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ARTICHOKE (CYNARA SCOLYMUS): NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND POSSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 5, 6 - 22, 20.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.788581

Öz

Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus), which has been known and consumed for centuries; a rare precious vegetable in both Ancient Greece and Old Rome. Artichoke and its products have been recognized as potential phytotherapeutic agents for a variety of conditions such as cardiovascular, hepatic and gastric diseases. The aim of this review is to provide a review of the available literature evidence on the possible health effects of artichoke. Artichokes and artichoke leaf extract is used as an alternative to the treatment of diseases of the liver and digestive system, accelerating regeneration of liver after hepatectomy and eliminating intoxications, supporting weight control and blood fat and sugar with its fiber and other components. In addition, it is used as an alternative in the treatment of diseases with its antispasmotic, antifungal and antimicrobial effects. Because the results based on the possible health effects of artichoke focus on preclinical studies, extensive clinical studies are needed to better understand the existing effects of artichoke.

Kaynakça

  • Akram, W., Garud, N. & Joshi, R. (2019). Role of Inulin as Prebiotics on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics 13(1), 1-8.
  • Azzani, E., Bugianesi, R., Romano, F., Venere, D., Miccadei, S., Durazzo, A., et al. (2007). Absorption and Metabolism of Bioactive Molecules After Oral Consumption of Cooked Edible Heads of Cynara Scolymus L. (Cultivar Violette Di Provenza) in Human Subjests: A Pilot Study. Br J Nutr 97, 963-969.
  • Chen, F., Long, X., Yu, M., Liu, Z., Liu, L. & Shao, H. (2013). Phenolics and Antifungal Activities Analysis in Industrial Crop Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) Leaves. Industrial Crops and Products 47, 339-345.
  • Colantonio, A. G., Werner, S. L. & Brown, M. (2020). The Effects of Prebiotics and Substances with Prebiotic Properties on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 120(4), 587-607.
  • Dahiya, D. K., Puniya, M., Shandilya, U. K., Dhewa, T., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., et al., (2017). Gut Microbiota Modulation and its Relationship with Obesity Using Prebiotic Fibers and Probiotics: a Review. Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 563.
  • de Falco, B., Incerti, G., Amato, M. & Lanzotti, V. (2015). Artichoke: Botanical, Agronomical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Overview. Phytochemistry Reviews 14(6), 993-1018.
  • Divya, J. B., Varsha, K. K., Nampoothiri, K. M., Ismail, B. & Pandey, A. (2012). Probiotic Fermented Foods for Health Benefits. Eng. Life Sci 12(4), 377–390.
  • Dixon, A., Robertson, K., Yung, A., Que, M., Randall, H., Wellalagodage, D., et al., (2020). Efficacy of Probiotics in Patients of Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reports 22(9), 1-27.
  • dos Reis, S.A., da Conceição, L. L., Siqueira, N.P., Rosa, D. D., da Silva, L. L., et al., (2017). Review of the Mechanisms of Probiotic Actions in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrition Research 37, 1-19.
  • El Sohaimy, S. A. (2014). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Artichoke. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal 7, 15-20.
  • Frutos, M. J., Ruiz-Cano, D., Valero-Cases, E., Zamora, S. & Pérez-Llamas, F. (2019). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). In Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. Academic Press, 135-138.
  • Gezer, C. (2015). Fonksiyonel Bir Besin Olarak Enginar: Olası Sağlık Etkileri. Beslenme Diyet Dergisi 43(3), 264-269.
  • Giacosa, A., Guido, D., Grassi, M., Riva, A., Morazzoni, P., Bombardelli, E., et al., (2015). The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber Officinalis) and Artichoke (Cynara Cardunculus) Extract Supplementation on Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomised, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 915087.
  • Guo, Z., Liu, X.M., Zhang, Q.X., Tian, F.W., Zhang, H., He-Ping, Z., et al., (2012). Effects of Inulin on the Plasma Lipid Profile of Normolipidemic and Hyperlipidemic Subjects: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Lipidology 7(2), 215-222.
  • Günşar, F. (2017). Karaciğer Hastalıklarında Tamamlayıcı (Komplementer) Tedavi. Güncel Gastroenteroloji 21(3), 211-216.
  • Heiderian, E. & Soofiniya, Y. (2011). Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Aerial Part of Cynara Scolymus in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(13), 2717-2723.
  • Holtmann, G., Adam, B., Haag, S., Collet, W., Grünewald, E. & Windeck, T. (2003). Efficacy of Artichoke Leaf Extract in the Treatment of Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: A Sixweek Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind, Multicentretrial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18, 1099-1105.
  • Huseini, H., Kianbakht, S. & Heshmat, R. (2012). Cynara Scolymus L. In Treatment of Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Medicinal Plants 1(41), 85-65.
  • Jalili, C., Moradi, S., Babaei, A., Boozari, B., Asbaghi, O., Lazaridi, A. V., et al., (2020). Effects of Cynara scolymus L. on Glycemic Indices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 52, 102496.
  • Kalvandi, R., Rajabi, M., Kahramfar, Z. & Chaleh, T. (2020). Investigation of the Effect of Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) on Characteristics of the Fatty Liver. Complementary Medicine Journal 10(2), 134-147.
  • Kaymaz, M. B. & Kandemir, F. M. (2016). Effects Agueous Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus) Leaf Extracton Hepatic Damage Generated by Alphea- Aminitine. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergi 23, 155-160.
  • Kocsis, T., Molnár, B., Németh, D., Hegyi, P., Szakács, Z., Bálint, A., et al., (2020). Probiotics Have Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical trials. Scientific Reports 10(1), 1-14.
  • Lepore, S. M., Maggisano, V., Lombardo, G. E., Maiuolo, J., Mollace, V., Bulotta, S., et al., (2019). Antiproliferative Effects of Cynaropicrin on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) 19(1), 59-66.
  • Lombardo, S., Pandino, G. & Mauromicale, G. (2018). The Influence of Pre-Harvest Factors on the Quality of Globe Artichoke. Scientia Horticulturae 233, 479-490.
  • Mahboubi, M. (2018). Cynara Scolymus (Artichoke) and its Efficacy in Management of Obesity, Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University 2(56), 115-120.
  • Mileo, A. M., Di Venere, D., Abbruzzese, C. & Miccadei, S. (2015). Long Term Exposure to Polyphenols of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Exerts Induction of Senescence Driven Growth Arrest in the MDA-MB231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev 363827.
  • Mohammad, A., Sahar, N. & Effat, B. (2013). Effect of Cynara Scolymus on Fasting Blood Sugar of Rat. Int J Pharm Ind Res 3, 180–182.
  • Nadova, S., Miadokova, E., Mucaji, P., Grancai, D. Cipak L. (2008). Growth Inhibitory Effect of Ethyl Acetate-Soluble Fraction of Cynara Cardunculus L. in Leukemia Cells Involves Cell Arrest, Cytochrome C release and Activiation of Caspases. Phytother Res 22, 165–168.
  • Nazni, P., Vijayakumar, T. P., Alagianambi, P. & Amirthaveni, M. (2006). Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Cynara Scolymus Among Selected Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. Pak. J. Nutr 5, 147–151.
  • Öcal, N., Aşkar, T. K., Büyükleblebici, O., Tok, D., Dölarslan, M. & Güleryüzlü, Z. (2019). The Effect of Artichoke Supplement on Lipid Metabolism in Rats Subjected to Experimental Acute Exercise Model. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2(3), 114-119.
  • Pagano, I., Piccinelli, A. L., Celano, R., Campone, L., Gazzerro, P., De Falco, E. & Rastrelli, L. (2016). Chemical Profile and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke by-products. Food & Function 7(12), 4841-4850.
  • Petropoulos, S.A., Pereira, C., Ntatsi, G., Danalatos, N., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2017). Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Greek Artichoke Genotypes. Food Chem.
  • Rangboo, V., Noroozi, M., Zavoshy, R., Rezadoost, S. M. & Mohammad, A. (2016). The Effect of Artichoke Leaf Extract on Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in the Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. International Journal of Hepatology 4030476.
  • Rodriguez, T. S., Gimenez. D. G. & Vazguez, R. P. (2002). Choleretic Activity and Biliary Eliminnation of Lipids and Bile Acide Induced by an Artichoke Leaf Extract in Rats, Phytomedicine 9, 687-693.
  • Rondanelli, M., Giacosa, A., Opizzi, A., Faliva, M. A., Sala, P., Perna, S., et al., (2013). Beneficial Effects of Artichoke Leaf Extract Supplementation on Increasing HDL-Cholesterol in Subjects with Primary Mild Hypercholesterolaemia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 64(1), 7-15.
  • Sahebkar, A., Pirro, M., Banach, M., Mikhailidis, D. P., Atkin, S. L. & Cicero, A. F. (2018). Lipid-lowering Activity of Artichoke Extracts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58(15), 2549-2556.
  • Sakin, Y. S. & Tanoglu, A. (2016). Prebiotics and their Effects on Human Health. Medicine Science 5, 210-23.
  • Salem, M. B., Affes, H., Ksouda, K., Dhouibi, R., Sahnoun, Z., Hammami, S., et al., (2015). Pharmacological Studies of Artichoke Leaf Extract and their Health Benefits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70(4), 441-53.
  • Santos, H. O., Bueno, A. A. & Mota, J. F. (2018). The Effect of Artichoke on Lipid Profile: A Review of Possible Mechanisms of Action. Pharmacological Research 137, 170-178.
  • Shallan, M.A., Ali, M.A., Meshrf, W. A. & Marrez, D.A. (2020). In Vitro Antimicrobial, antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Globe Artichoke (Cynara Cardunculus Var. Scolymus L.) Bracts and Receptacles Ethanolic Extract. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 29, 101774.
  • Sivamaruthi, B. S., Kesika, P., Suganthy, N. & Chaiyasut, C. (2019). A Review on Role of Microbiome in Obesity and Antiobesity Properties of Probiotic Supplements. BioMed Research International, 2019.
  • Sokkar, H. H., Dena, A. S. A., Mahana, N. A. & Badr, A. (2020). Artichoke Extracts in Cancer Therapy: Do the Extraction Conditions Affect the Anticancer Activity?. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(1), 1-21.
  • Speroni, E., Cervetallati, R., Govoni, P., Guizzarddi, S., Renzulli, C. & Guerra, M. C. (2003). Efficacy of Different Cynara Scolymus Preparations on Liver Complaints, J Ethnopharm 86, 203-211.
  • T.C. (2019) Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. Ulusal Gıda Kompozisyon Veri Tabanı (TürKomp). Erişim Adresi: http://www.turkomp.gov.tr/food-241.
  • Tang, X., Wei, R., Deng, A. & Lei, T. (2017). Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke an Edible Herbal Medicine, Against Acute Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Nutrients 9(9), 1000.
  • Turkiewicz, I.P., Wojdyło, A., Tkacz, K., Nowicka, P., Hernández, F. (2019). Antidiabetic, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity vs. Terpenoids and Phenolic Compounds in Selected New Cultivars and Hybrids of Artichoke Cynara Scolymus L. Molecules 24(7), 1222.
  • Tzeng, J. I., Chen, M. F., Chung, H. H. & Cheng, J. T. (2013). Silymarin Decreases Connective Tissue Growth Factor to Improve Liver Fibrosis in Rats Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride. Phytother Res 27, 1023-8.
  • Valero-Cases, E. & Frutos, M. J. (2017). Effect of Inulin on the Viability of L. Plantarum During Storage and in Vitro Digestion and on Composition Parameters of Vegetable Fermented Juices. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 72(2), 161-167.
  • Wilson, B. & Whelan, K. (2017). Prebiotic Inulin‐Type Fructans and Galacto‐Oligosaccharides: Definition, Specificity, Function, and Application in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 32, 64-68.
  • Zhu, X. F., Zhang H. X. & Lo R. (2005). Antifungal Activity of Cynara Scolymus L. Extracts, Fitoterapia 76(1), 108-111.

ENGİNAR (CYNARA SCOLYMUS): BESİN DEĞERİ VE OLASI SAĞLIK ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 5, 6 - 22, 20.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.788581

Öz

Yüzyıllardır bilinen ve beğenilerek tüketilen enginarın (Cynara Scolymus); hem Eski Yunan’da hem de Eski Roma’da nadir bulunan kıymetli bir sebze olduğu bilinmektedir. Enginar ve ürünleri, kardiyovasküler, hepatik ve mide hastalıkları gibi çeşitli durumlar için potansiyel fitoterapötik ajanlar olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, enginarın olası sağlık etkilerine dair mevcut literatür kanıtlarının bir incelemesini sağlamaktır. Enginar ve enginar yaprağı ekstraktının; karaciğer ve sindirim sistemi hastalıklarının tedavilerinde, hepatektomi sonrasında karaciğer rejenerasyonunun hızlandırılması ve zehirlenmelerin giderilmesinde, lif içeriği ve içeriğinde yer alan diğer bileşenler sayesinde kan şeker ve lipid düzeyleri ile ağırlık kontrolünün sağlanmasında etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, antispazmotik, antifungal, antimikrobiyal etkileri ile hastalıkların tedavisinde alternatif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Enginarın olası sağlık etkilerine dayanan sonuçların preklinik çalışmalara odaklanması sebebiyle enginarın var olan etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması için kapsamlı klinik araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akram, W., Garud, N. & Joshi, R. (2019). Role of Inulin as Prebiotics on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics 13(1), 1-8.
  • Azzani, E., Bugianesi, R., Romano, F., Venere, D., Miccadei, S., Durazzo, A., et al. (2007). Absorption and Metabolism of Bioactive Molecules After Oral Consumption of Cooked Edible Heads of Cynara Scolymus L. (Cultivar Violette Di Provenza) in Human Subjests: A Pilot Study. Br J Nutr 97, 963-969.
  • Chen, F., Long, X., Yu, M., Liu, Z., Liu, L. & Shao, H. (2013). Phenolics and Antifungal Activities Analysis in Industrial Crop Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus L.) Leaves. Industrial Crops and Products 47, 339-345.
  • Colantonio, A. G., Werner, S. L. & Brown, M. (2020). The Effects of Prebiotics and Substances with Prebiotic Properties on Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 120(4), 587-607.
  • Dahiya, D. K., Puniya, M., Shandilya, U. K., Dhewa, T., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., et al., (2017). Gut Microbiota Modulation and its Relationship with Obesity Using Prebiotic Fibers and Probiotics: a Review. Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 563.
  • de Falco, B., Incerti, G., Amato, M. & Lanzotti, V. (2015). Artichoke: Botanical, Agronomical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Overview. Phytochemistry Reviews 14(6), 993-1018.
  • Divya, J. B., Varsha, K. K., Nampoothiri, K. M., Ismail, B. & Pandey, A. (2012). Probiotic Fermented Foods for Health Benefits. Eng. Life Sci 12(4), 377–390.
  • Dixon, A., Robertson, K., Yung, A., Que, M., Randall, H., Wellalagodage, D., et al., (2020). Efficacy of Probiotics in Patients of Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Current Hypertension Reports 22(9), 1-27.
  • dos Reis, S.A., da Conceição, L. L., Siqueira, N.P., Rosa, D. D., da Silva, L. L., et al., (2017). Review of the Mechanisms of Probiotic Actions in the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrition Research 37, 1-19.
  • El Sohaimy, S. A. (2014). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Artichoke. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal 7, 15-20.
  • Frutos, M. J., Ruiz-Cano, D., Valero-Cases, E., Zamora, S. & Pérez-Llamas, F. (2019). Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). In Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. Academic Press, 135-138.
  • Gezer, C. (2015). Fonksiyonel Bir Besin Olarak Enginar: Olası Sağlık Etkileri. Beslenme Diyet Dergisi 43(3), 264-269.
  • Giacosa, A., Guido, D., Grassi, M., Riva, A., Morazzoni, P., Bombardelli, E., et al., (2015). The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber Officinalis) and Artichoke (Cynara Cardunculus) Extract Supplementation on Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomised, Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 915087.
  • Guo, Z., Liu, X.M., Zhang, Q.X., Tian, F.W., Zhang, H., He-Ping, Z., et al., (2012). Effects of Inulin on the Plasma Lipid Profile of Normolipidemic and Hyperlipidemic Subjects: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Lipidology 7(2), 215-222.
  • Günşar, F. (2017). Karaciğer Hastalıklarında Tamamlayıcı (Komplementer) Tedavi. Güncel Gastroenteroloji 21(3), 211-216.
  • Heiderian, E. & Soofiniya, Y. (2011). Hypolipidemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Aerial Part of Cynara Scolymus in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(13), 2717-2723.
  • Holtmann, G., Adam, B., Haag, S., Collet, W., Grünewald, E. & Windeck, T. (2003). Efficacy of Artichoke Leaf Extract in the Treatment of Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: A Sixweek Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind, Multicentretrial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18, 1099-1105.
  • Huseini, H., Kianbakht, S. & Heshmat, R. (2012). Cynara Scolymus L. In Treatment of Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Patients: a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Medicinal Plants 1(41), 85-65.
  • Jalili, C., Moradi, S., Babaei, A., Boozari, B., Asbaghi, O., Lazaridi, A. V., et al., (2020). Effects of Cynara scolymus L. on Glycemic Indices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 52, 102496.
  • Kalvandi, R., Rajabi, M., Kahramfar, Z. & Chaleh, T. (2020). Investigation of the Effect of Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) on Characteristics of the Fatty Liver. Complementary Medicine Journal 10(2), 134-147.
  • Kaymaz, M. B. & Kandemir, F. M. (2016). Effects Agueous Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus) Leaf Extracton Hepatic Damage Generated by Alphea- Aminitine. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veterinerlik Fakültesi Dergi 23, 155-160.
  • Kocsis, T., Molnár, B., Németh, D., Hegyi, P., Szakács, Z., Bálint, A., et al., (2020). Probiotics Have Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical trials. Scientific Reports 10(1), 1-14.
  • Lepore, S. M., Maggisano, V., Lombardo, G. E., Maiuolo, J., Mollace, V., Bulotta, S., et al., (2019). Antiproliferative Effects of Cynaropicrin on Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) 19(1), 59-66.
  • Lombardo, S., Pandino, G. & Mauromicale, G. (2018). The Influence of Pre-Harvest Factors on the Quality of Globe Artichoke. Scientia Horticulturae 233, 479-490.
  • Mahboubi, M. (2018). Cynara Scolymus (Artichoke) and its Efficacy in Management of Obesity, Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University 2(56), 115-120.
  • Mileo, A. M., Di Venere, D., Abbruzzese, C. & Miccadei, S. (2015). Long Term Exposure to Polyphenols of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Exerts Induction of Senescence Driven Growth Arrest in the MDA-MB231 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev 363827.
  • Mohammad, A., Sahar, N. & Effat, B. (2013). Effect of Cynara Scolymus on Fasting Blood Sugar of Rat. Int J Pharm Ind Res 3, 180–182.
  • Nadova, S., Miadokova, E., Mucaji, P., Grancai, D. Cipak L. (2008). Growth Inhibitory Effect of Ethyl Acetate-Soluble Fraction of Cynara Cardunculus L. in Leukemia Cells Involves Cell Arrest, Cytochrome C release and Activiation of Caspases. Phytother Res 22, 165–168.
  • Nazni, P., Vijayakumar, T. P., Alagianambi, P. & Amirthaveni, M. (2006). Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Cynara Scolymus Among Selected Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. Pak. J. Nutr 5, 147–151.
  • Öcal, N., Aşkar, T. K., Büyükleblebici, O., Tok, D., Dölarslan, M. & Güleryüzlü, Z. (2019). The Effect of Artichoke Supplement on Lipid Metabolism in Rats Subjected to Experimental Acute Exercise Model. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2(3), 114-119.
  • Pagano, I., Piccinelli, A. L., Celano, R., Campone, L., Gazzerro, P., De Falco, E. & Rastrelli, L. (2016). Chemical Profile and Cellular Antioxidant Activity of Artichoke by-products. Food & Function 7(12), 4841-4850.
  • Petropoulos, S.A., Pereira, C., Ntatsi, G., Danalatos, N., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2017). Nutritional Value and Chemical Composition of Greek Artichoke Genotypes. Food Chem.
  • Rangboo, V., Noroozi, M., Zavoshy, R., Rezadoost, S. M. & Mohammad, A. (2016). The Effect of Artichoke Leaf Extract on Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in the Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. International Journal of Hepatology 4030476.
  • Rodriguez, T. S., Gimenez. D. G. & Vazguez, R. P. (2002). Choleretic Activity and Biliary Eliminnation of Lipids and Bile Acide Induced by an Artichoke Leaf Extract in Rats, Phytomedicine 9, 687-693.
  • Rondanelli, M., Giacosa, A., Opizzi, A., Faliva, M. A., Sala, P., Perna, S., et al., (2013). Beneficial Effects of Artichoke Leaf Extract Supplementation on Increasing HDL-Cholesterol in Subjects with Primary Mild Hypercholesterolaemia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 64(1), 7-15.
  • Sahebkar, A., Pirro, M., Banach, M., Mikhailidis, D. P., Atkin, S. L. & Cicero, A. F. (2018). Lipid-lowering Activity of Artichoke Extracts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58(15), 2549-2556.
  • Sakin, Y. S. & Tanoglu, A. (2016). Prebiotics and their Effects on Human Health. Medicine Science 5, 210-23.
  • Salem, M. B., Affes, H., Ksouda, K., Dhouibi, R., Sahnoun, Z., Hammami, S., et al., (2015). Pharmacological Studies of Artichoke Leaf Extract and their Health Benefits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70(4), 441-53.
  • Santos, H. O., Bueno, A. A. & Mota, J. F. (2018). The Effect of Artichoke on Lipid Profile: A Review of Possible Mechanisms of Action. Pharmacological Research 137, 170-178.
  • Shallan, M.A., Ali, M.A., Meshrf, W. A. & Marrez, D.A. (2020). In Vitro Antimicrobial, antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Globe Artichoke (Cynara Cardunculus Var. Scolymus L.) Bracts and Receptacles Ethanolic Extract. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 29, 101774.
  • Sivamaruthi, B. S., Kesika, P., Suganthy, N. & Chaiyasut, C. (2019). A Review on Role of Microbiome in Obesity and Antiobesity Properties of Probiotic Supplements. BioMed Research International, 2019.
  • Sokkar, H. H., Dena, A. S. A., Mahana, N. A. & Badr, A. (2020). Artichoke Extracts in Cancer Therapy: Do the Extraction Conditions Affect the Anticancer Activity?. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(1), 1-21.
  • Speroni, E., Cervetallati, R., Govoni, P., Guizzarddi, S., Renzulli, C. & Guerra, M. C. (2003). Efficacy of Different Cynara Scolymus Preparations on Liver Complaints, J Ethnopharm 86, 203-211.
  • T.C. (2019) Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. Ulusal Gıda Kompozisyon Veri Tabanı (TürKomp). Erişim Adresi: http://www.turkomp.gov.tr/food-241.
  • Tang, X., Wei, R., Deng, A. & Lei, T. (2017). Protective Effects of Ethanolic Extracts from Artichoke an Edible Herbal Medicine, Against Acute Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Nutrients 9(9), 1000.
  • Turkiewicz, I.P., Wojdyło, A., Tkacz, K., Nowicka, P., Hernández, F. (2019). Antidiabetic, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity vs. Terpenoids and Phenolic Compounds in Selected New Cultivars and Hybrids of Artichoke Cynara Scolymus L. Molecules 24(7), 1222.
  • Tzeng, J. I., Chen, M. F., Chung, H. H. & Cheng, J. T. (2013). Silymarin Decreases Connective Tissue Growth Factor to Improve Liver Fibrosis in Rats Treated with Carbon Tetrachloride. Phytother Res 27, 1023-8.
  • Valero-Cases, E. & Frutos, M. J. (2017). Effect of Inulin on the Viability of L. Plantarum During Storage and in Vitro Digestion and on Composition Parameters of Vegetable Fermented Juices. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 72(2), 161-167.
  • Wilson, B. & Whelan, K. (2017). Prebiotic Inulin‐Type Fructans and Galacto‐Oligosaccharides: Definition, Specificity, Function, and Application in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 32, 64-68.
  • Zhu, X. F., Zhang H. X. & Lo R. (2005). Antifungal Activity of Cynara Scolymus L. Extracts, Fitoterapia 76(1), 108-111.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm İnceleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Şaziment Kılıçtaş 0000-0002-1900-8278

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 29 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıçtaş, Ş. (2021). ENGİNAR (CYNARA SCOLYMUS): BESİN DEĞERİ VE OLASI SAĞLIK ETKİLERİ. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi(5), 6-22. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.788581

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