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DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671)

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 12, 163 - 186, 29.06.2020

Öz

Tarihte Rus Kazakları olarak bilinen “Özgür Adamlar”; önceleri uçsuz bucaksız Kıpçak bozkırlarında tekinsiz bir biçimde dolaşarak sınır güvenliğinin zafiyete uğramasına neden olmaktaydılar. Ancak XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Rusya’nın güney sınırları boyunca yayılmaya başlaması ardından bu topluluklar, yeni efendileri tarafından pratik bir amaç uğruna yeniden teşkilatlandırılarak sınır kasabalarında konuşlandırıldı. Rusya’da Romanovların iktidara gelmesi ardından Kazakların işlevselliği daha da arttı. Onlar hem Rusya sınırlarını Tatar, Kalmuk ve Nogay saldırılarından koruyor hem de Rus askeri gücünün ilerlemesi için öncülük ediyorlardı. Zaman içinde Rus ırkının ve Ortodoksluğun baskın hâle geldiği Kazaklar, Büyük Rus İmparatorluğu’nun itici gücü haline geldiler. Ancak Rus savaş makinesinin en önemli bileşenlerinden biri olan Kazaklar, bazen Rusların bizatihi kendisini hedef alan olayların da başlıca müsebbibi olmaktaydılar. Don ve Volga Kazaklarının lideri Stenka (Stepan) Razin’in 1670-1671 yıllarında bir takım iktisadi gerekçelerle başlatmış olduğu isyan hareketi, Kazaklar arasında hızla yayılarak bir süre sonra Birleşik Kazak Devleti (Cossackdom) kurma hayaline dönüştü. Razin ve onun Özgür Kazakları Çariçin ve Astrahan’ı alarak gözlerini Moskova’ya diktiler. Rus ordusunun müdahalesi ile güçlükle bastırılan Razin İsyanı, Rus Kazaklarının daha sonra başlatacakları benzer isyan girişimlerinin de bir provası niteliğindeydi. Don Kazaklarının efsanevi lideri Stenka Razin’in Moskova’daki Rus Çarı’na karşı yapmış olduğu bu meydan okuma her ne kadar başarısızlıkla sonuçlanmış olsa da ilerleyen yıllarda kendisinin Rus tarihi ve edebiyatının önemli figürlerinden biri haline gelmesini sağladı.

Kaynakça

  • AVRICH, Paul, Russian Rebels, 1600-1800, Schocken Books, New York 1992.
  • BARRETT, Thomas M., At the Age of the Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700-1860, Westview Press, Colorado 1999.
  • BERELOWITCH, André, “Stenka Razin’s Rebellion: The Eyewitnesses and their Blind Spot”, From Mutual Observation to Propaganda War, ed. Malte Griesse, Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2014, s. 93-124.
  • BOECK, Brian J., “Containment vs. Colonization: Muscovite Approaches to Settling the Steppe”, Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History, ed. N. B. Breyfogle, A. Schrader, W. Sunderland, Routledge, New York 2007, ss. 41-60.
  • BOECK, Brian J., Imperial Boundaries: Cossack Communities and Empire-Building in the Age of Peter the Great, Cambridge University Press, New York 2009.
  • ÇAPIGIN, Aleksey P., Stepan Razin, İzvestiya, Moskva 1985.
  • GRUBAČIĆ, Andrej, D. O’Hearn, Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid, University of California Press, California 2016.
  • KAZAKOV,G. M., I. Mayer, “İnostrannıe İzvestiya o Kazni Stepana Razina: Novıe Dokumentı iz Stokgolmskovo Arhiva”, Slověne, 2017 №2, ss. 210-243.
  • KHODARKOVSKY, Michael, “The Stepan Razin Uprising: Was It a Peasant War?”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, Bd. 42, H. 1 (1994), ss. 1-19.
  • KHODARKOVSKY, Michael, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonıal Empire, 1500-1800, Indiana University Press, Indiana 2004.
  • KOLLMANN, Nancy S., Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russias, Cambridge University Press, New York 2012.
  • KRASINSKI, Henri, The Cossacks of the Ukraine, London 1848.
  • MAIER, I., “How Was Western Europe Informed about Muscovy? The Razin Rebellion in Focus”, Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850, ed. S. Franklin, K. Bowers, Open Book Publishers, Cambridge 2017, ss. 113- 151.
  • MCNEAL, Robert H., Tsar and Cossacks, 1885-1914, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1987.
  • NAJIVIN, İ. F., Stepan Razin (Kazaki), İTRK, Moskva 2004.
  • O’ROURKE, Shane, Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia, Macmillan Press, London 2000.
  • PERRIE, Mauren, “Popular Revolts”, The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 1, Ed. Mauren Perrie, Cambridge University Press, New York 2006, ss. 600-617.
  • PLOKHY, Sherii, The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires, Cambridge University Press, New York 2012.
  • POPOV, A. N., Materialı Dlya İstorii Vozmuşçeniya Stenki Razina, Moskva 1857.
  • ROBERT, Spencer E., Soviet Historical Drama: Its Rolein the Development of a National Mythology, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1965.
  • ROMANIELLO, M. P., “Grant, Settle, Negotiate: Military Servitors in the Middle Volga Region” Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History, Ed. N. B. Breyfogle, A. Schrader, W. Sunderland, Routledge, New York 2007, s. 61-77.
  • RUDNYTSKY, Ivan L., “A Study of Cossack History”, Slavic Review, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), ss. 870-875.
  • SAHAROV, Andrey, Stepan Razin, Molodova Gvardiya, Moskva 1987.
  • SOLOVEV V. M., Sovremenniki i Potomki o Vosstanii Ct. Razina, UDN, Moskva 1991.
  • SOLOVIEV Sergei M., History Of Russia: The Reign of Tsar Alexis Poland, Turkey, and Ukranian Cossacks, 1667-1674, Vol. 22, Translated by Catty J. Potter, Academic International Press, Hong Kong 2002.
  • SUHORUKOV, V. D., İstoriçeskoe Opisanie Zemli Voyska Donskavo, Novoçerkask 1872.
  • ŞVETSOVA, E. A., Krestiyanskaya Voyna Pod Predvoditelstvom Stepana Razina Sbornik Dokumentov, Tom. I 1666-İyun 1670 gg., İzdatelstvo Akademi Nauk SSSR, Moskva 1954.
  • The London Gazette, From Monday, August 22. to Thursday August 25. 1670, Numb: 498.
  • TOJE, Hege, “Cossack Identity in the New Russia: Kuban Cossack Revival and Local Politics”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 7 (Nov., 2006), ss. 1057-1077.
  • VENKOV, A. V., İstoriya Donskovo Kazaçestva, İzdatelstvo Yujnovo Federalnovo Universiteta, Rosyov-na-Donu 2008.
  • VERNADSKY, George, The Tsardom of Moskow, C. 2, Yale University Press, London 1969.
  • WITZENRATH, Christoph, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598-1725: Manipulation, Rebellion and Expansion into Siberia, Routledge, New York 2007.

STENKA RAZIN REBELLION AMONG THE DON COSSACKS (1670-1671)

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 12, 163 - 186, 29.06.2020

Öz

The "Free Men", known as the Russian Cossacks in the past, used to dangerously navigate the vast Kipchak steppes, leading to weakening of border security. However, as Russia started to expand its borders in the south from the 17th century, the Cossacks were reorganized by their new masters for a practical purpose and deployed in border towns. After the Romanov dynasty came to power in Russia, the functionality of the Cossacks increased further. They were not only protecting the Russian borders from the Tatar, Kalmyk and Nogay attacks, but also pioneering the advancement of the Russian military force. Over time, the Russian race and Orthodoxy became dominant among the Cossacks, and they became the driving force of the Great Russian Empire. However, the Cossacks, one of the most important components of the Russian war machine, were also responsible for some events that sometimes targeted the Russians themselves. The rebellion movement initiated by Stenka (Stepan) Razin, the leader of the Don and Volga Cossacks, for a number of economic reasons in 1670-1671, quickly spread among the Cossacks and became a dream to establish a United Cossackdom after a while. Razin and his "Free Cossacks" captured Tsaritsyn and Astrakhan and then targeted Moscow. The Razin rebellion, which was barely stopped by the intervention of the Russian army, was also a rehearsal for a similar rebel attempts that the Russian Cossacks would later launch. Although this challenge by Stenka Razin, the legendary leader of the Don Cossacks, against the Russian Tsar in Moscow failed, it made him one of the most important figures in Russian history and literature in the following years.

Kaynakça

  • AVRICH, Paul, Russian Rebels, 1600-1800, Schocken Books, New York 1992.
  • BARRETT, Thomas M., At the Age of the Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700-1860, Westview Press, Colorado 1999.
  • BERELOWITCH, André, “Stenka Razin’s Rebellion: The Eyewitnesses and their Blind Spot”, From Mutual Observation to Propaganda War, ed. Malte Griesse, Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2014, s. 93-124.
  • BOECK, Brian J., “Containment vs. Colonization: Muscovite Approaches to Settling the Steppe”, Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History, ed. N. B. Breyfogle, A. Schrader, W. Sunderland, Routledge, New York 2007, ss. 41-60.
  • BOECK, Brian J., Imperial Boundaries: Cossack Communities and Empire-Building in the Age of Peter the Great, Cambridge University Press, New York 2009.
  • ÇAPIGIN, Aleksey P., Stepan Razin, İzvestiya, Moskva 1985.
  • GRUBAČIĆ, Andrej, D. O’Hearn, Living at the Edges of Capitalism: Adventures in Exile and Mutual Aid, University of California Press, California 2016.
  • KAZAKOV,G. M., I. Mayer, “İnostrannıe İzvestiya o Kazni Stepana Razina: Novıe Dokumentı iz Stokgolmskovo Arhiva”, Slověne, 2017 №2, ss. 210-243.
  • KHODARKOVSKY, Michael, “The Stepan Razin Uprising: Was It a Peasant War?”, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, Bd. 42, H. 1 (1994), ss. 1-19.
  • KHODARKOVSKY, Michael, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonıal Empire, 1500-1800, Indiana University Press, Indiana 2004.
  • KOLLMANN, Nancy S., Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russias, Cambridge University Press, New York 2012.
  • KRASINSKI, Henri, The Cossacks of the Ukraine, London 1848.
  • MAIER, I., “How Was Western Europe Informed about Muscovy? The Razin Rebellion in Focus”, Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600-1850, ed. S. Franklin, K. Bowers, Open Book Publishers, Cambridge 2017, ss. 113- 151.
  • MCNEAL, Robert H., Tsar and Cossacks, 1885-1914, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1987.
  • NAJIVIN, İ. F., Stepan Razin (Kazaki), İTRK, Moskva 2004.
  • O’ROURKE, Shane, Warriors and Peasants: The Don Cossacks in Late Imperial Russia, Macmillan Press, London 2000.
  • PERRIE, Mauren, “Popular Revolts”, The Cambridge History of Russia, Vol. 1, Ed. Mauren Perrie, Cambridge University Press, New York 2006, ss. 600-617.
  • PLOKHY, Sherii, The Cossack Myth: History and Nationhood in the Age of Empires, Cambridge University Press, New York 2012.
  • POPOV, A. N., Materialı Dlya İstorii Vozmuşçeniya Stenki Razina, Moskva 1857.
  • ROBERT, Spencer E., Soviet Historical Drama: Its Rolein the Development of a National Mythology, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1965.
  • ROMANIELLO, M. P., “Grant, Settle, Negotiate: Military Servitors in the Middle Volga Region” Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History, Ed. N. B. Breyfogle, A. Schrader, W. Sunderland, Routledge, New York 2007, s. 61-77.
  • RUDNYTSKY, Ivan L., “A Study of Cossack History”, Slavic Review, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Dec., 1972), ss. 870-875.
  • SAHAROV, Andrey, Stepan Razin, Molodova Gvardiya, Moskva 1987.
  • SOLOVEV V. M., Sovremenniki i Potomki o Vosstanii Ct. Razina, UDN, Moskva 1991.
  • SOLOVIEV Sergei M., History Of Russia: The Reign of Tsar Alexis Poland, Turkey, and Ukranian Cossacks, 1667-1674, Vol. 22, Translated by Catty J. Potter, Academic International Press, Hong Kong 2002.
  • SUHORUKOV, V. D., İstoriçeskoe Opisanie Zemli Voyska Donskavo, Novoçerkask 1872.
  • ŞVETSOVA, E. A., Krestiyanskaya Voyna Pod Predvoditelstvom Stepana Razina Sbornik Dokumentov, Tom. I 1666-İyun 1670 gg., İzdatelstvo Akademi Nauk SSSR, Moskva 1954.
  • The London Gazette, From Monday, August 22. to Thursday August 25. 1670, Numb: 498.
  • TOJE, Hege, “Cossack Identity in the New Russia: Kuban Cossack Revival and Local Politics”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 7 (Nov., 2006), ss. 1057-1077.
  • VENKOV, A. V., İstoriya Donskovo Kazaçestva, İzdatelstvo Yujnovo Federalnovo Universiteta, Rosyov-na-Donu 2008.
  • VERNADSKY, George, The Tsardom of Moskow, C. 2, Yale University Press, London 1969.
  • WITZENRATH, Christoph, Cossacks and the Russian Empire, 1598-1725: Manipulation, Rebellion and Expansion into Siberia, Routledge, New York 2007.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özgür Türker 0000-0002-4019-4976

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Türker, Ö. (2020). DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671). Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi(12), 163-186.
AMA Türker Ö. DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671). usad. Haziran 2020;(12):163-186.
Chicago Türker, Özgür. “DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671)”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12 (Haziran 2020): 163-86.
EndNote Türker Ö (01 Haziran 2020) DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671). Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 163–186.
IEEE Ö. Türker, “DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671)”, usad, sy. 12, ss. 163–186, Haziran 2020.
ISNAD Türker, Özgür. “DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671)”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (Haziran 2020), 163-186.
JAMA Türker Ö. DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671). usad. 2020;:163–186.
MLA Türker, Özgür. “DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671)”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 12, 2020, ss. 163-86.
Vancouver Türker Ö. DON KAZAKLARI ARASINDA STENKA RAZİN İSYANI (1670-1671). usad. 2020(12):163-86.

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