INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT PLANT SOURCES OF ANATOLIAN PROPOLIS SAMPLES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 37 - 48, 19.05.2023

Emine Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1208667

Cited By: 1

Öz

The ethnopharmacological approach combined with chemical and biological methods can be a useful model in the field of pharmacology. One of these approaches, apitherapy, is the use of bee and hive products for therapeutic purposes. Propolis is among the best known of these bee products. The chemical composition of propolis varies according to the local or endemic flora, bee species, geographical origin and season. This study is to determine the antimicrobial activity differences between chestnut and polyfloral origin propolis against various pathogenic bacterial species. First of all, the Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used for the determination of bioactive components known to be responsible for antimicrobial activity. Folin-Ciocalteu method and colorimetric aluminum chloride assay were used to determine the total phenolic (TP) and flavonoid (TF) amounts. 19 different pathogenic microorganisms were selected to test the antimicrobial activity levels of propolis samples with agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. TP and TF values of chestnut propolis (71.06 mg GAE/mL-11.75 mg QE/mL) were significantly higher than polyfloral sample (36.84 mg GAE/mL-7.04 mg QE/mL). Chrysin, a flavone derivative, was the most abundant compound in both samples. The MIC values of chestnut propolis ranged from 19.5 to 2500 µg/mL, while the MIC value of polyfloral origin propolis was between 39.06 and 5000 µg/mL. The most susceptible strain was Mycobacterium smegmatis for both samples with different concentration. Notably, it was observed that the botanical origins affect the chemical composition of propolis, and this situation can also be effect antibacterial and antifungal activity in respective propolis because of the different amount and diversity of bioactive compounds. Consequently, chestnut propolis is a promising candidate for drug discovery that can be used to treat some infectious diseases, including diseases related with resistant bacteria.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chestnut propolis, total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activity

Farklı Bitki Kaynaklı Anadolu Propolis Örneklerinin Kimyasal İçeriği ve Antimikrobial Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması

Öz

Kimyasal ve biyolojik yöntemlerin entegre çalışılması ile oluşturulan etnofarmakolojik yaklaşım, farmakoloji alanında faydalı bir model olabilir. Bu yaklaşımlardan biri olan apiterapi, arı ve kovan ürünlerinin tedavi amaçlı kullanılmasıdır. Bu arıcılık ürünleri içinde propolis, en iyi bilinenler arasındadır. Propolisin kimyasal bileşiminin yerel veya endemik floraya, arı ırkına, coğrafi kökene ve mevsime göre değiştiği bilinmektedir. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda çalışma, kestane ve polifloral orijinli propolis örneklerinin farklı patojenik mikroorganizma suşlarına karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite farklılıklarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktiviteden sorumlu olduğu bilinen biyoaktif bileşenlerin tayini için öncelikle Sıvı Kromatografi-Kütle Spektrometresi (LC-MS/MS) yöntemi kullanıldı. Toplam fenolik (TP) ve flavonoid (TF) miktarlarını belirlemek için Folin-Ciocalteau yöntemi ve kolorimetrik alüminyum klorür testleri kullanıldı. Propolis örneklerinin antimikrobiyal aktivite düzeyleri seçilen 19 farklı patojenik mikroorganizmaya karşı agar kuyu difüzyonu ve minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MIC) yöntemleri ile belirlendi. Kestane propolisinin TP ve TF değerleri (71.06 mg GAE/mL-11.75 mg QE/mL), polifloral örnekle (36.84 mg GAE/mL-7.04 mg QE/mL) kıyaslandığında anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir flavon türevi olan Chrysin, her iki örnekte de en yüksek oranda bulunan bileşik olarak tespit edildi. Kestane propolisinin MİK değerleri 19,5 ile 2500 µg/mL arasında değişirken, polifloral orijinli propolisin MİK değeri 39,06 ile 5000 µg/mL arasında belirlendi. Her iki örneğe karşı farklı konsantrasyonlarda en duyarlı suş Mycobacterium smegmatis’di. Bu çalışma ile botanik orijinlerin propolisin kimyasal bileşimini etkilediği ve bu durumun biyoaktif bileşiklerin farklı miktar ve çeşitliliğinden dolayı ilgili propoliste antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktiviteyi de etkileyebileceği doğrulandı. Sonuç olarak, kestane propolisi, dirençli bakteriler de dahil olmak üzere bazı bulaşıcı hastalıkları tedavi etmek amacıyla kullanılabilecek ilaç geliştirme çalışmaları için umut vaad edici bir aday olarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kestane propolisi, toplam fenolik madde, flavonoid, fenolik kompozisyon, antimikrobiyal ve antifungal aktivite

Kaynakça

• Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Antimicrobial activities of European propolis collected from various geographic origins alone and in combination with antibiotics. Medicines, 2018;5(1), 2.
• Al-Juhaimi FY, Özcan MM, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Alsawmahia ON, Özcan MM, Ghafoor K, Babiker EE. Bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and antimicrobial activity of propolis from different locations in Turkey. J. Apic. Res, 2022;61(2), 246-254.
• Bankova V, Marcucci MC, Simonova S, Nikolova N, Kujumgiev A. Antibacterial diterpenic acids from Brazilian propolis. Z Naturforsch, 1996;51, 277–80.
• Bankova VS, de Castro SL, Marcucci MC. Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 2000;31(1), 3–15.
• Bankova V, Popova M, Trusheva B. Propolis volatile compounds: chemical diversity and biological activity: a review. Chem. Cent. J, 2014);8(1), 1-8.
• Cornara L, Biagi M, Xiao J, Burlando B. Therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds from different honeybee products. Front. pharmacol, 2017;412.
• Das A, Datta S, Mukherjee S, Bose S, Ghosh S, Dhar P. Evaluation of antioxidative, antibacterial and probiotic growth stimulatory activities of Sesamum indicum honey containing phenolic compounds and lignans. LWT-Food Scı Technol, 2015;61(1),244-250.
• De Castro SL. Propolis: Biological and pharmacological activities. Therapeutic uses of this bee-product. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Sci, 2001;3, 49-83.
• De Groot AC. Propolis: a review of properties, applications, chemical composition, contact allergy, and other adverse effects. Dermatitis, 2013;24(6), 263-282.
• Demir S, Aliyazicioglu Y, Turan I, Misir S, Mentese A, Yaman SO, Deger O. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity of Turkish propolis on human lung cancer cell line. Nutr. Cancer, 2016;68(1), 165-172.
• Eroğlu N, Kambur M, Kekeçoğlu M. The Investigation Propolis Foraging Preference of Different Honey Bee. YYÜ Tar Bil Derg, 2021;31(1), 133-141.
• Fatima J, Baserisalehi M, Nima B. Antmicrobial activity and chemical screening of propolis extracts. Am. J. Life Sci, 2014;2(2), 72–75.
• Fukumoto LR, Mazza G. Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem, 2000;48(8), 3597–3604.
• Huang S, Zhang CP, Wang K, Li GQ, Hu FL. Recent advances in the chemical composition of propolis. Molecules, 2014;19, 19610–19632.
• Kędzia B, Hołderna-Kędzia E. Pinocembrin–flavonoid component of domestic propolis with delaying effect of the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Postępy Fitoterapii, 2017.
• Kartal M, Yıldız S, Kaya S, Kurucu S, Topçu G. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from two different regions of Anatolia. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2003;86(1), 69-73.
• Kekecoglu M, Sonmez E, Acar MK, Karaoglu SA. Pollen Analysis, Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Anatolian Chestnut Propolis Collected From Yıgılca Region. Biol. Bull, 2021;48(6), 721-728.
• Kekecoglu M. Morphometric divergence of anatolian honey bees through loss of original traits: A dangerous outcome of Turkish apiculture. Sociobiology, 2018;65(2), 232-243.
• Koru O, Toksoy F, Acikel CH, Tunca YM, Baysallar M, Guclu A. U, Salih B. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis samples from different geographical origins against certain oral pathogens. Anaerobe, 2007;13(3-4), 140-145.
• Kosalec I, Bakmaz M, Pepeljnjak, S.T.J.E.P.A.N. Analysis of propolis rom continental and Adriatic region of Croatia. Acta Pharm, 2003;53(4), 275-286.
• Kuppulakshmi C, Prakash M, Gunasekaran G, Manimegalai G, Sarojini S. Antibacterial properties of fish mucus from Channa punctatus and Cirrhinus mrigala. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol, 2008;12(1), 149- 153.
• Kujumgiev A, Tsvetkova I, Serkedjieva YU, Bankova, VS, Christov R, Popov S. Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin. J. Ethnopharmacol, 1999;64(3), 235-240.
• Lan X, Wang W, Li Q, Wang J. The Natural Flavonoid Pinocembrin: Molecular Targets and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Mol, 2016;53(3), 1794-1801.
• Moreno MIN, Isla MI, Sampietro AR, Vattuone MA. Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2000;71, 109–114.
• Nichitoi MM, Costache T, Josceanu A.M, Isopescu R, Isopencu G, Lavric V. Development and Application of an LC-MS/MS Method for Identification of Polyphenols in Propolis Extract. MDPI, 2020;55(1), 10.
• Nieva, M.M.I., Isla, M.I., Cudmani, N.G., Vattuone, M.A., Sampietro, A.R. Screening of antibacterial activity of Amaicha del Valle (Tucuman, Argentina) propolis. J. Ethnopharmacol, 1999;68(1-3), 97-102.
• Pimenta, H.C., Violante, I.M.P., Musıs, C.R.D., Borges, A.H., Aranha, A.M.F. In vitro effectiveness of Brazilian brown propolis against Enterococcus faecalis. Braz. oral res, 2015;29, 1-6.
• Popova, M., Dimitrova, R., Al-Lawati, H.T., Tsvetkova, I., Najdenski, H., Bankova, V. Omani propolis: chemical profiling, antibacterial activity and new propolis plant sources. Chem. Cent. J, 2013;7, 158.
• Przybyłek, I., Karpiński, T.M. Antibacterial properties of propolis. Molecules, 2019;24(11), 2047.
• Ristivojević, P., Dimkić, I., Trifković, J., Berić, T., Vovk, I., Milojković-Opsenica, D., Stanković, S. Antimicrobial activity of Serbian propolis evaluated by means of MIC, HPTLC, bioautography and chemometrics. PloS one, 2016;11(6), e0157097.
• Ruttner, F. Biogeography and taxonomy of honeybees. Springer Sci. 2013.
• Sforcin, J.M., Fernandes Jr., A., Lopes, C.A.M., Bankova, V., Funari, S.R.C. Seasonal effect on Brazilian propolis antibacterial activity. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2000;73(1-2), 243-249.
• Sforcin, J.M., Bankova, V. Propolis: is there a potential for the development of new drugs? J. Ethnopharmacol, 2011;133(2), 253-260.
• Sharifi, S., Fathi, N., Memar, M.Y., Hosseiniyan Khatibi, S.M., Khalilov, R., Negahdari, R., ... & Maleki Dizaj, S. Anti‐microbial activity of curcumin nanoformulations: New trends and future perspectives. Phytother. Res, 2020,34(8), 1926-1946.
• Singleton, V.L., Rossi, J.A. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic ccid reagents. AJEV, 1965;16(3), 144–158.
• Speciale, A., Costanzo, R., Puglisi, S., Musumeci, R., Catania, M. R., Caccamo, F., et al. Antibacterial activity of propolis and its active principles alone and in combination with macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones against microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. J chemother, 1965;18(2), 164-171.
• Stepanovic, S., Antic, N., Dakic, I., Svabic-Vlahovic, M. In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs. Microbiol. Res, 1965;158(4), 353-357.
• Šuran, J., Cepanec, I., Mašek, T., Radić, B., Radić, S., Tlak Gajger, I., Vlainić, J. Propolis extract and its bioactive compounds—From traditional to modern extraction technologies. Molecules, 2021;26(10), 2930.
• Warfvinge, J., Dahlen, G., Bergenholtz, G. Dental pulp response to bacterial cell wall material. J. Dent. Res, 1985;64(8), 1046-1050.
• Takaisi-Kikuni, N.B., Schilcher, H. Electron microscopic and microcalorimetric investigations of the possible mechanism of the antibacterial action of a defined propolis provenance. Planta medica, 1994;60(03), 222-227.
• Uçar, M. The Importance of Propolis in Combating COVID-19. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 2021;4(1), 22-40.
• Uzel, A., Sorkun, K., Önçag, Ö., Çogulu, D., Gençay, Ö., Salih, B. Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of four different Anatolian propolis samples. Microbiol. Res, 2005;160, 189–195.
• Vică, M. L., Glevitzky, M., Heghedűş-Mîndru, R. C., Glevitzky, I., Matei, H. V., Balici, S., Teodoru, C. A. Potential Effects of Romanian Propolis Extracts against Pathogen Strains. IJERPH, 2022;19(5), 2640.
• Veiga, R.S., De Mendonça, S., Mendes, P.B., Paulino, N., Mimica, M.J., Lagareiro Netto, A.A., Lira, I.S., López, B.G.-C., Negrão, V., Marcucci, M.C. Artepillin C and phenolic compounds responsible for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of green propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. J. Appl. Microbiol, 2017;122(4), 911-920.
• Vica, M.L., Glevitzky, M., Tit, D.M., Behl, T., Heghedus-Mîndru, R.C., Zaha, D.C., Ursu, F., Popa, M., Glevitzky, I., Bungau, S. The antimicrobial activity of honey and propolis extracts from the central region of Romania. Food Biosci, 2021;41, 101014.
• Yıldız, O. 'Tüketilebilir propolis ekstrelerinde kullanılan çözücülerin (menstrumların) değerlendirilmesi'. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 2020;20(1), 24-37.
• Zabaiou, N., Fouache, A., Trousson, A., Baron, S., Zellagui, A., Lahouel, M., Lobaccaro, J.A. x Biological properties of propolis extracts: Something new from an ancient product. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 2022;207, 214-222.