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Bal Arılarının Viral Hastalıkları

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 09 Sayı: 4, 149 - 161, 25.11.2009

Öz

Son dönemlerde yapılan çalışmalar koloni sönmesi olaylarının büyük bölümünde arı viruslarının rol aldıına işaret etmektedir. Günümüzde bal arılarını etkileyen viruslardan 18 tanesi detaylı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu derlemede bal arılarında virusların neden olduğu hastalıkların belirtileri hakkında genel bilgiler ve son gelimeler sunulmaktadır. Deforme kanat virusu erişkin arılarda kanatlarda buruşukluk, gövdede küçülme ve renk kaybına neden olur. Ancak pupanın gelişimi esnasında virus çoğalması oldukça yavaştır ve nadiren ölüme yol açabilir. Talamus yavru çürüklüğü ise bir larva hastalığıdır ve larvaların inci beyazı renginin sarımsı-kahverengiye dönmesiyle ayırt edilir. Siyah kraliçe arı virusu kraliçe arı, pupa ve prepupaların ölümüne ve renklerinin koyu kahverengiye dönüşmesine neden olur. Arı virusları arasında en yüksek virülense sahip olan Kaşmir arı virusu ilk olarak asya bal arılarında tespit edilmiş olmasına karşın, daha sonraki çalışmalar hastalığın dünyanın değişik bölgelerindeki A. mellifera arılarında da bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Kamir arı virusu ile enfekte arılarda titreme, koordinasyon bozukluğu ve ölüm gözlenmektedir. Bal arılarında felç oluşturan 4 virus bilinmektedir (kronik arı felci, akut arı felci, yavaş arı felci ve İsrail arı felci virusları). Varroa enfestasyonuyla yakın ilikili olan akut ve kronik arı felci virusları tüm dünyada görülebilen etkenlerdir. Akut arı felci arıların 3-5 gün içinde ölümüne neden olurken, kronik arı felci hastalığında 6. günden itibaren, yavaş felç virusu enfeksiyonunda ise yaklaşık 12. günde ölüm gerçekleşir. Kronik arı felci virusu özellikle erişkin arıların beynine yerleşir ve farklı 2 hastalık tablosuna neden olabilir. Tip 1 sendromunda titreme, kanatların düşmesi ve karın bölgesinde şişkinlik görülürken, Tip 2 sendromunda arılar kıllarını kaybeder ve parlak siyah bir görünüm alır. İsrail arı felci virusu ani koloni sönmesi olaylarında tespit edilmiş olması bakımından önemlidir. Arılarda enfeksiyon oluşturan diğer viruslarla (arı X ve arı Y virusları, Arkansas, Berkeley ve Mısır arı virusları, bulanık kanat virusu, flamentöz arı virusu, apis iridescent virus ve kakugo virus) ilgili bilgiler ise sınırlı düzeydedir. Arılarda görülen viral hastalıklara karşı özel bir ilaç tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak iyi yetiştirme kuralları uygulanarak bu hastalıklardan korunmak ve kayıpları en aza indirebilmek mümkün olabilir. Bu derlemede arıların viral hastalıklarından korunmaya yönelik bilgiler de sunulmutur

Kaynakça

  • Akyol, E., Şahinler, N., Özkök, D. 2006. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) races, ecotypes and their general characteristics in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(9): 771- 774.
  • Allen, M., Ball, B. 1995. Characterisation and serological relationships of strains of Kashmir beevirus. Annual Applied Biology, 126:471– 484.
  • Allen, M., Ball, B. 1996. The incidence and world distrubition of honey bee viruses. Bee world, 77: 141-162.
  • Anderson, D. 2005. Triggering virus replication in honey bees, Bee Research And Virus in Europe. Proceedings of the meeting in Sophia- Antipolis (France) 24-26 April.
  • Anonim.www.kureselfelaket.com/nesli-tukenenler/ 2336-turkiyedeki-ari-olumlerine-iliskin-farkli yaklasım.
  • Anonim. 2004a. Honey bee hive products and used equipment, Biosecurity Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Wellington New Zealand.
  • Anonim. 2004b. Import risk analysis: Honey bee products, Biosecurity Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Wellington New Zealand.http://www.maf.govt.nz
  • Anonim. 2008a. DİE. Tarım İstatistikleri Özeti. DİE, Başbakanlık, Ankara.
  • Anonim. 2008b. Pest management strategic plan for honey bees in the mid-atlantic states. Southern Region Ipm Center Virginia Tech North Carolina State University, Maarec. http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/MidAtlantic HoneyBeePMSP.pdf Anonim. 2008c. www.univet.huunitsParazitologiaownenglishbee 2008
  • Antşnez, K., Alessandro, B., Corbella, E., Zunino, P. 2005. Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus and Acute bee paralysis virus in Uruguayan honeybees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90: 69–72.
  • Antşnez, K., D’Alessandro, B., Corbella, E., Ramalllo, G., Zunino, P. 2006. Honeybee viruses in Uruguay. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 93: 67–70.
  • Aubert, M., Ball, B., Fries, I., Moritz, R., Milani, N., Bernardinelli, I. 2007. Virology and the honey bee, European Communities.
  • Bailey, L., Ball, B.V., Woods, R. D. 1976. An iridovirus from bees. Journal of General Virology, 31: 459-461.
  • Bailey, L., Carpenter, J. M., Woods, R. D. 1979. Egypt Bee Virus and Australian Isolates of Kashmir Bee Virus Y. Journal of General Virology, 43: 641-647.
  • Bailey, L., Ball, B.V. 1991. Honey bee pathology. Academic Press. 193.
  • Bakonyi, T., Farkas, R., Szendroi, A., Dobos- Kovacs, M., Rusvai, M. 2002a. Detection of acute bee paralysis virus by RT-PCR in honey bee and Varroa destructor field samples: rapid screening of representative Hungarian apiaries. Apidologie, 33: 63-74.
  • Bakonyi, T., Grabensteiner, E., Kolodziejek, J., Rusvai, M., Topolska, G., Ritter, W., Nowotny, N. 2002b. Phylogenetic analysis of acute bee paralysis virus strains. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 68: 16446-16450.
  • Benjeddou, M., Leat, N., Allsopp, M., Davison, S. 2001. Detection of acute bee paralysis virus and black queen cell virus from honey bees by reverse Environmental Microbiology, 67: 2384–2387. PCR. Applied Berényi, O., Bakonyi, T., Derakhshifar, I., Köglberger, H., Nowotny, N. 2006. Occurrence of six honey bee viruses in diseased Austrian Apiaries. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72: 2414–2420.
  • Blanchard, P., Schurr, F., Celle, O., Cougoule, N., Drajnudel, P., Thiéry, R., Faucon, J.P., Ribière, M. 2008. First detection of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) in France, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees (Apis mellifera) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 99: 348–350.
  • Burğut, A., Kumova, U., Erişek, A. 2009. Bal Arılarında (Apis mellifera L.) Biyo-Çeitliliin Belirlenmesi Gaziosmanpaşa Öğrenci Kongresi. 21-22 Mayıs. Çalımalar. Üniversitesi 5. Zootekni
  • Calderone, W.N. 2006. Drone brood removal for the management of Varroa destructor. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
  • Celle, O., Blanchard, P., Olivier, V., Schurr, F., Cougoule, N., Faucon, J.P., Ribiére, M. 2008. Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) genome and its replicative RNA form in various hosts and possible ways of spread. Virus Research, 133: 280–284.
  • Chen, Y. P., Pettis, J. S., Collins, A., Feldlaufer, M. F. 2006. Prevalence and transmission of honey bee viruses. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72: 606–611.
  • Chen, Y., Evans, J.D. 2007. Historical presence of Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus in the United States.American Bee Journal, 147:1027-1028.
  • Cui, L., Shen, M., Ostiguy, N., Cox-Foster, D. 2005. Intricate transmission routes and interactions between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus) with the honeybee host and the parasitic varroa mite. Journal of General Virology, 86: 2281–2289.
  • De Miranda, J.R., Drebot, M., Tyler, S., Shen, M., Cameron, C.E., Stolz, D.B., Camazine, S.M. 2004. Complete nucleotide sequence of Kashmir bee virus and comparison with acute bee paralysis virus. Journal of General Virology, 85: 2263-2270.
  • Denholm, C.H. 1999. Inducible honey bee viruses associated
  • jacobsoni.www.chdphd.com/PhD with Varroa
  • Fievet, J., Tentcheva, D., Gauthier, L., De Miranda, J., Cousserans, F., Colin, M. E., Bergoin, M. 2006. Localization of deformed wing virus infection in queen and drone Apis mellifera L. Virology Journal, 3:16.
  • Fujiyuki, T., Takeuchi, H., Ono, M., Ohka, S., Sasaki, T., Nomoto, A., Kubo, T. 2004. Novel insect picorna-like virus identified in the brains of aggressive worker honeybees. Journal of Virology, 78: 1093-1100.
  • Fujiyuki, T., Ohka, S., Takeuchi, H., Ono, M., Nomoto, A., Kubo, T. 2006. Prevalence and Phylogeny of Kakugo Virus, a Novel Insect Picorna-Like Virus That Infects the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), under Various Colony Conditions. Journal of Virology, 80: 11528– 11538.
  • Ghosh, R. C., Ball, B. V., Willcocks, M., Carter, M. J. 1999. The nucleotide sequence of sacbrood virus of the honey bee: An insect picorna-like virus. Journal of General Virology, 80: 1541– 1549.
  • Govan, A., Leat, N., Allsopp, M., Davison, S. 2000. Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus Shows That It Belongs to the Novel Group of Insect-Infecting RNA Viruses. Virology, 277: 457-463.
  • Handerson, C., Tarver, L., Plummer, D., Seccomb, R., Debnam, S., Rice, S., Bromenshenk, J. 2007. US National Bee Colony Loss Survey: Preliminary findings with respect to Colony Collapse Disorder. Bee Alert Technology Inc. March 26.
  • Kaplan, K. 2007. Genetic survey fınds association between honeybee CCD and vırus. ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA (301) 504-163.
  • Lanzi, G., De Miranda, J. R., Boniotti, M. B., Cameron, C. E., Lavazza, A., Capucci, L., Camazine, S. M., Rossi, C. 2006. Molecular and biological characterization of deformed wing virus of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Virology, 80:4998–5009.
  • Leat, N., Ball, B., Govan, V., Davison, S. 2000. Analysis of the complete genome sequence of black queen-cell virus, a picorna-like virus of honey bees. Journal of General Virology, 81: 2111–2119.
  • Maori, E., Lavi, S., Mozes-Koch, R., Gantman, Y., Peretz, Y., Edelbaum, O., Tane, E., Sela, I. 2007. Isolation and characterization of Israeli acute paralysis virus, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees in Israel: evidence for diversity due to intra- and inter-species recombination. Journal of General Virology, 88:3428–3438.
  • Maramorosch, K., Shatkin, A. 2007. Honey bee viruses. Academic Press. 33-80. in Virus Research.
  • Mayo, M. A. 2002. Virus Taxonomy—Houston 2002. Archives of Virology, 147:1071–1076.
  • Olivier, V., Massou, I., Celle, O., Blanchard, P., Schurr, F., Ribière, M., Gauthier, M. 2008. In situ hybridization assays for localization of the chronic bee paralysis virus in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) brain. Journal of Virological Methods, 153:232–237.
  • Öncüer, C., Benlioğlu, K. 1998. Balarısı zararlıları hastalıkları ve zehirlenmeleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi yayınları no:3, 28-33.
  • Ribière, M., Faucon, J.P., Pépin, M. 2000. Detection of chronic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) paralysis virus infection: application to a field survey. Apidologie, 31: 567–577.
  • Ribière, M., Triboulot, C., Laetitia, M., Clément, A., Faucon, J.P., Pépin, M. 2002. Molecular diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus infection. Apidologie, 33: 339–351.
  • Ribière, M., Lallemand, P., Iscache, A.-L., Schurr, F., Celle, O., Blanchard, P., Olivier, V., Faucon, J.P. 2007. Spread of Infectious Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus by Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Feces. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 7711–7716.
  • Rortais, A., Tentcheva, D., Papachristoforou, A., Gauthier, L., Arnold, G., Colin, M. E., Bergoin, M. 2006. Deformed wing virus is not related to honey bees' aggressiveness. Virology Journal. 3: 61. Sammataro, D., Avitabile, A. 1998. The beekeeper’s handbook. 3th edition. Cornell University Press. (Çeviren H.VATANSEVER, Özkan Matbaacılık, Ankara, 2004).
  • Shimanuki, H., Knox, D.A. 2000. Diagnosis of honey bee viruses. USDA, Handbook No: 690, Academic Press. USA.
  • Sumpter, D., Martin, S. 2004. The dynamics of virus epidemics in Varroa-infested honey bee colonies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73: 51–63.
  • Tentcheva, D., Gauthier, L., Jouve, S., Canabady- Rochelle, L., Dainat, B., Cousserants, F., Colin, M. E., Ball, B. V., Bergoin, M. 2004a. Polymerase deformed wing virus (DWV) in Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 35: 431– 439. reaction detection of
  • Tentcheva, D., Gauthier, L., Zappulla, N., Dainat, B., Cousserans, F., Colin, M. E., Bergoin, M. 2004b. Prevalence and seasonal variations of six bee viruses in Apis mellifera L. and Varroa destructor mite populations in France. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 70: 7185–7191.
  • Todd, J., Ball, BV. 2003. Viruses in New Zealand bees. Bee Craft, 85: 12-13.
  • Toporčák, J. 2008. The University of veterinary medicine www.vcely.sk/.../black_queen_cell_virus.jpg.
  • Tutkun, E., Başgelmez, A. 2003. Bal arısı zararlıları ve hastalıkları teşhis ve tedavi yöntemleri. Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara.
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  • Yue, C., Genersch, E. 2005. RT-PCR analysis of Deformed wing virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and mites (Varroa destructor). Journal of General Virology, 86: 3419–3424.
  • Yue, C., Schröder, M., Bienefeld, K., Genersch, E. 2006. Detection of viral sequences in semen of honeybees (Apis mellifera):Evidence for vertical transmission of viruses through drones. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 105–108.

Viral Diseases of Honey Bees

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 09 Sayı: 4, 149 - 161, 25.11.2009

Öz

Goal: The goal of this review is to summarize viral diseases of honey bees. Observation of indemonstrable colony collapse disorders in several countries considered as a very important problem which may affect the biological equilibrium. Colony losses were initially attributed solely to mite infestation, but observations during the last
decades suggested that certain honey bee viruses are responsible for much of the mortality observed in infested colonies. Until now 18 viruses causing infection in honey bees have been determined. The most important are; deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus, Kashmir bee virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, acute bee paralysis virus, Thai sacbrood virus, slow paralysis virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus. First six of these agents are most encountered bee viruses in the world and the data about honey bee viruses are acquired by researches conducted on these agents. In this review article general information and recent developments on deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, Thai sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus and Kashmere bee virus are given. Moreover, disease symptoms and recent developments are described. Discussion and Conclusion: Deformed wing virus cause disease conditions mainly in adult bees while it may also infect other development stages including pupa. Infected adult bees show wrinkles and color loss on the wings and the body of infected bee is getting smaller than the non-infected bees. Virus propagation is very slow and death due to this infection is very rare in pupas. There is a clear relationship demonstrated between deformed wing virus and presence of varroa infestation in the colony. Contrary to deformed wing virus, disease conditions due to sacbrood virus mainly shown in larva and white color of larva is typically turn to yellowish-brown. Combs in the infected colonies are shown as puzzle. Incidence of sacbrood virus infection increases in the spring. It is not clear whether or not this virus transmitted by varroa. Black queen cell virus may infect all life stages of bees, but the incidence of infection is more common in adults. It is transmission is mainly related to the parasite Nosema apis. After infection by black queen cell virus prepupas, pupas and queen of the colony may die and their color will turn to dark-brown. The most virulent agent among honey bee viruses is Kashmere bee virus whish was first demonstrated in Asian honey bees (A.cerena). But later, it is distribution in A. mellifera colonies in many countries have been described. Kashmere bee virus cause trilling, in-coordination and death of infected bees. These symptoms are generally found in young bees because virus leads to persistent infection in adults.

Kaynakça

  • Akyol, E., Şahinler, N., Özkök, D. 2006. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) races, ecotypes and their general characteristics in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(9): 771- 774.
  • Allen, M., Ball, B. 1995. Characterisation and serological relationships of strains of Kashmir beevirus. Annual Applied Biology, 126:471– 484.
  • Allen, M., Ball, B. 1996. The incidence and world distrubition of honey bee viruses. Bee world, 77: 141-162.
  • Anderson, D. 2005. Triggering virus replication in honey bees, Bee Research And Virus in Europe. Proceedings of the meeting in Sophia- Antipolis (France) 24-26 April.
  • Anonim.www.kureselfelaket.com/nesli-tukenenler/ 2336-turkiyedeki-ari-olumlerine-iliskin-farkli yaklasım.
  • Anonim. 2004a. Honey bee hive products and used equipment, Biosecurity Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Wellington New Zealand.
  • Anonim. 2004b. Import risk analysis: Honey bee products, Biosecurity Authority Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Wellington New Zealand.http://www.maf.govt.nz
  • Anonim. 2008a. DİE. Tarım İstatistikleri Özeti. DİE, Başbakanlık, Ankara.
  • Anonim. 2008b. Pest management strategic plan for honey bees in the mid-atlantic states. Southern Region Ipm Center Virginia Tech North Carolina State University, Maarec. http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/MidAtlantic HoneyBeePMSP.pdf Anonim. 2008c. www.univet.huunitsParazitologiaownenglishbee 2008
  • Antşnez, K., Alessandro, B., Corbella, E., Zunino, P. 2005. Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus and Acute bee paralysis virus in Uruguayan honeybees. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 90: 69–72.
  • Antşnez, K., D’Alessandro, B., Corbella, E., Ramalllo, G., Zunino, P. 2006. Honeybee viruses in Uruguay. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 93: 67–70.
  • Aubert, M., Ball, B., Fries, I., Moritz, R., Milani, N., Bernardinelli, I. 2007. Virology and the honey bee, European Communities.
  • Bailey, L., Ball, B.V., Woods, R. D. 1976. An iridovirus from bees. Journal of General Virology, 31: 459-461.
  • Bailey, L., Carpenter, J. M., Woods, R. D. 1979. Egypt Bee Virus and Australian Isolates of Kashmir Bee Virus Y. Journal of General Virology, 43: 641-647.
  • Bailey, L., Ball, B.V. 1991. Honey bee pathology. Academic Press. 193.
  • Bakonyi, T., Farkas, R., Szendroi, A., Dobos- Kovacs, M., Rusvai, M. 2002a. Detection of acute bee paralysis virus by RT-PCR in honey bee and Varroa destructor field samples: rapid screening of representative Hungarian apiaries. Apidologie, 33: 63-74.
  • Bakonyi, T., Grabensteiner, E., Kolodziejek, J., Rusvai, M., Topolska, G., Ritter, W., Nowotny, N. 2002b. Phylogenetic analysis of acute bee paralysis virus strains. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 68: 16446-16450.
  • Benjeddou, M., Leat, N., Allsopp, M., Davison, S. 2001. Detection of acute bee paralysis virus and black queen cell virus from honey bees by reverse Environmental Microbiology, 67: 2384–2387. PCR. Applied Berényi, O., Bakonyi, T., Derakhshifar, I., Köglberger, H., Nowotny, N. 2006. Occurrence of six honey bee viruses in diseased Austrian Apiaries. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72: 2414–2420.
  • Blanchard, P., Schurr, F., Celle, O., Cougoule, N., Drajnudel, P., Thiéry, R., Faucon, J.P., Ribière, M. 2008. First detection of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) in France, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees (Apis mellifera) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 99: 348–350.
  • Burğut, A., Kumova, U., Erişek, A. 2009. Bal Arılarında (Apis mellifera L.) Biyo-Çeitliliin Belirlenmesi Gaziosmanpaşa Öğrenci Kongresi. 21-22 Mayıs. Çalımalar. Üniversitesi 5. Zootekni
  • Calderone, W.N. 2006. Drone brood removal for the management of Varroa destructor. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
  • Celle, O., Blanchard, P., Olivier, V., Schurr, F., Cougoule, N., Faucon, J.P., Ribiére, M. 2008. Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) genome and its replicative RNA form in various hosts and possible ways of spread. Virus Research, 133: 280–284.
  • Chen, Y. P., Pettis, J. S., Collins, A., Feldlaufer, M. F. 2006. Prevalence and transmission of honey bee viruses. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72: 606–611.
  • Chen, Y., Evans, J.D. 2007. Historical presence of Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus in the United States.American Bee Journal, 147:1027-1028.
  • Cui, L., Shen, M., Ostiguy, N., Cox-Foster, D. 2005. Intricate transmission routes and interactions between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus) with the honeybee host and the parasitic varroa mite. Journal of General Virology, 86: 2281–2289.
  • De Miranda, J.R., Drebot, M., Tyler, S., Shen, M., Cameron, C.E., Stolz, D.B., Camazine, S.M. 2004. Complete nucleotide sequence of Kashmir bee virus and comparison with acute bee paralysis virus. Journal of General Virology, 85: 2263-2270.
  • Denholm, C.H. 1999. Inducible honey bee viruses associated
  • jacobsoni.www.chdphd.com/PhD with Varroa
  • Fievet, J., Tentcheva, D., Gauthier, L., De Miranda, J., Cousserans, F., Colin, M. E., Bergoin, M. 2006. Localization of deformed wing virus infection in queen and drone Apis mellifera L. Virology Journal, 3:16.
  • Fujiyuki, T., Takeuchi, H., Ono, M., Ohka, S., Sasaki, T., Nomoto, A., Kubo, T. 2004. Novel insect picorna-like virus identified in the brains of aggressive worker honeybees. Journal of Virology, 78: 1093-1100.
  • Fujiyuki, T., Ohka, S., Takeuchi, H., Ono, M., Nomoto, A., Kubo, T. 2006. Prevalence and Phylogeny of Kakugo Virus, a Novel Insect Picorna-Like Virus That Infects the Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.), under Various Colony Conditions. Journal of Virology, 80: 11528– 11538.
  • Ghosh, R. C., Ball, B. V., Willcocks, M., Carter, M. J. 1999. The nucleotide sequence of sacbrood virus of the honey bee: An insect picorna-like virus. Journal of General Virology, 80: 1541– 1549.
  • Govan, A., Leat, N., Allsopp, M., Davison, S. 2000. Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence of Acute Bee Paralysis Virus Shows That It Belongs to the Novel Group of Insect-Infecting RNA Viruses. Virology, 277: 457-463.
  • Handerson, C., Tarver, L., Plummer, D., Seccomb, R., Debnam, S., Rice, S., Bromenshenk, J. 2007. US National Bee Colony Loss Survey: Preliminary findings with respect to Colony Collapse Disorder. Bee Alert Technology Inc. March 26.
  • Kaplan, K. 2007. Genetic survey fınds association between honeybee CCD and vırus. ARS News Service Agricultural Research Service, USDA (301) 504-163.
  • Lanzi, G., De Miranda, J. R., Boniotti, M. B., Cameron, C. E., Lavazza, A., Capucci, L., Camazine, S. M., Rossi, C. 2006. Molecular and biological characterization of deformed wing virus of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Virology, 80:4998–5009.
  • Leat, N., Ball, B., Govan, V., Davison, S. 2000. Analysis of the complete genome sequence of black queen-cell virus, a picorna-like virus of honey bees. Journal of General Virology, 81: 2111–2119.
  • Maori, E., Lavi, S., Mozes-Koch, R., Gantman, Y., Peretz, Y., Edelbaum, O., Tane, E., Sela, I. 2007. Isolation and characterization of Israeli acute paralysis virus, a dicistrovirus affecting honeybees in Israel: evidence for diversity due to intra- and inter-species recombination. Journal of General Virology, 88:3428–3438.
  • Maramorosch, K., Shatkin, A. 2007. Honey bee viruses. Academic Press. 33-80. in Virus Research.
  • Mayo, M. A. 2002. Virus Taxonomy—Houston 2002. Archives of Virology, 147:1071–1076.
  • Olivier, V., Massou, I., Celle, O., Blanchard, P., Schurr, F., Ribière, M., Gauthier, M. 2008. In situ hybridization assays for localization of the chronic bee paralysis virus in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) brain. Journal of Virological Methods, 153:232–237.
  • Öncüer, C., Benlioğlu, K. 1998. Balarısı zararlıları hastalıkları ve zehirlenmeleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi yayınları no:3, 28-33.
  • Ribière, M., Faucon, J.P., Pépin, M. 2000. Detection of chronic honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) paralysis virus infection: application to a field survey. Apidologie, 31: 567–577.
  • Ribière, M., Triboulot, C., Laetitia, M., Clément, A., Faucon, J.P., Pépin, M. 2002. Molecular diagnosis of chronic bee paralysis virus infection. Apidologie, 33: 339–351.
  • Ribière, M., Lallemand, P., Iscache, A.-L., Schurr, F., Celle, O., Blanchard, P., Olivier, V., Faucon, J.P. 2007. Spread of Infectious Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus by Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Feces. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 7711–7716.
  • Rortais, A., Tentcheva, D., Papachristoforou, A., Gauthier, L., Arnold, G., Colin, M. E., Bergoin, M. 2006. Deformed wing virus is not related to honey bees' aggressiveness. Virology Journal. 3: 61. Sammataro, D., Avitabile, A. 1998. The beekeeper’s handbook. 3th edition. Cornell University Press. (Çeviren H.VATANSEVER, Özkan Matbaacılık, Ankara, 2004).
  • Shimanuki, H., Knox, D.A. 2000. Diagnosis of honey bee viruses. USDA, Handbook No: 690, Academic Press. USA.
  • Sumpter, D., Martin, S. 2004. The dynamics of virus epidemics in Varroa-infested honey bee colonies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73: 51–63.
  • Tentcheva, D., Gauthier, L., Jouve, S., Canabady- Rochelle, L., Dainat, B., Cousserants, F., Colin, M. E., Ball, B. V., Bergoin, M. 2004a. Polymerase deformed wing virus (DWV) in Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 35: 431– 439. reaction detection of
  • Tentcheva, D., Gauthier, L., Zappulla, N., Dainat, B., Cousserans, F., Colin, M. E., Bergoin, M. 2004b. Prevalence and seasonal variations of six bee viruses in Apis mellifera L. and Varroa destructor mite populations in France. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 70: 7185–7191.
  • Todd, J., Ball, BV. 2003. Viruses in New Zealand bees. Bee Craft, 85: 12-13.
  • Toporčák, J. 2008. The University of veterinary medicine www.vcely.sk/.../black_queen_cell_virus.jpg.
  • Tutkun, E., Başgelmez, A. 2003. Bal arısı zararlıları ve hastalıkları teşhis ve tedavi yöntemleri. Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Verma, L.R., Rana, B.S., Verma, S. 1990. Observations on Apis cerana colonies surviving from Apidologie, 21: 169-174. virus infestation.
  • Waite, R., Thompson, H., Brown, M., Watkins, M., Bew, M. 2003. Preliminary studies into novel detection methods for honeybee pathogens. XXXVIII Congress Apimondi.
  • Young, Y. J. 1990. Bee Virus X & Bee Virus Y. OSU Insect ID Clinic, 1089 Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
  • Yue, C., Genersch, E. 2005. RT-PCR analysis of Deformed wing virus in honeybees (Apis mellifera) and mites (Varroa destructor). Journal of General Virology, 86: 3419–3424.
  • Yue, C., Schröder, M., Bienefeld, K., Genersch, E. 2006. Detection of viral sequences in semen of honeybees (Apis mellifera):Evidence for vertical transmission of viruses through drones. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 105–108.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Pelin Tuncer Bu kişi benim

Kadir Yeşilbağ Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Kasım 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 09 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Tuncer P, Yeşilbağ K. Bal Arılarının Viral Hastalıkları. U.Arı D.-U.Bee J. 2009;09(4):149-61.

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