YENİ MEDYA ÇAĞINDA DİJİTAL DİASPORA

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 50 - 59, 13.07.2023

Salih Tiryaki , Rahma Mohammed

Öz

İnternet ve sosyal medya ağlarının gelişimi, toplumsal değişimleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Özellikle sosyal medya ağlarının sağladığı imkanlarla yeni toplumsal yapıların ortaya çıkması, bu ağların toplumsal değişimde önemli hale gelmesine yol açmıştır. Sosyal medya ağlarının oluşturduğu ortamlarda, topluluklar bir araya gelerek yeni sanal cemaatler oluşturmuştur. Bu yapılar içerisinde dikkat çekici olanlardan biri ise diasporik topluluklardır. Diasporik toplulukların sosyal medya ağlarında bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu dijital diasporik topluluklar, göç etmiş olan ve bunun sonucunda yaşadıkları ülkeleri terk eden bireylerin, internet ve sosyal medya ağlarında oluşturdukları dijital alandaki birlikteliği ifade etmektedir. Diasporanın göç ile birlikte anılan kimlik ve kültür gibi önemli olguların özellikle genç göçmen nüfus üzerinde etkili olabilmesi, birlikteliğin, dayanışmanın, yardımın ve bilgi aktarımının bu ağlarda oluşturulan topluluklar üzerinden gerçekleşmesi ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, diasporanın dijital ortamlardaki durumu üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada literatür taraması yöntemiyle, diasporanın tarihsel süreç içerisinde tanımlanma biçimleri ve dijital diasporanın oluşumunda etkili olan kimlik ve göç gibi olgular incelenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra dijital diaspora çalışmalarına ve kavramına gelen eleştirilere de yer verilmiş ve Türkiye’de yapılacak olan dijital diaspora çalışmalarına yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dijital diaspora, diaspora, internet, sosyal medya, göç, kimlik.

Kaynakça

• Andersson, K. (2019). “Digital Diaspora: An Overview of the Research Areas of Migration and New Media Through a Narrative Literature Review”, Human Technology, Cilt:2, Sayı: 15, 142-180.
• Aslan, A. (2020). “Dijital Diaspora ve Kültürel Kimlik: Türkiye’de Yaşayan Çerkes Gençlerle Derinlemesine Bir Görüşme”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:34, 66-82.
• Ayhan, B., Baloğlu, E., ve Demir, Y. (2018). Medya ve Kimlik, İçinde: B. Ayhan (ed), İletişim Sosyolojisi, Konya: Literatürk, ss. 109-132.
• Benítez, J. L. (2012). “Salvadoran Transnational Families: ICT And Communication Practices in The Network Society”, Journal Of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt:9, Sayı:38, 1439–1449.
• Bernal, V. (2006). “Diaspora, Cyberspace, and Political Imagination: The Eritrean Diaspora Online. Global Networks”, Cilt:2, Sayı:6, 161–179.
• Bernal, V. (2014). Nation as Network: Diaspora, Cyberspace, and Citizenship. University of Chicago Press.
• Borkert, M., Cingolani, P., ve Premazzi, V. (2009). “The State of The Art of Research In The EU On The Take Up And Use Of ICT By Immigrants And Ethnic Minorities”, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
• Boyd, D., and Ellison, N. (2007). “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship”, Journal Of Computer-Mediated Communication, Cilt:1, Sayı:13, 210-230.
• Bozdag, C. (2014). “Ethnicity in Digital Crossroads. Understanding Processes of Cultural Thickening in A Mediatized World”, Crossings: Journal of Migration and Culture, Cilt:1, Sayı:5, 139–152.
• Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2009). Digital Diasporas: Identity and Transnational Engagement, Cambridge.
• Burke, M., Marlow, C., ve Lento, T. (2010). “Social Network Activity and Social Well-Being”, SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors In Computing Systems, Nisan 2010, 1909-1912.
• Butler, K. D. (2001). “Defining diaspora, refining a discourse”, Diaspora, Cilt:2, Sayı:10, 189–218.
• Candidatu, L., ve Ponzanesi, S. (2022). “Digital Diasporas: Staying With The Trouble”, Communication, Culture and Critique, Cilt:2, Sayı:15, 261-268.
• Candidatu, L., Leurs, K., ve Ponzanesi, S. (2019). “Digital Diasporas: Beyond the Buzzword: Toward A Relational Understanding Of Mobility And Connectivity”, The Handbook of Diasporas, (Ed: R. Jessica ve T. Roza), Pondicherry.
• Castells, M. (2000). “Toward A Sociology of the Network Society”, Contemporary Sociology, Cilt: 5, Sayı:29, 693-699.
• Castells, M. (2011). The Power of Identity, New York.
• Cohen, R. (1997). Global Diasporas: An Introduction, London.
• Cohen, R. (2008). Global Diasporas, Abingdon.
• Çömlekçi, M. F. ve Bozkanat, E. (2019). Alternatif Diasporanın Sosyal Medya İletişimi: “New Wave in Berlin” Facebook Grubu Örneği, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, Cilt:7, Sayı:2, 932-952.
• Dekker R. ve Engbersen, G. (2014). “How Social Media Transform Migrant Networks and Facilitate Migration. Global Networks”, Cilt: 14, Sayı:4, 401–418.
• De Matos Alves, A. (2016). “Online Content Control, Memory and Community Isolation”, The Digital Transformation of the Public Sphere, (Ed: A. Karatzogianni, D. Nguyen, ve E. Serafinelli), London.
• Dekker, R., Engbersen, G., ve Faber, M. (2016). “Online Feedback In Migration Networks”, Beyond Networks (Ed: O. Bakewell, G. Engbersen v M. L. Fonseca), New York.
• Diminescu, D. (2008). “The Connected Migrant: An Epistemological Manifesto”, Social Science Information, Cilt:4, Sayı:47, 565-579.
• Diminescu, D. ve Loveluck, B. (2014). “Traces of Dispersion: Online Media and Diasporic Identities”, Crossings: Journal of Migration and Culture, Cilt:1, Sayı:5, 23-39.
• Elitaş, T. ve Keskin, S. (2014). “Sanal Aidiyet Bağlamında Zihinsel Diaspora: Facebook Örneği”, Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, Sayı:7, 161-186.
• Everett, A. (2009). Digital Diaspora: A Race for Cyberspace, New York.
• Georgiou, M. (2013). “Diaspora in The Digital Era: Minorities And Media Representation”, Jemie, Cilt:4, Sayı:12, 80-99.
• Hall, S. (1994). “Cultural Identity and Diaspora”, Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, (Ed: P. Williams Ve L. Chrisman), New York.
• Hoskins, A. (2009). “The Mediatisation Of Memory”, Save As… Digital Memories, (Ed: Garde-Hansen, A. Hoskins, Ve A. Reading), London.
• Howard, P. N. ve Parks, M. R. (2012). “Social Media And Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, And Consequence”. Journal Of Communication, Cilt:62, Sayı:2, 359–362.
• Karakusheva, S. (2016). “Digital Ethnicities And (Re-) Construction of Ethnic İdentities in Social Media”, The Digital Transformation of The Public Sphere, (Ed: A. Karatzogianni, D. Nguyen, ve E. Serafinelli), London.
• Kavanaugh, A. (2002). “Community Networks and Civic Engagement: A Social Network Approach”, The Good Society, Cilt:3, Sayı:11, 17-24.
• Keles, J. Y. (2016). ”Digital Diaspora And Social Capital”, Middle East Journal of Culture And Communication, Cilt:3, Sayı:9, 315-333.
• Khidon, M. (2020). “Migration And İdentity Problems in The Contemporary World”, Generation Journal Of Humanities And Social Sciences, Sayı:63, 67-75.
• Kleist, N. (2008a). “In the Name Of Diaspora: Between Struggles For Recognition And Political Aspirations”, Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies, Cilt:7, Sayı:34, 1127–43.
• Kleist, N. (2008b). “Mobilising The Diaspora: Somali Transnational Political Engagement”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt:2, Sayı:34, 307–23.
• Koinova, M. (2010). “Diasporas And International Politics: Utilising The Universalistic Creed Of Liberalism For Particularistic And Nationalist Purposes”, Diaspora And Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories And Methods (Ed:R. Bauböck ve T. Faist), Amsterdam.
• Kok, S. ve Rogers, R. (2017). “Rethinking Migration in The Digital Age: Transglocalization and The Somali Diaspora”, Global Networks, Cilt:1, Sayı:17, 23-46.
• Laguerre, M. S. (2010). “Digital Diaspora: Definition and Models”, Diasporas in The New Media Age: Identity, Politics, And Community, (Ed: A. Alonso, ve, P. Oiarzabal), Nevada.
• Leung, L. (2011). “Taking Refuge İn Technology: Communication Practices in Refugee Camps and İmmigration Detention”, UNHCR. Policy Development and Evaluation Service.
• Leurs, K., ve Ponzanesi, S. (2018). “Connected Migrants: Encapsulation and Cosmopolitanization”, Popular Communication, Cilt:1, Sayı:16, 4–20.
• Lewis, B. K. (2010). “Social Media and Strategic Communication: Attitudes And Perceptions Among College Students”, Public Relations Journal, Cilt:3, Sayı:4, 1–23.
• Mainsah, H. (2014). “Young African Norwegian Women and Diaspora: Negotiating Identity And Community Through Digital Social Networks”, Crossings: Journal of Migration And Culture, Cilt:1, Sayı:5, 105-119.
• Mayfield, A. (2008). What is social media? iCrossing, San Francisco.
• McEntee-Atalianis, L., Ateek, M., ve Gardner-Chloros, P. (2022). “Multilingual Repertoires and Identity In Social Media: Syrian Refugees On Facebook”, International Journal Of Bilingualism.
• Nedelcu, M. (2018). “Digital Diasporas”, Routledge Handbook Of Diaspora Studies, (Ed: R. Cohen Ve F. Carolin). Routledge.
• Nessi, L., ve Bailey, O. G. (2014). “Privileged Mexican Migrants in Europe: Distinctions and Cosmopolitanism on Social Networking Sites”. Crossings: Journal of Migration and Culture, Cilt:11, Sayı:5, 121-137.
• Oiarzabal, P. J. (2012). “Diaspora Basques and Online Social Networks: An Analysis of Users of Basque Institutional Diaspora Groups on Facebook”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Cilt:9, Sayı:38, 1469-1485.
• Pacoma, M. A. (2020). “Mapping The ‘Home’: A Literature Review on Filipino Migration and Diaspora”, Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, Cilt: 2, Sayı:4, 259-281.
• Ponzanesi, S. (2020). “Digital Diasporas: Postcoloniality, Media and Affect”, Interventions, Cilt:8, Sayı:22, 977-993.
• Ponzanesi, S. ve Leurs, K. (2014). “On Digital Crossings in Europe. Crossings: Journal of Migration and Culture”, Cilt:1, Sayı:5, 3–22.
• Ramadan, R. (2017). “Questioning the Role of Facebook In Maintaining Syrian Social Capital During the Syrian Crisis”, Heliyon, Cilt:3, Sayı:12, 1-30.
• Rotherham, M. J., ve Phinney, J. S. (1987). “Introduction: Definitions and Perspectives in The Study of Children’s Ethnic Socialization”, Children’s Ethnic Socialization, (Ed J. S. Phinney, ve M. J. Rotherham), California.
• Seredynska-Abou Eid, R. (2010). “The Role of Online Communities in Social Networking among Polish Migrants in the United Kingdom”, In New Media and the Politics of Online Communities, (Ed: A. Mousoutzanis ve D. Riha), Brill.
• Sheffer, G. (1986). “A New Field of Study: Modern Diasporas in International Politics”, Modern Diasporas In International Politics, (Ed: S. Gabriel), London.
• Steel, G. (2021). “Going Global–Going Digital. Diaspora Networks and Female Online Entrepreneurship İn Khartoum”, Geoforum, Sayı:120, 22-29.
• Tsolidis, G. (2014). Migration, Diaspora and Identity. In International Perspectives on Migration, Dordrecht. Van den Bosch, M. and Nell, L. (2006). “Territorial Bounds to Virtual Space: Transnational Online And Offline Networks Of Iranian And Turkish–Kurdish Immigrants In The Netherlands” Global Networks, Cilt:2, Sayı:6, 201-220.
• Van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity, Oxford.
• Van Dijk, J. A. (2020). The Network Society, London.
• Wall, M., Otis Campbell, M. ve Janbek, D. (2017). “Syrian Refugees and Information Precareity”, New Media and Society, Cilt:2, Sayı:19, 240–254.
• Wilding, R. (2006). “Virtual Intimacies? Families Communicating Across Transnational Contexts”, Global Networks, Cilt:2, Sayı:6, 125-142.
• Witteborn, S. (2019). “Digital Diaspora: Social Alliances Beyond The Ethnonational Bond”, The Handbook Of Diasporas, (Ed: R. Jessica Ve T. Roza), Pondicherry.
• Yu, H., ve Sun, W. (2019). “Introduction: Social Media and Chinese Digital Diaspora in Australia”, Media International Australia, Cilt:173, Sayı:1, 17-21.