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CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) FEAR OF INDIVIDUALS DURING THE PANDEMIA: ÇORUM SAMPLE

Yıl 2020, , 1153 - 1173, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.791577

Öz

Uncertainty regarding the definitive treatment of the coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic, which has affected the whole world, still continues. The reasons such as the instant increase in the rate of cases and deaths, the fact that the news about the epidemic is constantly on the agenda in the press, and the vaccine has not yet been found worries everyone. In some individuals, this situation can exceed the anxiety level and turn into fear. In this study; the fear levels of individuals regarding the coronavirus epidemic were examined according to some variables. The research was conducted with 568 volunteers, 369 of whom women and 199 of whom men living in the province of Çorum. The data of the research were collected through the demographic characteristics information form and the "Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)". Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Fear Scale was calculated as .89. As a result of the study, it was found that the mean of the general score obtained from the Coronavirus (Covid-19) Fear scale was close to the average (X̄=2.42). It was determined that the coronavirus fear mean scores of the sample group differed significantly according to the variables of gender, age and marital status. No significant difference was found in the mean scores for fear of coronavirus, according to the variables of education level and chronic illness.

Kaynakça

  • Akpinar F. ve Ustun Y. (2020). Current information about SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) infection in obstetrics and gynecology practice. Turk J Womens Health Neonatol, 2(1), 13-16.
  • Apaydın, H. (2016). Din Psikolojisi Terimler Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Bilimkent Yayınları.
  • Badahdah, A.M., Khamis, F., & Al Mahyijari, N. (2020). The psychological well-being of physicians during COVID-19 outbreak in Oman. Psychiatry Research, 289(113053), 1-2. DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113053
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 2020, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y.
  • Banerjee, D., (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak: crucial role the psychiatrists can play. Asian J. Psychiatr, 50, 102014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102014.
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Özel Sayı 1), 216-225.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research 287(112934), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
  • Cheung, Y. T., Chau, P. H. & Yip, P. S. (2020). A revisit on older adults suicides and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23(12), 1231–1238. DOI: 10.1002/gps.2056.
  • Çobanoğlu, N. (2020). Bireysel, Profesyonel, Toplumsal, Bilimsel ve Siyasal Etiği Yeniden Sorgulatan COVID-19 Pandemisi. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Ek Sayı 1), 36-42.
  • de Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & de Wit, J. B. (2008). The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence, 3(2), 84-113.
  • Ekiz, T, Ilıman, E., & Dönmez, E. (2020). Bireylerin Sağlık Anksiyetesi Düzeyleri İle Covıd-19 Salgını Kontrol Algısının Karşılaştırılması. Usaysad Dergisi, 6(1), 139-154.
  • Emmons, R. A. (2009). Teşekkür Ederim. (Çev.). Kül, N., İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Gencer, N. (2019). Hemodiyaliz Hastalarında Dindarlık ve Öznel İyi Oluş. (Doktora Tezi). YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi, 581493.
  • Gencer, N. (2020). Kovid-19 Sürecinde Yaşlı Olmak: 65 Yaş ve Üstü Vatandaşlar İçin Uygulanan Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Üzerine Değerlendirmeler ve Manevi Sosyal Hizmet. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi 4(1), 35-42.
  • George, D. & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step By Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. New York: Routledge.
  • Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
  • Huang, Y., Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288(112954), 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
  • Ironside, P. M., Scheckel, M., Wessels, C., Bailey, M. E., Powers, S., & Seeley, D. K. (2003). Experiencing chronic illness: Cocreating new understandings. Quality of Health Research 13(2), 171-183.
  • Johns Hophins University & Medicine Coronavirus Resource Centre. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). erişim: 01 Eylül 2020, https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
  • Kobayashi, T.; Jung, S.-M.; Linton, N.M.; Kinoshita, R.; Hayashi, K.; Miyama, T.; … & Nishiura, H. (2020). Communicating the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 1-7.
  • Kong, X., Zheng, K., Tang, M., Kong, F., Zhou, J., Diao, L.,… & Yuchao, D. (2020). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv., 2020, 1-12. DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075.
  • Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş. ve Bökeoğlu, Ö. Ç. (2006). Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik. Geliştirilmiş 2. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Kurt, O., Deveci, S. E., & Oguzoncul, A. F. (2020). Levels of anxiety and depression related to COVID-19 among physicians: An online cross-sectional study from Turkey. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 1-6. DOI: 10.4328/ACAM.20206.
  • Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., … & Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199-1207. https://doi.org https://doi.org/ 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2032; doi:10.3390/ijerph17062032.
  • Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. https://doi. org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20.
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(102073), 102073.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
  • Özdin, S. ve Özdin, Ş. B. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0020764020927051.
  • Pakpour, A. & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, Advance online publication. https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/the-fear-ofcovid-19-and-its-role-in-preventive-behaviors/
  • Rajkumar, R. P., (2020). COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
  • Ramos, C., & Leal, I. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of trauma: a literature review about related factors and application contexts. Psychology, Community & Health, 2(1), 43–54,doi:10.5964/pch.v2i1.39.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). COVID-19 (Sars-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu- Bilim Kurulu Çalışması) Genel Bilgiler, Epidemioloji ve Tanı. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M.E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
  • Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: an integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry,17(2), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN202 00202.
  • Tönbül, Ö. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Salgını Sonrası 20-60 Yaş Arası Bireylerin Psikolojik Dayanıklılıklarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Akademik Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 159-174.
  • TÜİK. (2020). İllere göre il/ilçe merkezi, belde/köy nüfusu ve yıllık nüfus artış hızı. erişim: 22 Ağustos 2020, http://www.tuik.gov.tr /UstMenu.do?metod=temelist
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1729), 1-25.
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., ... & Zhao, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020. 1585.
  • World Health Organization. (2020a). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Situation Report – 1, erişim: 11 Ağustos 2020, https://www. who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4.
  • World Health Organization. (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports, erişim: 11 Ağustos 2020, https://www. who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ gclid=Cj0KCQjwg8n5BRCdARIsALxKb96fOWdrrDBcQHbNXz8kaAlmpmwUTfK_31syOOQeaR7LnYqrnU1Nz_YaAiw6EALw_wcB.
  • Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W.,Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8.
  • Yanarates, E., (2020). An Overall Evaluation of The Covid-19 Pandemic. Social Scientific Centered Issues, 2(1), 24-33.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2007). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (2. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J. Psychiatr, 51, e101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
  • Zhou, P., Yang, XL, Wang, XG., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Si, H-R.,… & Shi, Z-L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 559, 270-289. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41586-020-2012-7.

PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE BİREYLERİN KORONAVİRÜS (KOVİD-19) KORKUSU: ÇORUM ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2020, , 1153 - 1173, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.791577

Öz

Tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan koronavirüs (Kovid-19) salgınının kesin tedavisine yönelik belirsizlik halen devam etmektedir. Vaka ve ölüm oranlarının anlık olarak yükselmesi, basında salgın ile ilgili haberlerin sürekli gündemde olması, aşısının henüz bulunamamış olması gibi nedenler herkesi kaygılandırmaktadır. Bazı bireylerde ise bu durum kaygı düzeyini aşarak korkuya dönüşebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; bireylerin koronavirüs salgınına ilişkin korku düzeyleri bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmiştir. Araştırma, Çorum ilinde yaşayan 369’u kadın, 199’u da erkek olmak üzere gönüllü 568 kişi ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri demografik özellikler bilgi formu ile “Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Korkusu Ölçeği” [The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)] aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Korkusu Ölçeğinin Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı .89 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda, Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Korkusu ölçeğinden alınan genel puan ortalamasının ortaya yakın düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür (X̄=2.42). Örneklem grubunun koronavirüs korku puan ortalamalarının cinsiyet, yaş ve medeni durum değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Koronavirüs korkusu puan ortalamalarında eğitim düzeyi ve kronik hastalık değişkenlerine göre ise anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akpinar F. ve Ustun Y. (2020). Current information about SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) infection in obstetrics and gynecology practice. Turk J Womens Health Neonatol, 2(1), 13-16.
  • Apaydın, H. (2016). Din Psikolojisi Terimler Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Bilimkent Yayınları.
  • Badahdah, A.M., Khamis, F., & Al Mahyijari, N. (2020). The psychological well-being of physicians during COVID-19 outbreak in Oman. Psychiatry Research, 289(113053), 1-2. DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113053
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Int J Ment Health Addiction, 2020, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y.
  • Banerjee, D., (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak: crucial role the psychiatrists can play. Asian J. Psychiatr, 50, 102014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102014.
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Özel Sayı 1), 216-225.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research 287(112934), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
  • Cheung, Y. T., Chau, P. H. & Yip, P. S. (2020). A revisit on older adults suicides and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23(12), 1231–1238. DOI: 10.1002/gps.2056.
  • Çobanoğlu, N. (2020). Bireysel, Profesyonel, Toplumsal, Bilimsel ve Siyasal Etiği Yeniden Sorgulatan COVID-19 Pandemisi. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Ek Sayı 1), 36-42.
  • de Hoog, N., Stroebe, W., & de Wit, J. B. (2008). The processing of fear-arousing communications: How biased processing leads to persuasion. Social Influence, 3(2), 84-113.
  • Ekiz, T, Ilıman, E., & Dönmez, E. (2020). Bireylerin Sağlık Anksiyetesi Düzeyleri İle Covıd-19 Salgını Kontrol Algısının Karşılaştırılması. Usaysad Dergisi, 6(1), 139-154.
  • Emmons, R. A. (2009). Teşekkür Ederim. (Çev.). Kül, N., İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
  • Gencer, N. (2019). Hemodiyaliz Hastalarında Dindarlık ve Öznel İyi Oluş. (Doktora Tezi). YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi, 581493.
  • Gencer, N. (2020). Kovid-19 Sürecinde Yaşlı Olmak: 65 Yaş ve Üstü Vatandaşlar İçin Uygulanan Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Üzerine Değerlendirmeler ve Manevi Sosyal Hizmet. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi 4(1), 35-42.
  • George, D. & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step By Step: A Simple Guide and Reference. New York: Routledge.
  • Harper, C. A., Satchell, L. P., Fido, D., & Latzman, R. D. (2020). Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., & Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
  • Huang, Y., Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288(112954), 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
  • Ironside, P. M., Scheckel, M., Wessels, C., Bailey, M. E., Powers, S., & Seeley, D. K. (2003). Experiencing chronic illness: Cocreating new understandings. Quality of Health Research 13(2), 171-183.
  • Johns Hophins University & Medicine Coronavirus Resource Centre. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). erişim: 01 Eylül 2020, https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
  • Kobayashi, T.; Jung, S.-M.; Linton, N.M.; Kinoshita, R.; Hayashi, K.; Miyama, T.; … & Nishiura, H. (2020). Communicating the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 1-7.
  • Kong, X., Zheng, K., Tang, M., Kong, F., Zhou, J., Diao, L.,… & Yuchao, D. (2020). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv., 2020, 1-12. DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20043075.
  • Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş. ve Bökeoğlu, Ö. Ç. (2006). Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik. Geliştirilmiş 2. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Kurt, O., Deveci, S. E., & Oguzoncul, A. F. (2020). Levels of anxiety and depression related to COVID-19 among physicians: An online cross-sectional study from Turkey. Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 1-6. DOI: 10.4328/ACAM.20206.
  • Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., … & Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199-1207. https://doi.org https://doi.org/ 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2032; doi:10.3390/ijerph17062032.
  • Lin, C.-Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1–2. https://doi. org/10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20.
  • Mamun, M. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(102073), 102073.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073
  • Özdin, S. ve Özdin, Ş. B. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0020764020927051.
  • Pakpour, A. & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, Advance online publication. https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/the-fear-ofcovid-19-and-its-role-in-preventive-behaviors/
  • Rajkumar, R. P., (2020). COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066.
  • Ramos, C., & Leal, I. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of trauma: a literature review about related factors and application contexts. Psychology, Community & Health, 2(1), 43–54,doi:10.5964/pch.v2i1.39.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020). COVID-19 (Sars-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu- Bilim Kurulu Çalışması) Genel Bilgiler, Epidemioloji ve Tanı. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M.E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
  • Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Starcevic, V. (2020). The four horsemen of fear: an integrated model of understanding fear experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Neuropsychiatry,17(2), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN202 00202.
  • Tönbül, Ö. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Salgını Sonrası 20-60 Yaş Arası Bireylerin Psikolojik Dayanıklılıklarının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Akademik Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 159-174.
  • TÜİK. (2020). İllere göre il/ilçe merkezi, belde/köy nüfusu ve yıllık nüfus artış hızı. erişim: 22 Ağustos 2020, http://www.tuik.gov.tr /UstMenu.do?metod=temelist
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1729), 1-25.
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., ... & Zhao, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020. 1585.
  • World Health Organization. (2020a). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Situation Report – 1, erişim: 11 Ağustos 2020, https://www. who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4.
  • World Health Organization. (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports, erişim: 11 Ağustos 2020, https://www. who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ gclid=Cj0KCQjwg8n5BRCdARIsALxKb96fOWdrrDBcQHbNXz8kaAlmpmwUTfK_31syOOQeaR7LnYqrnU1Nz_YaAiw6EALw_wcB.
  • Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W.,Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8.
  • Yanarates, E., (2020). An Overall Evaluation of The Covid-19 Pandemic. Social Scientific Centered Issues, 2(1), 24-33.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2007). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (2. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian J. Psychiatr, 51, e101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
  • Zhou, P., Yang, XL, Wang, XG., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Si, H-R.,… & Shi, Z-L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 559, 270-289. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41586-020-2012-7.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nevzat Gencer 0000-0001-9619-8119

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 22 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Gencer, N. (2020). PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE BİREYLERİN KORONAVİRÜS (KOVİD-19) KORKUSU: ÇORUM ÖRNEĞİ. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi(4), 1153-1173. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.791577

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