Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

PREPARING FOR THE INEVITABLE: LOGISTICAL CHALLENGES AND DAMAGE PROJECTIONS FOR MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN ISTANBUL

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 90 - 108, 01.07.2025

Öz

Positioned atop active fault lines, Turkey faces an imminent earthquake risk, particularly in densely populated and economically vital cities like Istanbul. This study models the potential impact of a 7.5-magnitude Marmara Earthquake on Istanbul using a coefficient-based mathematical framework derived from empirical data from the 1999 Gölcük and 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Results estimate 105,765 fatalities, 283,355 serious injuries, and over 101,081 heavily damaged buildings across Istanbul’s districts. The projected destruction reveals a colossal post-disaster logistics burden. To address only basic needs in the first response phase, an estimated 2,392 trucks must be mobilized: 265 for tents, 69 for first aid kits, 977 for 10-day food supplies, and 1,081 for basic clothing materials. Additionally, 21,051 pieces of construction machinery will be required for debris removal and rescue operations. Emergency medical response capabilities will face severe strain: assuming each ambulance can serve two critically injured individuals, the initial response will require at least 141,678 ambulances—a number that vastly exceeds Turkey’s current medical transport capacity. These projections highlight the urgency of planning for ambulance routing systems, temporary field hospitals, and intercity medical cooperation agreements in advance. Given Istanbul’s dense urban landscape, aging building stock, and fragile infrastructure, logistical collapse is a near certainty without proactive intervention. Centralized logistics coordination centers, pre-signed agreements with logistics and demolition providers, and predefined emergency corridors in high-risk districts such as Esenyurt, Avcılar, and Küçükçekmece are essential. By offering a data-driven, scalable disaster model, this study equips policymakers and urban planners with actionable insights to prevent large-scale humanitarian crises in the aftermath of a major seismic event.

Kaynakça

  • Boruhan G., and Ersoy P., 2013. The Importance of disaster logistics in terms of logistic processes. Finance, Politics and Economic Reviews, 50(578), 75–86.
  • Ciftci, S., Cakirer, Z., and Sakalli, U. (2020). Creating earthquake scenario with simulation study and analysis of loss prediction in Kırıkkale province. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 12(2), 603-617.
  • Dindarik, N., & Atabey, A. (2024). Future of Earthquake-Based Disaster Logistics and Futuristic Approaches. Journal of Social Sciences And Education, 7(2), 257-278. https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1536068
  • Golafshani, A. A., Bakhshi, A., and Tabeshpour, M. R. (2005). Vulnerability and damage analysis of existing buildings.
  • Görür, N. (2020). Türkiye’de deprem. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık, 87-95.
  • Isik, E., Sagir, C., Tozlu, Z., and Ustaoglu, U. S. (2019). Loss estimation for Kırşehir province according to different earthquake scenarios. Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, 5 (2), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.432592
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (2017), Mahalle bazlı bina sayıları. Access Address: https://data.ibb.gov.tr/tr/dataset/mahalle-bazli-bina-analiz-verisi
  • Jenelius, E., and Mattsson, L. G. (2015). Road network vulnerability analysis of area-covering disruptions: A grid-based approach with case study. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 11(9), 746–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.02.003
  • Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (2022), Kocaeli earthquake. Access Address: https://web.archive.org/web/20220120015250/, http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/eqspecials/kocaeli/earthquake1.htm
  • Karaagac, D., Karaman, H., and Aktug, B. (2019). Investigation of disasters in Kahramanmaras and Adiyaman provinces and determination of suitable settlement locations with spatial analysis techniques. Turkish Journal of Earthquake Research, 1(2), 123-133.
  • Kulekci, G., and Vural, A. (2023). Strengthening of highway tunnels following earthquakes in Kahramanmaras province: An examination of underground voids and earthquake effects. AS-Proceedings, 1(1), 79-82.
  • Kundu, T., Sheu, J. B., & Kuo, H. T. (2022). Emergency logistics management—Review and propositions for future research. Transportation research part E: logistics and transportation review, 164, 102789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102789
  • Özmen, B. (2000). İzmit körfezi depremi’nin hasar durumu (rakamsal verilerle). Türkiye Deprem Vakfı: İstanbul.
  • Ozturk, S. (2014). A study on earthquake statistics and the forecasting for the ıntermediate-term locations of possible strong earthquakes for the Western Anatolian region of Turkey. Gumushane University Journal of Science and Technology Institute, 4(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.17714/gufbed.2014.04.006
  • Parsons, T., Toda, S., Stein, R.S., Barka, A.A., and Dieterich, J.H. (2000). Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation. Science, 288(5466), 661-664. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5466.661
  • Richter, C. F. (1958). Elementary Seismology, 338-375.
  • Sabah, L., and Bayraktar, H. (2020). Comparative analysis of Düzce central and districts according to earthquake scenarios. Düzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 8(2), 1695-1705. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.574013
  • Spence, W., Sipkin, S. A., and Choy, G. L. (1989). Measuring the size of an earthquake. Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), 21(1), 58-63.
  • Stein, R. S., Barka, A. A., and Dieterich, J. H. (1997). Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering. Geophysical Journal International, 128(3), 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
  • Tanti, L., Efendi, S., Lydia, M. S., & Mawengkang, H. (2023). A decision-making model to determine dynamic facility locations for a disaster logistic planning problem using deep learning. Algorithms, 16(10), 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16100468
  • Tanyaş, M., Günalay, Y., Aksoy, L., and Küçük, B. (2013). Afet lojistik yönetiminde Rize iline yönelik yeni model önerisi. II. Rize Kalkınma Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 256-268, Rize, Access Adress: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aziz-Karakaya/publication/271965855_RIZE_ILINDE_KIVI_BITKILERINDE_GORULEN_HASTALIKLAR/links/5b5db013aca272a2d6735ed0/RIZE-ILINDE-KIVI-BITKILERINDE-GOeRUeLEN-HASTALIKLAR.pdf#page=254.
  • Temur, G. T., Turgut, Y., Yilmaz, A., Arslan, S., and Camci, A. (2019). Logistic network design for post-earthquake planning: A case study for Ümraniye district under different earthquake scenarios. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2018.11736
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2023). Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay depremleri raporu. Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı: Ankara. Access Adress: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2022), Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Access Adress: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=49685
  • Yalcin, C., and Sabah, L. (2017). Analysis of the earthquake hazard of Edirne ındustry enterprises by using open source geographic ınformation systems (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Düzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 5(2), 524-537.
  • Zulfikar, O., Zulfikar, C., and Alcik, H. (2012). Earthquake intensity, damage and casualty estimation by ELER. 1. Yerbilimleri Sempozyumu Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta, Türkiye, Access Adress: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329840333_ELER_Yazilimi_ile_Deprem_Siddeti_Hasar_ve_Kayip_Tahmini-Earthquake_Intensity_Damage_and_Casualty_Estimation_by_ELER.

Kaçınılmaz Olana Hazırlık: İstanbul'da Büyük Deprem İçin Lojistik Zorluklar ve Hasar Tahminleri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 90 - 108, 01.07.2025

Öz

Türkiye'nin aktif fay hatları üzerinde yer alması, özellikle İstanbul gibi yüksek nüfuslu ve ekonomik açıdan kritik şehirleri büyük bir deprem riskiyle karşı karşıya bırakmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 7,5 büyüklüğündeki olası bir Marmara Depremi'nin İstanbul üzerindeki etkileri; bina hasarı, can kayıpları ve afet sonrası lojistik gereksinimler temelinde değerlendirilmiştir. 1999 Gölcük ve 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremlerinden elde edilen ampirik verilerle oluşturulan matematiksel model, İstanbul genelinde 105.765 ölüm, 283.355 ağır yaralı ve 101.081 ağır hasarlı bina beklendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yapısal kayıpların ötesinde, bu senaryo acil müdahale lojistiği açısından da alarm verici düzeydedir. İlk müdahale fazında yalnızca temel ihtiyaçların karşılanması için 2.392 kamyona ihtiyaç duyulacaktır: 265 çadır kamyonu, 69 ilk yardım kamyonu, 977 gıda kamyonu ve 1.081 giyim malzemesi kamyonu sevk edilmelidir. Ayrıca, enkaz kaldırma ve kurtarma çalışmaları için 21.051 adet inşaat ekipmanı gereklidir. Tıbbi müdahale kapasitesi ise daha da dikkat çekicidir: her bir ambulansın en fazla iki ağır yaralıya hizmet edebileceği varsayımı altında, ilk 24 saatte müdahale edilebilmesi için yaklaşık 141.678 ambulansın sahada olması gerekmektedir. Bu sayı, Türkiye’nin mevcut ambulans kapasitesinin çok üzerinde olup, acil sağlık filosu planlaması, geçici sahra hastaneleri kurulumu ve şehirlerarası sağlık destek protokolleri gibi önlemlerin acilen hayata geçirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bulgular, İstanbul'un mevcut kentsel yoğunluğu, eski yapı stoğu ve kırılgan altyapısı göz önüne alındığında; afet sonrası lojistik operasyonların hızla felce uğrayabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda merkezi koordinasyon merkezleri kurulmalı, özel sektörle ön sözleşmeler imzalanmalı ve yüksek riskli ilçelerde (özellikle Esenyurt, Avcılar, Küçükçekmece) acil dağıtım koridorları tanımlanmalıdır. Bu çalışma, karar vericilere yönelik veri temelli, uygulanabilir ve önleyici bir lojistik yol haritası sunarak büyük ölçekli bir insani krizin önlenmesine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Boruhan G., and Ersoy P., 2013. The Importance of disaster logistics in terms of logistic processes. Finance, Politics and Economic Reviews, 50(578), 75–86.
  • Ciftci, S., Cakirer, Z., and Sakalli, U. (2020). Creating earthquake scenario with simulation study and analysis of loss prediction in Kırıkkale province. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 12(2), 603-617.
  • Dindarik, N., & Atabey, A. (2024). Future of Earthquake-Based Disaster Logistics and Futuristic Approaches. Journal of Social Sciences And Education, 7(2), 257-278. https://doi.org/10.53047/josse.1536068
  • Golafshani, A. A., Bakhshi, A., and Tabeshpour, M. R. (2005). Vulnerability and damage analysis of existing buildings.
  • Görür, N. (2020). Türkiye’de deprem. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık ve Yapımcılık, 87-95.
  • Isik, E., Sagir, C., Tozlu, Z., and Ustaoglu, U. S. (2019). Loss estimation for Kırşehir province according to different earthquake scenarios. Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, 5 (2), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.432592
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (2017), Mahalle bazlı bina sayıları. Access Address: https://data.ibb.gov.tr/tr/dataset/mahalle-bazli-bina-analiz-verisi
  • Jenelius, E., and Mattsson, L. G. (2015). Road network vulnerability analysis of area-covering disruptions: A grid-based approach with case study. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 11(9), 746–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.02.003
  • Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (2022), Kocaeli earthquake. Access Address: https://web.archive.org/web/20220120015250/, http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/depremmuh/eqspecials/kocaeli/earthquake1.htm
  • Karaagac, D., Karaman, H., and Aktug, B. (2019). Investigation of disasters in Kahramanmaras and Adiyaman provinces and determination of suitable settlement locations with spatial analysis techniques. Turkish Journal of Earthquake Research, 1(2), 123-133.
  • Kulekci, G., and Vural, A. (2023). Strengthening of highway tunnels following earthquakes in Kahramanmaras province: An examination of underground voids and earthquake effects. AS-Proceedings, 1(1), 79-82.
  • Kundu, T., Sheu, J. B., & Kuo, H. T. (2022). Emergency logistics management—Review and propositions for future research. Transportation research part E: logistics and transportation review, 164, 102789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2022.102789
  • Özmen, B. (2000). İzmit körfezi depremi’nin hasar durumu (rakamsal verilerle). Türkiye Deprem Vakfı: İstanbul.
  • Ozturk, S. (2014). A study on earthquake statistics and the forecasting for the ıntermediate-term locations of possible strong earthquakes for the Western Anatolian region of Turkey. Gumushane University Journal of Science and Technology Institute, 4(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.17714/gufbed.2014.04.006
  • Parsons, T., Toda, S., Stein, R.S., Barka, A.A., and Dieterich, J.H. (2000). Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation. Science, 288(5466), 661-664. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5466.661
  • Richter, C. F. (1958). Elementary Seismology, 338-375.
  • Sabah, L., and Bayraktar, H. (2020). Comparative analysis of Düzce central and districts according to earthquake scenarios. Düzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 8(2), 1695-1705. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.574013
  • Spence, W., Sipkin, S. A., and Choy, G. L. (1989). Measuring the size of an earthquake. Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), 21(1), 58-63.
  • Stein, R. S., Barka, A. A., and Dieterich, J. H. (1997). Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering. Geophysical Journal International, 128(3), 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
  • Tanti, L., Efendi, S., Lydia, M. S., & Mawengkang, H. (2023). A decision-making model to determine dynamic facility locations for a disaster logistic planning problem using deep learning. Algorithms, 16(10), 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16100468
  • Tanyaş, M., Günalay, Y., Aksoy, L., and Küçük, B. (2013). Afet lojistik yönetiminde Rize iline yönelik yeni model önerisi. II. Rize Kalkınma Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 256-268, Rize, Access Adress: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aziz-Karakaya/publication/271965855_RIZE_ILINDE_KIVI_BITKILERINDE_GORULEN_HASTALIKLAR/links/5b5db013aca272a2d6735ed0/RIZE-ILINDE-KIVI-BITKILERINDE-GOeRUeLEN-HASTALIKLAR.pdf#page=254.
  • Temur, G. T., Turgut, Y., Yilmaz, A., Arslan, S., and Camci, A. (2019). Logistic network design for post-earthquake planning: A case study for Ümraniye district under different earthquake scenarios. Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 25(1), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2018.11736
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2023). Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay depremleri raporu. Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı: Ankara. Access Adress: https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2022), Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları. Access Adress: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=49685
  • Yalcin, C., and Sabah, L. (2017). Analysis of the earthquake hazard of Edirne ındustry enterprises by using open source geographic ınformation systems (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Düzce University Journal of Science & Technology, 5(2), 524-537.
  • Zulfikar, O., Zulfikar, C., and Alcik, H. (2012). Earthquake intensity, damage and casualty estimation by ELER. 1. Yerbilimleri Sempozyumu Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta, Türkiye, Access Adress: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329840333_ELER_Yazilimi_ile_Deprem_Siddeti_Hasar_ve_Kayip_Tahmini-Earthquake_Intensity_Damage_and_Casualty_Estimation_by_ELER.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İş Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tayfun Baskın 0009-0000-4645-9755

Ayberk Şeker 0000-0001-7750-6286

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Baskın, T., & Şeker, A. (2025). PREPARING FOR THE INEVITABLE: LOGISTICAL CHALLENGES AND DAMAGE PROJECTIONS FOR MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN ISTANBUL. Uşak Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 90-108.