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Cypermethrinin Galleria Mellonella L.(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın Puplaşma ve Ölüm Oranlarına Etkisi

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 09 Sayı: 3, 88 - 96, 28.08.2009

Öz

Ağırlığına göre iki gruba ayrılan Büyük Balmumu Güvesi, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) son evre larvalarına farklı dozlarda cypermethrin besin içinde verildi. Cypermethrinin G. mellonella’da puplaşma ve ölüm oranlarına etkisi 25±1 oC sıcaklık, %60±5 nispi nem ve 12:12 saat (A: K) fotoperiyot uygulanan laboratuar şartlarında incelendi. Cypermethrin aktif madde oranına göre saf su ile ppm düzeyinde seyreltilerek farklı konsantrasyonlarda çözeltiler hazırlandı ve bu çözeltiler petek, kepek, bal, gliserin ve su karışımından oluşan besin içindeki su yerine kullanıldı. Cypermethrinin Birinci Grup larvalar (0.12±0.02 gram) için 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000 ppm ve İkinci Grup larvalar (0.17±0.02 gram) için 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 ppm değerleri uygulandı. Birinci ve İkinci Grup G. mellonella larvalarına insektisit uygulanması sonucu iki grup arasında puplaşma ve ölüm yüzdelerinde günlere göre büyük oranda benzerlik olduu belirlendi. Cypermethrinin dozu arttıkça larval gelişim ve puplaşma süresi gecikti, puplaşma yüzdesi azaldı ve ölüm oranı arttı. İnsektisitlerin zararlı türlerin doğada larva gelişimlerini uzatması en çok zarar verdikleri bu evrede daha fazla kalmalarına yol açarak ekonomik kaybı artıracaktır. Ayrıca konaklarının pup evresine geç ulaşması, pup parazitoitleri düşünüldüğünde populasyon yoğunlukları ve nesillerinin devamlılığı açısından büyük tehlike yaratacaktır

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Arif, M.I. and Attique, M.R. 1997. Pyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan. Bull. ent. Res., 87: 343-347.
  • Andow, D.A., Ragsdale, D.W. and Nyvall, R.F. 1997. Ecological interactions and biological control. Westview Press, Colorado, p.334.
  • Biddinger, D.J. and Hull, L.A. 1999. Sublethal effects of selected insecticides on growth and reproduction of a laboratory susceptible strain of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 92(2): 314-324.
  • Bronskill, J.F. 1961. A cage to simplify the rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae). J. Lep. Soc., 15(2): 102-104.
  • Chen, Y.H. and Welter, S.C. 2002. Abundance of a native (Lepidoptera: indigenous parasitoids in native and agricultural sunflower habitats. Environ. Entomol., 31(4): 626-636. electellum Pyralidae) and activity of
  • Choi, J., Roche, H. and Caquet, T. 2001. Hypoxia, hyperoxia dichromate or fenitrothion alter the energy metabolism (Diptera: Biochem. Physiol., 130C(1): 11-17. potassium in Chironomus riparius Mg. Chironomidae) larvae. Comp.
  • Cox, C. 1996. Insecticide Factsheet. Cypermethrin. Journal of Pesticide Reform, 16(2): 15-20.
  • Davis, A.R., Solomon, K.R. and Shuel, R.W. 1988. Laboratory studies of honeybee larval growth and development as affected by systemic insecticides at adult-sublethal levels. Journal of Apicultural Research, 27(3): 146-161.
  • Elad, Y. and Shtienberg, D. 1995. Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration. Reviews, 1: 15-29. Pest Management
  • Ergin, E., Er, A.,Uçkan, F. and Rivers, D.B. 2007. Effect of cypermethrin exposed hosts on egg- adult development time, number of offspring, sex ratio, longevity, and size of Apanteles galleriae Braconidae). Belg. J. Zool., 137(1): 27-31. (Hymenoptera:
  • Gaaboub, I.A., el-Helaly, M.S. and Moustafa, S.M. 1985. Food utilization, rate of larval growth, and fecundity of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) fed mulberry leaves treated with methoprene, triprene, and diflubenzuron. J. Econ. Entomol., 78: 1182-1186.
  • Hill, T.A. and Foster, R.E. 2000. Effect of the insecticides (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma Ichneumonidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 93(3): 763- 768. diamondback moth insulare (Hymenoptera:
  • Hillocks, R.J. 1995. Integrated management of insect pests, diseases and weeds of cotton in Africa. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 1: 31-47.
  • Kamrin, M.A. 1997. Pesticide Profiles. Toxicity, environmental impact and fate. CRC Press, New York, p. 676.
  • Kaya, B. ve Yanıkoğlu, A. 1999. 2,4-D ve 4- CPA’nın Drosophila melanogaster’in F1, F2 ve F3 kuşaklarında gelişim süresi ve ergin birey sayısına etkileri. Tr. J. of Zoology, 23(Ek Sayı 1): 297-301.
  • Kudon, L.H., Berisford, C.W. and Dalusky, M.J. 1988. Refinement of a spray timing technique for the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Sci., 23(2): 180-186.
  • Lohar, M.K. and Wright, D.J. 1993. Changes in the lipid content in the haemolymph, fat body and oocytes of malathion treated Tenebrio molitor L. adult females. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 25(1): 57-60.
  • McLeod, P., Diaz, F.J. and Johnson, D.T. 2002. Toxicity, persistence, and efficacy of spinosad, chlorfenapyr, and thiamethoxam on eggplant when applied against the eggplant flea beetle (Coleoptera: Entomol., 95(2): 331-335. J. Econ.
  • Nowak, J.T., Fettig, C.J, McCravy, K.W. and Berisford, C.W. 2000. Efficacy tests and determination of optimal spray timing values to control Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestations. J. Econ. Entomol., 93(6): 1708-1713.
  • Nowak, J.T., McCravy, K.W., Fettig, C.J. and Berisford, C.W. 2001. Susceptibility of adult hymenopteran parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to broad-spectrum and biorational insecticides in a laboratory study. J. Econ. Entomol., 94(5): 1122-1129.
  • Oppenoorth, F. J. 1985. Biochemistry and genetics of insecticide resistance, In: G.A. Kerkut and L.I. Gilbert (eds.), Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 73l-774.
  • Ortel, J. 1995. Accumulation of Cd and Pb in successive stages of Galleria mellonella and metal transfer to the pupal parasitoid Pimpla turionellae. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 77: 89-97.
  • Öncüer, C. 2000. Tarımsal zararlılarla savaş yöntemleri Üniversitesi Yayınları, Aydın, 13: 379s. Adnan Menderes
  • Ribeiro, B.M., Guedes, R.N.C., Oliveira, E.E. and Santos, J.P. 2003. Insecticide resistance and synergism in Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 39: 21-31.
  • Sak, O., Gülgönül, E.E. and Uçkan, F. 2009. Effects of cypermethrin exposed to host on the developmental biology of Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 102 (2): 288-294.
  • Sak, O., Uçkan, F. and Ergin, E. 2006. Effects of cypermethrin on total body weight, glycogen, protein, and lipid contents of Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Belg. J. Zool., 136(1): 53-58.
  • Schuytema, G.S., Nebeker, A.V. and Griffis, W.L. 1994. Toxicity of guthion and guthion 2S to Xenopus laevis embryos. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27: 250-255.
  • Shukla, Y., Yadav, A. and Arora, A. 2002. Carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic potential of cypermethrin on mouse skin. Cancer Letters, 182: 33-41.
  • Simmonds, M.S.J., Manlove, J.D., Blaney, W.M. and Khambay, B.P.S. 2002. Effects of selected botanical insecticides on the behaviour and mortality Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 102: 39-47. glasshouse whitefly Soderlund, D.M. and Knipple, D.C. 1999. Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): from genetic trait to molecular mechanism. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 92(6): 909-915.
  • SPSS Inc. 1999. SPSS 10.0 Statistics. SPSS, Chicago, IL. Sternberg, S.S. 1979. The carcinogenesis,
  • mutagenesis and teratogenesis of insecticides.
  • Review of studies in animals and man.
  • Pharmac. Ther., 6: 147-166.
  • T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Koruma ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü. 1999. Ruhsatlı Zirai Mücadele İlaçları, Ankara. 279s.
  • Takada, Y., Kawamura, S. and Tanaka, T. 2001. Effects development Trichogramma Trichogrammatidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 94(6): 1340-1343. insecticides on parasitoid the dendrolimi (Hymenoptera:
  • Tillman, P.G. and Mulrooney, J.E. 2000. Effect of selected insecticides on the natural enemies Coleomegilla convergens Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), and Bracon mellitor, Cardiochiles nigriceps, and Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cotton. J. Econ. Entomol., 93(6): 1638-1643. and Hippodamia Coccinellidae),
  • Tomberlin, J.K., Sheppard, D.C. and Joyce, J.A. 2002. Susceptibility of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and adults to four insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol., 95(3): 598-602.
  • Tomlin, C.D.S. 2000. The e-Pesticide Manual: Cypermethrin. The British Crop Protection Council.
  • Uçkan, F. and Gülel, A. 2002. Age-related fecundity and sex ratio variation in Apanteles galleriae (Hym., Braconidae) and host effect on fecundity and sex ratio of its hyperparasitoid Dibrachys boarmiae (Hym., Pteromalidae). J. Appl. Ent., 126(10): 534-537.
  • Xu, J., Shelton, A.M. and Cheng, X. 2001. Comparison (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Microplitis plutellae biological control agents of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): field parasitism, insecticide susceptibility, and host-searching. J. Econ. Entomol., 94(1): 14-20. insulare (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as

Effects of Cypermethrin on the Pupation and Mortality of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 09 Sayı: 3, 88 - 96, 28.08.2009

Öz

Goal: Here, we aimed at showing how cypermethrin that is likely to be accumulated in the host larvae affects the pupation and mortality rates of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Using pesticides in controlling pests have harmful effects on natural balance and cause environmental problems. For instance, frequent uses of pesticides have carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on living organisms. Moreover, continuous or pulse exposure to pesticides may cause serious problems for non target organisms such as parasitoids. Predators and parasitoids are often more sensitive to toxicants than their prey. So, using other controlling methods has become obligate in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Biological control has important advantages over other controlling methods. It is known that parasitoids are the most suitable, the least risky, and the most specific agents in controlling pests among others as biological control candidates. Assessment of the potential effects that insecticides have on the natural enemies in a hostparasitoid system is therefore an important part of IPM programs. Besides, it is also very important to evaluate the potential effects of insecticides on host species. Materials and Method: Cypermethrin (CYP) ((±) αcyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±) cis, trans-3-(2,2-di chlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) is a non-systemic pyrethroid insecticide with contact and stomach action. It is widely used in the control of various agricultural pests. Various doses of cypermethrin included in diet were applied to greater wax moth, G. mellonella last instars separated into two groups according to their weight. The effects of cypermethrin on the pupation and mortality of G. mellonella were investigated at 25 ± 1 oC, 60 ± 5 % relative humidity and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L: D). Host colony was maintained by feeding the insects with a diet and a piece of honeycomb was added for egg deposition and feeding of the newly hatched larvae. Cypermethrin (Imperator, 250 g/liter EC, Zeneca Ltd., Ġzmir, Turkey) was used in all bioassay as water source and prepared in distilled water as parts per million of active ingredient. G. mellonella larvae were exposed to 15 different doses (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm) and nine different doses (5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 1000 ppm) of cypermethrin to evaluate the effects of the insecticide on the pupation and mortality. Last instars of moths were exposed to selected doses of cypermethrin for 30 d until pupation or they die. Host larvae were controlled daily and pupation date was recorded. Results and Conclusion: Similar results were obtained from both experimental groups of G. mellonella larvae (larval weight: 0.12±0.02 and 0.17 ± 0.02 gram) according to daily results of percent pupation and mortality. Developmental and pupation time of larvae delayed, percent pupation decreased and mortality increased gradually with increasing doses of cypermethrin. Such an insecticide-related prolongation in the most deleterious larval stage of pests will give rise to more damage in nature and may increase the economical lost caused by pests. Furthermore, prolongation in the larval developmental time of host species on exposure to insecticides represents a potential threat to the survival and continuity of the generation of the pupal parasitoids. Our results may be of value for pesticide research literature and biological control applications. Moreover, the assessment of the dose-related effects of insecticides will also contribute to success in IPM programs.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Arif, M.I. and Attique, M.R. 1997. Pyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan. Bull. ent. Res., 87: 343-347.
  • Andow, D.A., Ragsdale, D.W. and Nyvall, R.F. 1997. Ecological interactions and biological control. Westview Press, Colorado, p.334.
  • Biddinger, D.J. and Hull, L.A. 1999. Sublethal effects of selected insecticides on growth and reproduction of a laboratory susceptible strain of tufted apple bud moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 92(2): 314-324.
  • Bronskill, J.F. 1961. A cage to simplify the rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae). J. Lep. Soc., 15(2): 102-104.
  • Chen, Y.H. and Welter, S.C. 2002. Abundance of a native (Lepidoptera: indigenous parasitoids in native and agricultural sunflower habitats. Environ. Entomol., 31(4): 626-636. electellum Pyralidae) and activity of
  • Choi, J., Roche, H. and Caquet, T. 2001. Hypoxia, hyperoxia dichromate or fenitrothion alter the energy metabolism (Diptera: Biochem. Physiol., 130C(1): 11-17. potassium in Chironomus riparius Mg. Chironomidae) larvae. Comp.
  • Cox, C. 1996. Insecticide Factsheet. Cypermethrin. Journal of Pesticide Reform, 16(2): 15-20.
  • Davis, A.R., Solomon, K.R. and Shuel, R.W. 1988. Laboratory studies of honeybee larval growth and development as affected by systemic insecticides at adult-sublethal levels. Journal of Apicultural Research, 27(3): 146-161.
  • Elad, Y. and Shtienberg, D. 1995. Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse vegetables: chemical, cultural, physiological and biological controls and their integration. Reviews, 1: 15-29. Pest Management
  • Ergin, E., Er, A.,Uçkan, F. and Rivers, D.B. 2007. Effect of cypermethrin exposed hosts on egg- adult development time, number of offspring, sex ratio, longevity, and size of Apanteles galleriae Braconidae). Belg. J. Zool., 137(1): 27-31. (Hymenoptera:
  • Gaaboub, I.A., el-Helaly, M.S. and Moustafa, S.M. 1985. Food utilization, rate of larval growth, and fecundity of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) fed mulberry leaves treated with methoprene, triprene, and diflubenzuron. J. Econ. Entomol., 78: 1182-1186.
  • Hill, T.A. and Foster, R.E. 2000. Effect of the insecticides (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma Ichneumonidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 93(3): 763- 768. diamondback moth insulare (Hymenoptera:
  • Hillocks, R.J. 1995. Integrated management of insect pests, diseases and weeds of cotton in Africa. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 1: 31-47.
  • Kamrin, M.A. 1997. Pesticide Profiles. Toxicity, environmental impact and fate. CRC Press, New York, p. 676.
  • Kaya, B. ve Yanıkoğlu, A. 1999. 2,4-D ve 4- CPA’nın Drosophila melanogaster’in F1, F2 ve F3 kuşaklarında gelişim süresi ve ergin birey sayısına etkileri. Tr. J. of Zoology, 23(Ek Sayı 1): 297-301.
  • Kudon, L.H., Berisford, C.W. and Dalusky, M.J. 1988. Refinement of a spray timing technique for the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Entomol. Sci., 23(2): 180-186.
  • Lohar, M.K. and Wright, D.J. 1993. Changes in the lipid content in the haemolymph, fat body and oocytes of malathion treated Tenebrio molitor L. adult females. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 25(1): 57-60.
  • McLeod, P., Diaz, F.J. and Johnson, D.T. 2002. Toxicity, persistence, and efficacy of spinosad, chlorfenapyr, and thiamethoxam on eggplant when applied against the eggplant flea beetle (Coleoptera: Entomol., 95(2): 331-335. J. Econ.
  • Nowak, J.T., Fettig, C.J, McCravy, K.W. and Berisford, C.W. 2000. Efficacy tests and determination of optimal spray timing values to control Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestations. J. Econ. Entomol., 93(6): 1708-1713.
  • Nowak, J.T., McCravy, K.W., Fettig, C.J. and Berisford, C.W. 2001. Susceptibility of adult hymenopteran parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to broad-spectrum and biorational insecticides in a laboratory study. J. Econ. Entomol., 94(5): 1122-1129.
  • Oppenoorth, F. J. 1985. Biochemistry and genetics of insecticide resistance, In: G.A. Kerkut and L.I. Gilbert (eds.), Comprehensive insect physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 73l-774.
  • Ortel, J. 1995. Accumulation of Cd and Pb in successive stages of Galleria mellonella and metal transfer to the pupal parasitoid Pimpla turionellae. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 77: 89-97.
  • Öncüer, C. 2000. Tarımsal zararlılarla savaş yöntemleri Üniversitesi Yayınları, Aydın, 13: 379s. Adnan Menderes
  • Ribeiro, B.M., Guedes, R.N.C., Oliveira, E.E. and Santos, J.P. 2003. Insecticide resistance and synergism in Brazilian populations of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 39: 21-31.
  • Sak, O., Gülgönül, E.E. and Uçkan, F. 2009. Effects of cypermethrin exposed to host on the developmental biology of Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 102 (2): 288-294.
  • Sak, O., Uçkan, F. and Ergin, E. 2006. Effects of cypermethrin on total body weight, glycogen, protein, and lipid contents of Pimpla turionellae (L.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Belg. J. Zool., 136(1): 53-58.
  • Schuytema, G.S., Nebeker, A.V. and Griffis, W.L. 1994. Toxicity of guthion and guthion 2S to Xenopus laevis embryos. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 27: 250-255.
  • Shukla, Y., Yadav, A. and Arora, A. 2002. Carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic potential of cypermethrin on mouse skin. Cancer Letters, 182: 33-41.
  • Simmonds, M.S.J., Manlove, J.D., Blaney, W.M. and Khambay, B.P.S. 2002. Effects of selected botanical insecticides on the behaviour and mortality Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 102: 39-47. glasshouse whitefly Soderlund, D.M. and Knipple, D.C. 1999. Knockdown resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae): from genetic trait to molecular mechanism. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 92(6): 909-915.
  • SPSS Inc. 1999. SPSS 10.0 Statistics. SPSS, Chicago, IL. Sternberg, S.S. 1979. The carcinogenesis,
  • mutagenesis and teratogenesis of insecticides.
  • Review of studies in animals and man.
  • Pharmac. Ther., 6: 147-166.
  • T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Koruma ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü. 1999. Ruhsatlı Zirai Mücadele İlaçları, Ankara. 279s.
  • Takada, Y., Kawamura, S. and Tanaka, T. 2001. Effects development Trichogramma Trichogrammatidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 94(6): 1340-1343. insecticides on parasitoid the dendrolimi (Hymenoptera:
  • Tillman, P.G. and Mulrooney, J.E. 2000. Effect of selected insecticides on the natural enemies Coleomegilla convergens Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), and Bracon mellitor, Cardiochiles nigriceps, and Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cotton. J. Econ. Entomol., 93(6): 1638-1643. and Hippodamia Coccinellidae),
  • Tomberlin, J.K., Sheppard, D.C. and Joyce, J.A. 2002. Susceptibility of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and adults to four insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol., 95(3): 598-602.
  • Tomlin, C.D.S. 2000. The e-Pesticide Manual: Cypermethrin. The British Crop Protection Council.
  • Uçkan, F. and Gülel, A. 2002. Age-related fecundity and sex ratio variation in Apanteles galleriae (Hym., Braconidae) and host effect on fecundity and sex ratio of its hyperparasitoid Dibrachys boarmiae (Hym., Pteromalidae). J. Appl. Ent., 126(10): 534-537.
  • Xu, J., Shelton, A.M. and Cheng, X. 2001. Comparison (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Microplitis plutellae biological control agents of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): field parasitism, insecticide susceptibility, and host-searching. J. Econ. Entomol., 94(1): 14-20. insulare (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Olga Sak Bu kişi benim

Fevzi Uçkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 09 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Sak O, Uçkan F. Cypermethrinin Galleria Mellonella L.(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın Puplaşma ve Ölüm Oranlarına Etkisi. U.Arı D.-U.Bee J. 2009;09(3):88-96.

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