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Structure, Usage Areas and Main Problems of Bees Wax

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 209 - 220, 09.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.781259

Öz

Beeswax is the raw material of the honeycomb that the bee colony carries out in its vital activities. Beeswax is also a bee product, such as honey, pollen, royal jelly and bee bread for beekeeping. Because beeswax is an absorbent, it can collect pollutants inside and outside the hive. The bee products produced from this honeycomb pose a risk to human and bee health. Older combs can also provide shelter from pathogenic microorganisms. In particular, honeycomb processing equipments have a very important responsibility for the hygiene of old honeycombs.
Beeswax attracts attention with its wide usage area. As a coating agent in the food industry, it is a product used in cosmetics, soap, candle, cream, textile, paint, paper industry, health and many other fields, such as wax sculptures. This study aims to present new perspectives that can be used in relevant fields in the light of recent studies.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulrhman, M., Samir Elbarbary, N., Ahmed Amin, D., Saeid Ebrahim, R. 2012. Honey and a mixture of honey, beeswax, and olive oil–propolis extract in treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 29(3): 285-292.
  • Al-Waili, NS., Saloom, K. S., Al-Waili, TN., Al-Waili, AN. 2006. The safety and efficacy of a mixture of honey, olive oil, and beeswax for the management of hemorrhoids and anal fissure: a pilot study. The Scientific World Journal, (6): 1998-2005.
  • Al-Waili, NS. 2005. Mixture of honey, beeswax and olive oil inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Archives of medical research, 36(1): 10-13.
  • Al-Waili, NS. 2004. An alternative treatment for pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei with topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture: an open pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 12(1): 45-47.
  • Attama, AA., Adikwu, MU. 2007. Use of trona as a permeation enhancer for ointments prepared with beeswax extracted from native honeycombs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 4(2).
  • Baales, M., Birker, S., Mucha, F. 2017. Hafting with beeswax in the Final Palaeolithic: a barbed point from Bergkamen. antiquity, 91(359): 1155-1170.
  • Bağçe, A. 2008. Arıcılıkta kullanılan temel peteklerde naftalin kalıntısının belirlemesi üzerinde bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü). 54 sayfa. Aydın.
  • Bayir, Y., Un, H., Ugan, RA., Akpinar, E., Cadirci, E., Calik, I., Halici, Z. 2019. The effects of Beeswax, Olive oil and Butter impregnated bandage on burn wound healing. Burns, 45(6): 1410-1417.
  • Benson, GG., Hemıngway, SR., Leach, FN. 1978. Composition of the wrappings of an ancient Egyptian mummy. J.Pharmacy and Pharmacol. 30:78.
  • Bernal, JL., Jiménez, JJ., del Nozal, MJ., Toribio, L., Martín, MT. 2005. Physico‐chemical parameters for the characterization of pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(3): 158-166.
  • Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., Coppa, A., Mancini, L., Dreossi, D., Eichert, D., Hua, Q. 2012. Beeswax as dental filling on a Neolithic human tooth. Plos one, 7(9), e44904.
  • Breed, MD., Garry, MF., Pearce, AN., Hibbard, BE., Bjostad, LB., Page Jr, RE. 1995. The role of wax comb in honey bee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour, 50 (2): 489-496.
  • Bommuraj, V., Chen, Y., Klein, H., Sperling, R., Barel, S., Shimshoni, JA. 2019. Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food chemistry, 299, 125123.
  • Bogdanov, S. 2004. Quality and standards of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta, 38:334-341.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Greenberg, AR., Otis, G. 2006. Interspecific variation in beeswax as a biological construction material. Journal of experimental biology, 209 (20): 3984-3989.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Bjostad, L., Hibbard, BE., Greenberg, AR. 2009. The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie, 40(5): 585-594.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2017. Occurrence of pesticide residues in Spanish beeswax. Science of The Total Environment, 605: 745-754.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2018. Pesticide residues in honey bees, pollen and beeswax: Assessing beehive exposure. Environmental Pollution, 241: 106-114.
  • Carrillo, MP., Kadri, SM., Veiga, N., Orsi, RDO. 2015. Energetic feedings influence beeswax production by Apis mellifera L. honeybees. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1): 73-76.
  • Carvalho, ADB., da Silva, AL., Silva, ADA., Netto, AJ., de Medeiros, TTB., Araújo Filho, JM., Oliveira, JR. 2019. Effect of slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax and its inclusion in ruminant diets. Small Ruminant Research, 179: 56-63.
  • Chauvin R. 1968. Traite' de biologie de l'abeille. Paris: Masson et Cie.
  • Collins, AM., Pettis, JS., Wilbanks, R., Feldlaufer, MF. 2004. Performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens reared in beeswax cells impregnated with coumaphos. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43(3): 128-134.
  • El Agrebi, N., Wilmart, O., Urbain, B., Danneels, EL., de Graaf, DC., Saegerman, C. 2019. Belgian case study on flumethrin residues in beeswax: Possible impact on honeybee and prediction of the maximum daily intake for consumers. Science of the total environment, 687: 712-719.
  • El Sakka, A., Abdulrhman, M., Shehata, IH. 2013. Comparison between topical application of honey, bees wax and olive oil propolis extract and nystatin for treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants. International Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 1(4): 39-42.
  • Eshete, Y., Eshetie, T. 2018. A Review on Crude Beeswax Mismanagement and Lose: Opportunities for Collection, Processing and Marketing in Ethiopia. Research Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(4): 4-12.
  • Fratini, F., Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Felicioli, A. 2016. Beeswax: A minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(9): 839-843.
  • Fu, H., Wang, XJ., Lu, HF., Xu, QW. 2007. Experimental study on beeswax ointment in diabetic rabbit's model of wound healing [J]. Journal of Dalian Medical University, 4.
  • Giampieri, F., Quiles, JL., Orantes-Bermejo, FJ., Gasparrini, M., Forbes-Hernandez, TY., Sánchez-González, C., Cianciosi, D. 2018. Are by-products from beeswax recycling process a new promising source of bioactive compounds with biomedical properties? Food and Chemical Toxicology, 112: 126-133.
  • Güneş, E., Sert, D., Kübra Erçetin, H. 2019. Bal mumu ve propolis gibi kaplama ürünlerinin böcekteki etkisinin belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(4): 2133-2139.
  • Gümüş, K., Özlü, ZK. 2017. The effect of a beeswax, olive oil and Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch mixture on burn injuries: an experimental study with a control group. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 34: 66-73.
  • Hepburn, HR., Bernard, RTF., Davidson, BC., Muller, WJ., Lloyd, P., Kurstjens, SP., Vincent, SL.1991. Synthesis and secretion of beeswax in honeybees. Apidologie, 22(1): 21-36.
  • Hepburn, HR., Pirk, CWW., Duangphakdee, O. 2014. The chemistry of beeswax. In Honeybee Nests (pp. 319-339). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Imran, M., Ahmad, M., Naeem, M., Saeed, S., Nasir, MF., Ahmad, A., Aslam, UA. 2015. Effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated with and without beeswax on the life history parameter of bumblebee. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 144-153,
  • Jiménez, JJ., Bernal, JL., del Nozal, MJ., Martín, MT. 2005. Residues of organic contaminants in beeswax. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(12): 896-902.
  • Karazafiris, E., Tananaki, C., Thrasyvoulou, A., Menkissoglu-Spiroudi, U. 2011. Pesticide residues in bee products. Pesticides in the Modern World-Risks and Benefits, 89-126.
  • Khanzadi, M., Jafari, SM., Mirzaei, H., Chegini, FK., Maghsoudlou, Y., Dehnad, D. 2015. Physical and mechanical properties in biodegradable films of whey protein concentrate–pullulan by application of beeswax. Carbohydrate Polymers, 118: 24-29.
  • Kurtuldu, E., Yıldırım, L. 2019. Farklı Kültürlerdeki Rezerve Boya/Baskı Teknikleri Üzerine Kavram ve Terimler. Yedi, (21): 93-103.
  • Lewis, PA., Wright, K., Webster, A., Steer, M., Rudd, M., Doubrovsky, A., Gardner, G. 2012. A randomized controlled pilot study comparing aqueous cream with a beeswax and herbal oil cream in the provision of relief from postburn pruritis. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 33(4): e195-e200.
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BAL MUMUNUN YAPISI, KULLANIM ALANLARI ve BAZI TEMEL SORUNLARI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2, 209 - 220, 09.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.781259

Öz

Bal mumu arı kolonisinin yaşamsal faaliyetlerini üzerinde yürüttüğü peteğin ham maddesidir. Arıcılık işletmeleri için bal, polen, arı sütü ve arı ekmeği gibi bal mumu da bir arı ürünüdür. Bal mumu absorbe etme yeteneği kaynaklı kovan içi ve dışı kirleticileri bünyesinde biriktirebilmektedir. Bu şekilde kalıntı içeren peteklerden üretilen arı ürünleri insan ve arı sağlığı için risk oluşturmaktadır. Aynı zamanda eski petekler patojen mikroorganizmalar için konak işlevi görebilmektedir. Özellikle petek işleme tesisleri eski peteklerin hijyenik hale gelmesi açısından oldukça önemli bir sorumluluk taşımaktadır.
Bal mumunun çok geniş bir kullanım alanı içermesi dikkatleri de üzerine çekmiştir. Gıda sektöründe kaplayıcı ajan olarak, kozmetikte sabun ve kremlerde geniş kullanım yanısıra, tekstil, boya, kâğıt sanayinde ve sağlık sektöründe birçok alanda kullanılan bir üründür. Bal mumundan yapılan birçok süs eşyası da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bal mumu ile ilgili son çalışmalar ışığında ilgili sektörlerinde faydalanabilecekleri yeni bakış açıları sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulrhman, M., Samir Elbarbary, N., Ahmed Amin, D., Saeid Ebrahim, R. 2012. Honey and a mixture of honey, beeswax, and olive oil–propolis extract in treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 29(3): 285-292.
  • Al-Waili, NS., Saloom, K. S., Al-Waili, TN., Al-Waili, AN. 2006. The safety and efficacy of a mixture of honey, olive oil, and beeswax for the management of hemorrhoids and anal fissure: a pilot study. The Scientific World Journal, (6): 1998-2005.
  • Al-Waili, NS. 2005. Mixture of honey, beeswax and olive oil inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Archives of medical research, 36(1): 10-13.
  • Al-Waili, NS. 2004. An alternative treatment for pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei with topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture: an open pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 12(1): 45-47.
  • Attama, AA., Adikwu, MU. 2007. Use of trona as a permeation enhancer for ointments prepared with beeswax extracted from native honeycombs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 4(2).
  • Baales, M., Birker, S., Mucha, F. 2017. Hafting with beeswax in the Final Palaeolithic: a barbed point from Bergkamen. antiquity, 91(359): 1155-1170.
  • Bağçe, A. 2008. Arıcılıkta kullanılan temel peteklerde naftalin kalıntısının belirlemesi üzerinde bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü). 54 sayfa. Aydın.
  • Bayir, Y., Un, H., Ugan, RA., Akpinar, E., Cadirci, E., Calik, I., Halici, Z. 2019. The effects of Beeswax, Olive oil and Butter impregnated bandage on burn wound healing. Burns, 45(6): 1410-1417.
  • Benson, GG., Hemıngway, SR., Leach, FN. 1978. Composition of the wrappings of an ancient Egyptian mummy. J.Pharmacy and Pharmacol. 30:78.
  • Bernal, JL., Jiménez, JJ., del Nozal, MJ., Toribio, L., Martín, MT. 2005. Physico‐chemical parameters for the characterization of pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(3): 158-166.
  • Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., Coppa, A., Mancini, L., Dreossi, D., Eichert, D., Hua, Q. 2012. Beeswax as dental filling on a Neolithic human tooth. Plos one, 7(9), e44904.
  • Breed, MD., Garry, MF., Pearce, AN., Hibbard, BE., Bjostad, LB., Page Jr, RE. 1995. The role of wax comb in honey bee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour, 50 (2): 489-496.
  • Bommuraj, V., Chen, Y., Klein, H., Sperling, R., Barel, S., Shimshoni, JA. 2019. Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food chemistry, 299, 125123.
  • Bogdanov, S. 2004. Quality and standards of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta, 38:334-341.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Greenberg, AR., Otis, G. 2006. Interspecific variation in beeswax as a biological construction material. Journal of experimental biology, 209 (20): 3984-3989.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Bjostad, L., Hibbard, BE., Greenberg, AR. 2009. The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie, 40(5): 585-594.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2017. Occurrence of pesticide residues in Spanish beeswax. Science of The Total Environment, 605: 745-754.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2018. Pesticide residues in honey bees, pollen and beeswax: Assessing beehive exposure. Environmental Pollution, 241: 106-114.
  • Carrillo, MP., Kadri, SM., Veiga, N., Orsi, RDO. 2015. Energetic feedings influence beeswax production by Apis mellifera L. honeybees. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1): 73-76.
  • Carvalho, ADB., da Silva, AL., Silva, ADA., Netto, AJ., de Medeiros, TTB., Araújo Filho, JM., Oliveira, JR. 2019. Effect of slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax and its inclusion in ruminant diets. Small Ruminant Research, 179: 56-63.
  • Chauvin R. 1968. Traite' de biologie de l'abeille. Paris: Masson et Cie.
  • Collins, AM., Pettis, JS., Wilbanks, R., Feldlaufer, MF. 2004. Performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens reared in beeswax cells impregnated with coumaphos. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43(3): 128-134.
  • El Agrebi, N., Wilmart, O., Urbain, B., Danneels, EL., de Graaf, DC., Saegerman, C. 2019. Belgian case study on flumethrin residues in beeswax: Possible impact on honeybee and prediction of the maximum daily intake for consumers. Science of the total environment, 687: 712-719.
  • El Sakka, A., Abdulrhman, M., Shehata, IH. 2013. Comparison between topical application of honey, bees wax and olive oil propolis extract and nystatin for treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants. International Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 1(4): 39-42.
  • Eshete, Y., Eshetie, T. 2018. A Review on Crude Beeswax Mismanagement and Lose: Opportunities for Collection, Processing and Marketing in Ethiopia. Research Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(4): 4-12.
  • Fratini, F., Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Felicioli, A. 2016. Beeswax: A minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(9): 839-843.
  • Fu, H., Wang, XJ., Lu, HF., Xu, QW. 2007. Experimental study on beeswax ointment in diabetic rabbit's model of wound healing [J]. Journal of Dalian Medical University, 4.
  • Giampieri, F., Quiles, JL., Orantes-Bermejo, FJ., Gasparrini, M., Forbes-Hernandez, TY., Sánchez-González, C., Cianciosi, D. 2018. Are by-products from beeswax recycling process a new promising source of bioactive compounds with biomedical properties? Food and Chemical Toxicology, 112: 126-133.
  • Güneş, E., Sert, D., Kübra Erçetin, H. 2019. Bal mumu ve propolis gibi kaplama ürünlerinin böcekteki etkisinin belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(4): 2133-2139.
  • Gümüş, K., Özlü, ZK. 2017. The effect of a beeswax, olive oil and Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch mixture on burn injuries: an experimental study with a control group. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 34: 66-73.
  • Hepburn, HR., Bernard, RTF., Davidson, BC., Muller, WJ., Lloyd, P., Kurstjens, SP., Vincent, SL.1991. Synthesis and secretion of beeswax in honeybees. Apidologie, 22(1): 21-36.
  • Hepburn, HR., Pirk, CWW., Duangphakdee, O. 2014. The chemistry of beeswax. In Honeybee Nests (pp. 319-339). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Imran, M., Ahmad, M., Naeem, M., Saeed, S., Nasir, MF., Ahmad, A., Aslam, UA. 2015. Effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated with and without beeswax on the life history parameter of bumblebee. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 144-153,
  • Jiménez, JJ., Bernal, JL., del Nozal, MJ., Martín, MT. 2005. Residues of organic contaminants in beeswax. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(12): 896-902.
  • Karazafiris, E., Tananaki, C., Thrasyvoulou, A., Menkissoglu-Spiroudi, U. 2011. Pesticide residues in bee products. Pesticides in the Modern World-Risks and Benefits, 89-126.
  • Khanzadi, M., Jafari, SM., Mirzaei, H., Chegini, FK., Maghsoudlou, Y., Dehnad, D. 2015. Physical and mechanical properties in biodegradable films of whey protein concentrate–pullulan by application of beeswax. Carbohydrate Polymers, 118: 24-29.
  • Kurtuldu, E., Yıldırım, L. 2019. Farklı Kültürlerdeki Rezerve Boya/Baskı Teknikleri Üzerine Kavram ve Terimler. Yedi, (21): 93-103.
  • Lewis, PA., Wright, K., Webster, A., Steer, M., Rudd, M., Doubrovsky, A., Gardner, G. 2012. A randomized controlled pilot study comparing aqueous cream with a beeswax and herbal oil cream in the provision of relief from postburn pruritis. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 33(4): e195-e200.
  • Li, XH., Guo, K., Zhao, XY. 2011. Effect of beeswax on functional and structural properties of soy protein isolate films. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 150, pp. 1396-1399). Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
  • Luo, W., Li, T., Wang, C., Huang, F. 2012. Discovery of Beeswax as binding agent on a 6th-century BC Chinese Turquoise-inlaid Bronze sword. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(5): 1227-1237.
  • Márquez, R., Bálsamo, S., Morales, F., Ruiz, N., García, A., León, R., ... Zambrano, J. 2019. Technological use of beeswax for obtaining organic products, non-toxic for the human being Aprovechamiento tecnológico de la cera de abeja para la obten-ción de productos orgánicos, no tóxicos para el ser humano. Revista Ciencia e Ingeniería. Vol, 40(1).
  • Medici, SK., Castro, A., Sarlo, EG., Marioli, JM., Eguaras, MJ. 2012. The concentration effect of selected acaricides present in beeswax foundation on the survival of Apis mellifera colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 51(2):164-168.
  • Mukdisari, Y., Suketi, K., Widodo, WD. 2016. Fruit Coating with Chitosan and Beeswax to Extend Papaya Shelf Life. Journal of Tropical Crop Science Vol, 3(3).
  • Mudannayaka, AI., Rajapaksha, DSW., Kodithuwakku, KAHT. 2016. Effect of Beeswax, Gelatin and Aloe vera Gel Coatings on Physical Properties and Shelf Life of Chicken Eggs Stored at 30 C. J. World Poult. Res. 6(1): 06-13.
  • Moustafa, A., Atiba, A. 2015. The effectiveness of a mixture of honey, beeswax and olive oil in treatment of canine deep second-degree burn. Global Veterinaria, 14(2): 244-250.
  • Nasrin, TAA., Rahman, MA., Arfin, MS., Islam, MN., Ullah, MA. 2020. Effect of novel coconut oil and beeswax edible coating on postharvest quality of lemon at ambient storage. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 2, 100019.
  • Petric, M., Kricej, B., Humar, M., Pavlic, M., Tomazic, M. 2004. Patination of cherry wood and spruce wood with ethanolamine and surface finishes. Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions, 87(3):195.
  • Perugini, M., Tulini, SM., Zezza, D., Fenucci, S., Conte, A., Amorena, M. 2018. Occurrence of agrochemical residues in beeswax samples collected in Italy during 2013–2015. Science of the total environment, 625: 470-476.
  • Saygılı, M. 2017. Kırklareli ilinde arıcılık faaliyeti yapan üreticilerden toplanan peteklerde antibiyotik ve pestisit kalıntısı aranması (Master's thesis, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi).
  • Seleshi, G., Woldetsadik, K., Azene, M. 2019. Effect of Calcium Chloride Dipping and Beeswax Coating on the Shelf Life and Quality of Nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica) Fruits. Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 6(1): 71-78.
  • Souza, C., de Freitas, LAP., Campos, PMBGM. 2017. Topical formulation containing beeswax-based nanoparticles improved in vivo skin barrier function. Aaps Pharmscitech, 18(7): 2505-2516.
  • Svečnjak, L., Chesson, LA., Gallina, A., Maia, M., Martinello, M., Mutinelli, F., Wallner, K. 2019. Standard methods for Apis mellifera beeswax research. Journal of Apicultural Research, 58(2): 1-108.
  • Szulc, J., Machnowski, W., Kowalska, S., Jachowicz, A., Ruman, T., Steglińska, A., Gutarowska, B. 2020. Beeswax-Modified Textiles: Method of Preparation and Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties. Polymers, 12(2): 344.
  • Şen, B. 2019. Yılmaz Büyükerşen Balmumu Heykeller Müzesi Ziyaretçilerinin Taşıma Kapasitesi Ve Memnuniyet Algılarının Değerlendirilmesi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans. 103 sayfa.
  • Oliveira, VRL., Santos, FKG., Leite, RHL., Aroucha, EMM., Silva, KNO. 2018. Use of biopolymeric coating hydrophobized with beeswax in post-harvest conservation of guavas. Food chemistry, 259: 55-64.
  • Teker, MS. 2015. Kapatma Maddesi ile Rezerve Boyama Teknikleri. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Yıl, 3: 478-493.
  • Tezel, Z. 2009. Yazmacilik Sanatinda Desenleme Teknikleri (Kalip Tekniğiyle Ağaç Baski Uygulama Örneğİ). Gazi Üniversitesi Endüstriyel Sanatlar Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25: 27-40.
  • Trevisani, M., Cecchini, M., Siconolfi, D., Mancusi, R., Rosmini, R. 2017. Effects of beeswax coating on the oxidative stability of long-ripened Italian salami. Journal of Food Quality, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8089135
  • Tulloch, AP. 1971. Beeswax: structure of the esters and their component hydroxy acids and diols. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 6(3): 235-265.
  • Turna, İ., Kulaç, Ş., Güney, D., Seyis, E. (2013). Boylu maviyemiş (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)’in çelikle üretilmesinde hormon ve ortamın etkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 9(2): 93-104.
  • Tomás-Barberán, FA., Ferreres, F., Tomás-Lorente, F., Ortiz, A. 1993. Flavonoids from Apis mellifera beeswax. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 48(1-2): 68-72.
  • Winkler‐Moser, JK., Anderson, J., Byars, JA., Singh, M., Hwang, HS. 2019. Evaluation of Beeswax, Candelilla Wax, Rice Bran Wax, and Sunflower Wax as Alternative Stabilizers for Peanut Butter. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 96(11): 1235-1248.
  • Valdovinos-Flores, C., Alcantar-Rosales, VM., Gaspar-Ramírez, O., Saldaña-Loza, LM., Dorantes-Ugalde, J. A. 2017. Agricultural pesticide residues in honey and wax combs from Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Apicultural Research, 56(5): 667-679.
  • Yilmaz, F., Dagdemir, E. 2012. The effects of beeswax coating on quality of Kashar cheese during ripening. International journal of food science & technology, 47(12): 2582-2589.
  • Zhang, Y., Bi, J., Wang, S., Cao, Q., Li, Y., Zhou, J., Zhu, BW. 2019. Functional food packaging for reducing residual liquid food: thermo-resistant edible super-hydrophobic coating from coffee and beeswax. Journal of colloid and interface science, 533: 742-749.
  • Zhang, Y., Simpson, BK., Dumont, MJ. 2018. Effect of beeswax and carnauba wax addition on properties of gelatin films: A comparative study. Food bioscience, 26: 88-95.
  • Zhang, W., Lu, P., Qian, L., Xiao, H. 2014. Fabrication of superhydrophobic paper surface via wax mixture coating. Chemical Engineering Journal, 250: 431-436.
  • Zhao, K., Cao, XD., Zhu, SX. 2011. Effects of different concentrations of beeswax coating agent on Taiwan green jujube during storage. Storage & Process, 4(7).
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Erkan Topal 0000-0002-1398-4390

Özgür Ceylan 0000-0002-1865-1093

Mustafa Kösoğlu 0000-0001-6616-089X

Rodica Mărgăoan 0000-0002-9246-1677

Mihaiela Cornea Cıpcıgan 0000-0003-3313-2416

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi 29 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Topal E, Ceylan Ö, Kösoğlu M, Mărgăoan R, Cıpcıgan MC. BAL MUMUNUN YAPISI, KULLANIM ALANLARI ve BAZI TEMEL SORUNLARI. U.Arı D.-U.Bee J. 2020;20(2):209-20.

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