Ascosphaerales associated with bees. IV. Analyses. Mycologia, 79: 519- 523.
  • Martin, EC., 1975. The use of bees for pollunation. Editor: Dadant and sons. Hive and honey bee.
  • Maurizio, A. 1935. Fungi in bee colonies. I.Pericystis infection of bee larvae. Berichte der Scweizerischen Botanischen Gesellchaft 44: 133-156.
  • Medina, LM., Mejia, EV. 1999. The presence of Varroa jacobsoni mite and Ascosphaera apis fungi in collapsing and normal honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in Yucatan, Mexico. American Bee Journal, 139:794-796.
  • Mehr, Z., Menapace, DM., Wilson, WT., Sackett, RR. 1976. Studies on the initation and spread of chalkbrood within an apiary. American Bee Journal, 116: 266-268.
  • Menapace, DM., Wilson, WT. 1979. Feeding oxytetracyclines as terramycin does not aggravate chalkbrood infections. Apidologie, 10: 167-174.
  • Moeller, FE., Williams, PH. 1976. Chalkbrood research at Madison, Wisconsin. American Bee Journal, 116: 484-486.
  • Moritz, RFA. 1988.A reevulation of the two-locus model for hygienic behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). The Journal of Heredity, 79: 257-262.
  • Olroyd, BP. 1996. Evaluation of Australian commercial behaviour, a critical character for tolerance to chalkbrood. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36: 625-629. for hygienic
  • Özakın, C., Aydın, L., Çakmak, İ., Güleğen, E. 2003.Hazır ve eski peteklerin bakteriyolojik ve mikolojik yönden incelenmesi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 3: 26-30.
  • Özkırım, A., Keskin, N. 2002.Distribution of the major bacterial brood diseases diagnosed in apiaries in Ankara and its surroundings. Mellifera, 2-4: 40-44.
  • Palacio, MA., Figini, EE., Ruffinengo, SR., Rodrıguez, Bedascarraasbure, EL. 2000. Changes in a population of Apis mellifera L. selected for hygienic behaviour and its relation to brood disease tolerance. Apidologie, 31: 471-478.
  • Puerta, F., Flores, JM., Bustos, M., Padilla, F., Campano, F. 1994.Chalkbrood development in honeybee brood under controlled conditions. Apidologie.
  • Puerta, F., Flores, JM., Ruiz, JA., Ruiz, JM., Campano, F. 1999.Fungal diseases of the honey bee (Apis melifera L.). Options Medierraneennes Series:B, 61-68.
  • Sammataro, D., Finley, J. 2004.Observations of the ectoparasitic bee mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) cells infected with chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis). Journal of Apicultural Research, 43: 28-30.
  • Samsinakova, A., Kalalova, S., Haragsin, D. 1977. Effects of some antimycotics and disinfectants on the Ascosphaera apis Maassen fungus in vitro. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Entomologie, 84: 225-232.
  • Seal, DWA.1957. Chalkbrood disease of bees. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, 95:
  • Shimanuki, H., Knox, DA. 2000. Diagnosis of honey bee diseases. Agriculture Handbook Number 690, United States Department of Agriculture, 14-16.
  • Spivak, M., Downey, DL.1998. Field assays for hygienic behavior in honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91: 64-70.
  • Spivak, M., Gilliam, M. 1993. Facultative expression of hygienic behaviour of honey bees in relation to disease resistance. Journal of Apicultural Research, 32: 147-157.
  • Spivak, M., Reuter, GS.1998. Performance of hygienic honey bee colonies in a commercial apiary. Apidologie, 29: 291-302.
  • Stanimirovic, Z., Pejovic, D., Stevanovic, J. 2002.Hygienic behavior disases resistance of two honeybee ecogeographic varieties (Apis mellifera Carnica) from Serbia. Apiacta, 37: 24-31. Stephen, VP., BL.1981.Etiology chalkbrood in the leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata Ascosphaera species. Australian Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, Station Bulletin number 653. 562. of (Fabricius), with notes on
  • Summerbell, R. 2003. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Sporothrix, Piedria and Their relatives. Edit: Howard DH. Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals. 237-499, Second edition, New Orleans, Louisiana, Marcel Dekker Inc.
  • Taber, S. 1986. Breeding bees resistant to chalkbrood disease. American Bee Journal, 126, 823-825. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığ Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü http://www.meteor.gov.tr/index.aspx
  • Tınar, R., 1994. Türkiye’de yetitirilen bal arılarında görülen önemli hastalıklar. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 18: 199-203.
  • Toumanoff, C. 1951. The diseases of bees. Revue Française d’Apiculture numero special, 68.
  • Tutkun, E. 2000. Teknik arıcılık el kitabı. Türkiye Kalkınma Vakfı, Yayın No: 6, Ankara.
  • Tutkun, E, Boşgelmez, A. 2003.Bal arısı zararlıları ve hastalıkları teşhis ve tedavi yöntemleri. Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara. Wille, H. 1964. Control of chalkbrood. Schwezerische Bienen-Zeitung, 87: 381.
  • Witte, K DE. 2000. Chalkbrood disease of honeybees. Agnote, 578, No: K11, 1-3, February
  • Yakobson, BA., Elad, D., Efrat, H. 1987.Chalkbrood (ascosphaeromycosis) in apiaries in Israel. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43: 1, 28-33.
  • Zeybek, H. 1991. Arı hastalıkları ve zararlıları. Tarım Hastalıkları Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Etlik/Ankara. Bakanlığı Hayvan

Güney Marmara Bölgesindeki Bal Arılarının Chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) İnfeksiyonunda Predispozisyon Faktörleri

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 56 - 69, 25.05.2010

A.Ebru Borum Mihriban Ülgen

Öz

Bu çalışma ile Bursa ve çevresindeki arıcılık işletmelerinde görülen mantar enfeksiyonlarının yaygınlıının ve etkili mantar türlerinin belirlenmesi ile birlikte bu enfeksiyonlarda önem taşıyan predispozisyon faktörlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplam 6 istasyonda 84 kovan incelenmiş, 84 kovanın 20’sinde (%23.8) klinik olarak mantar infeksiyonu semptomları gözlenmiştir. Kireç hastalığı bulguları gösteren 20 kovandan larva ve işçi arı örnekleri alınarak klinik olarak mantar infeksiyonu şüpheli 20 kovandan alınan her iki tür materyalin (larva ve işçi arı) tümünden (%100) her iki izolasyon yöntemi ile kireç hastalıı’nın etkeni A. apis izole edildmiştir. Ayrıca 20 kovanın dört (%20)’üne ait işçi arı örneklerinden aynı zamanda Penicillium spp. izole edilmiştir. İzolasyon çalımaları sonucunda taş hastalığı nedeni olan mantar türlerine rastlanmamış olup yapılan ölçümler sonucu izolatlar Ascosphaera apis (A.apis) olarak identifiye edilmiştir. Örneklerin alındığı bölgelerde ve işletmelerde mantar infeksiyonunun olumasında etkili olabilecek predispozisyon faktörlerinin varlığı belirlenerek iki aylık aralıklarla iki yıl boyunca kovanlardan etken üremesi olup olmadığını incelemek için örnekler alınmıştır. Mantar infeksiyon bulguları olan ve A. apis izolasyonu yapılan 20 kovanın 19’unda (%95) Varroa enfestasyonu, 17 kovanda (%85) ise koruma amaçlı antibiyotik (Apimisin-Eritromisin) kullanıldığı saptanmıştır. Yapılan Ki-Kare testine göre kireç hastalığı infeksiyonu bulunan kovanlarda Varroa enfestasyonu tek olarak diğer predispozisyon faktörlerine göre istatistiksel olarak daha önemli bulunmuştur (p

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ascosphaera apis Chalkbrood Bal arısı Predisposizyon Faktörleri

Kaynakça

  • Alizadeh, A., Mossadegh, MS.1994. Stonebrood and some other fungi associated with Apis florea in Iran. Journal of Apicultural Research, 33: 213-218.
  • Anderson, DL., Giacon, H., Gibson, NL. 1997. Culture, detection and thermal destruction of the chalkbrood fungus, Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 36: 163-168.
  • Anderson, DL., Gibson, NL. 1998.New species and isolates of spore-cyst fungi (Plectomycetes: Ascosphaerales) from Australia. Australian Systematic Botany, 11: 53-72.
  • Bailey, L. 1967. The effect of temperature on the pathogenicity of the fungus, Ascosphaera apis, for larvae of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Insect Pathology and Microbial Control, Wageningen, editor: P.A. van der Laan, North- Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 162-167.
  • Bailey, L., Ball, BV. 1991. Fungi. Honey bee pathology. Second Edition, Academic Press, London, page: 53-62.
  • Batra, LR., Batra, SWT., Bohart, GE. 1973. The mycoflora of domesticated and wild bees (Apiodea). Applicata, 49: 13-14. et Mycologia
  • Bienkowska, M., Pohorecka K., Konopacka, Z. 1996. Prelimiary relationship between Varroa and chalkbrood infestations Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe, XL(2):271- 272. on the in honeybee colonies.
  • Calderon, RA., Rivera, G., Sanchez, LA., Zamora, LG. 2004. Chalkbrood (A. apis) and some other fungi associated with africanized honey bees (apis mellifera) in Costa rica. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43: 187-188. Charles, P., JR Milne. 1983.Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) hygienic behavior and resistance to chalkbrood. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76: 384- 387.
  • Çakmak, İ, Aydın, L., Güleen, E. 2003.Güney marmara bölgesinde bal arısı zararlıları ve hastalıkları. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 3: 33-35.
  • Dallman, H. 1966. New methods for the control of chalkbrood in bee colonies. Garten und Kleintierzucht, Ausgabe C, Imker, 5: 10.
  • Deans, ASC. 1940. Chalkbrood. Bee World, 21: 46.
  • Doan, A., Topçu, B., Bilgili, A.1999.Arılarda organik zehirlenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi., 5: 125-127. (Kaumafos)
  • Faucon, JP., Mathieu, L., Ribiere, M., Martel, AC., Dranjnudel, P., Zeggane, S., Nelson, DL., Gochnauer, TA. 1982. Field and laboratory studies on chalkbrood disease of honey bees. American Bee Journal, 122: 29-34.(Metinde 2002) Flores, JM., Gutierrez, I., Puerta, predisposing 2004.Oxytetracycline condition for chalkbrood in honey bee. Veterinary Microbiology, 103: 195-199.
  • Flores, JM., Spivak, M., Gutierrez, I. 2005. Spores of Ascosphaera apis contained in wax foundation Veterinary Microbiology, 108: 141-144. honeybee brood.
  • Giauffrett, AM., Taliercio, YP. 1967. Fungal diseases of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.): a study of some antimycotics. Bulletin Apicole, 9: 123-124.
  • Giaffuret, A., Tostain-Caucat, MJ., Taliercio, Y. 1969.Possibilities of disinfection by ethylene oxide in bee pathology. Bulletin Apicole, 12: 45-52.
  • Gilliam, M.1987. Infectivity and survival of the chalkbrood pathogen, A. apis, in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera. Apidologie, 17: 93-100.
  • Gilliam, M, Lorenz, BJ., Prest, DB., Camazine, S.1993. Ascosphaera apis from Apis cerena from South Korea. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 61: 111-112.
  • Gilliam, M., Taber, S. III, Richardson, GV. 1983. Hygienic behavior of honey bees in relation to chalkbrood disease. Apidologie, 14: 29-39.
  • Gilliam, M., Taber, III S., Lorenz, BJ., Prest, DB.1988. Factors affecting development of chalkbrood disease in colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera, fed polen contamined with Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 52: 314-325.
  • Gilliam, M, Vandenberg, JD. 1990. Fungi. Editor: MORSE RA., NOWOGRODZKI R. Honey bee pests, University Press, Ithaca and London, page 64- 91. diseases. Cornell
  • Gochnauer, TA., Furgula, B., Shimanuki, H. 1975.Diseases and enemies of the honey bee. Editors: Dadant and Sons. The hive and the honey bee. Hamilton, Illinois: Dadant and Sons, page: 615-662.
  • Hale, PJ., Menapece, DM. 1980.Effect of time and temperature on the viability of Ascosphaera apis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 36: 429-430.
  • Herbert, EW. Jr., Shimanuki, H., Knox, DA. 1977.Transmission of chalkbrood disease of honeybees by infected queens, and worker brood and adults. Journal of Apicultural Research, 16: 204-208.
  • Hornitzky, M. 2001. Literature review of chalkbrood a fungal disease of honey bees. Rural Industries Research Development Corporation (RIRDC), 11, 1-14.
  • James, RR., Skinner, JS. 2005. PCR diagnostic methods for Ascosphaera infections in bees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90: 98-10.
  • Kaftanoğlu, O., Yeninar, H.,Kumova, U., Özkök, D.1995. Epidemiology and control of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), diseases in Turkey. TUBİTAK Project No VHAG-925, TUBİTAK Publication No: 92-0054, Final Report. 93 pp. Ankara.
  • Kayral, G. 2004.Yeni teknik arıcılık. 8.Baskı, Simge Ofis Matbaacılık Ve Tic.Ltd.Şti., İstanbul.
  • Koenig, JP., Boush, GM., Erickson., EH. 1986. Old may American Bee Journal, 126: 191-192. chalkbrood disease.
  • Koenig, JP., Boush, GM., Erickson, EH. 1986. Effect of type of brood comb on chalkbrood disease in honeybee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 25: 58-62. Koenig, JP., Boush, GM., Erickson, EH JR.1987.Isolation of the chalkbrood pathogen, Ascosphaera apis, from honey bee (Apis mellifera) surfaces, polen loads, and a water source. American Bee Journal, 127: 581-583.
  • Lee, ML., Lee, MY., Chang, YD. 2003.Infection rates of three common diseases of Apis mellifera L. in Korea. Apimondia.
  • Liu, TP. 1996. Varroa mites as carriers of honey- bee chalkbrood. American Bee Journal, 136: 655. Maghrabi, HA., Kish, LP. 1987.Isozyme characterization of Ascosphaerales associated with bees. IV. Analyses. Mycologia, 79: 519- 523.
  • Martin, EC., 1975. The use of bees for pollunation. Editor: Dadant and sons. Hive and honey bee.
  • Maurizio, A. 1935. Fungi in bee colonies. I.Pericystis infection of bee larvae. Berichte der Scweizerischen Botanischen Gesellchaft 44: 133-156.
  • Medina, LM., Mejia, EV. 1999. The presence of Varroa jacobsoni mite and Ascosphaera apis fungi in collapsing and normal honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in Yucatan, Mexico. American Bee Journal, 139:794-796.
  • Mehr, Z., Menapace, DM., Wilson, WT., Sackett, RR. 1976. Studies on the initation and spread of chalkbrood within an apiary. American Bee Journal, 116: 266-268.
  • Menapace, DM., Wilson, WT. 1979. Feeding oxytetracyclines as terramycin does not aggravate chalkbrood infections. Apidologie, 10: 167-174.
  • Moeller, FE., Williams, PH. 1976. Chalkbrood research at Madison, Wisconsin. American Bee Journal, 116: 484-486.
  • Moritz, RFA. 1988.A reevulation of the two-locus model for hygienic behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). The Journal of Heredity, 79: 257-262.
  • Olroyd, BP. 1996. Evaluation of Australian commercial behaviour, a critical character for tolerance to chalkbrood. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36: 625-629. for hygienic
  • Özakın, C., Aydın, L., Çakmak, İ., Güleğen, E. 2003.Hazır ve eski peteklerin bakteriyolojik ve mikolojik yönden incelenmesi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 3: 26-30.
  • Özkırım, A., Keskin, N. 2002.Distribution of the major bacterial brood diseases diagnosed in apiaries in Ankara and its surroundings. Mellifera, 2-4: 40-44.
  • Palacio, MA., Figini, EE., Ruffinengo, SR., Rodrıguez, Bedascarraasbure, EL. 2000. Changes in a population of Apis mellifera L. selected for hygienic behaviour and its relation to brood disease tolerance. Apidologie, 31: 471-478.
  • Puerta, F., Flores, JM., Bustos, M., Padilla, F., Campano, F. 1994.Chalkbrood development in honeybee brood under controlled conditions. Apidologie.
  • Puerta, F., Flores, JM., Ruiz, JA., Ruiz, JM., Campano, F. 1999.Fungal diseases of the honey bee (Apis melifera L.). Options Medierraneennes Series:B, 61-68.
  • Sammataro, D., Finley, J. 2004.Observations of the ectoparasitic bee mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) cells infected with chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis). Journal of Apicultural Research, 43: 28-30.
  • Samsinakova, A., Kalalova, S., Haragsin, D. 1977. Effects of some antimycotics and disinfectants on the Ascosphaera apis Maassen fungus in vitro. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Entomologie, 84: 225-232.
  • Seal, DWA.1957. Chalkbrood disease of bees. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, 95:
  • Shimanuki, H., Knox, DA. 2000. Diagnosis of honey bee diseases. Agriculture Handbook Number 690, United States Department of Agriculture, 14-16.
  • Spivak, M., Downey, DL.1998. Field assays for hygienic behavior in honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91: 64-70.
  • Spivak, M., Gilliam, M. 1993. Facultative expression of hygienic behaviour of honey bees in relation to disease resistance. Journal of Apicultural Research, 32: 147-157.
  • Spivak, M., Reuter, GS.1998. Performance of hygienic honey bee colonies in a commercial apiary. Apidologie, 29: 291-302.
  • Stanimirovic, Z., Pejovic, D., Stevanovic, J. 2002.Hygienic behavior disases resistance of two honeybee ecogeographic varieties (Apis mellifera Carnica) from Serbia. Apiacta, 37: 24-31. Stephen, VP., BL.1981.Etiology chalkbrood in the leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata Ascosphaera species. Australian Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, Station Bulletin number 653. 562. of (Fabricius), with notes on
  • Summerbell, R. 2003. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Sporothrix, Piedria and Their relatives. Edit: Howard DH. Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals. 237-499, Second edition, New Orleans, Louisiana, Marcel Dekker Inc.
  • Taber, S. 1986. Breeding bees resistant to chalkbrood disease. American Bee Journal, 126, 823-825. T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığ Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü http://www.meteor.gov.tr/index.aspx
  • Tınar, R., 1994. Türkiye’de yetitirilen bal arılarında görülen önemli hastalıklar. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 18: 199-203.
  • Toumanoff, C. 1951. The diseases of bees. Revue Française d’Apiculture numero special, 68.
  • Tutkun, E. 2000. Teknik arıcılık el kitabı. Türkiye Kalkınma Vakfı, Yayın No: 6, Ankara.
  • Tutkun, E, Boşgelmez, A. 2003.Bal arısı zararlıları ve hastalıkları teşhis ve tedavi yöntemleri. Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara. Wille, H. 1964. Control of chalkbrood. Schwezerische Bienen-Zeitung, 87: 381.
  • Witte, K DE. 2000. Chalkbrood disease of honeybees. Agnote, 578, No: K11, 1-3, February
  • Yakobson, BA., Elad, D., Efrat, H. 1987.Chalkbrood (ascosphaeromycosis) in apiaries in Israel. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 43: 1, 28-33.
  • Zeybek, H. 1991. Arı hastalıkları ve zararlıları. Tarım Hastalıkları Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Etlik/Ankara. Bakanlığı Hayvan
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

A.Ebru Borum Bu kişi benim

Mihriban Ülgen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Borum A, Ülgen M. Güney Marmara Bölgesindeki Bal Arılarının Chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) İnfeksiyonunda Predispozisyon Faktörleri. U.Arı D.-U.Bee J. 2010;10(2):56-69.
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