CHANGES IN NEIGHBOURHOODS NEAR URBAN TRANSFORMATION AREAS: IZMIR (TURKEY) EXAMPLE

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 5, 755 - 783, 20.04.2021

İlgi Atay Kaya

https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.873353

Öz

The location of a neighbourhood near an urban transformation zone causes physical and social changes in its housing-built environment. To date, many urban and social researchers have examined changes in neighbourhoods before and after urban transformation. However, few have studied the effects of transformation on nearby neighbourhoods. The purpose of this study is to examine changes in this kind of effect in Yalı Quarter (İzmir, Turkey). The methodology includes participant observation for 7 years, temporal photograph comparison, and interviews with residents. The findings on physical and morphological changes in the built environment show the changes from one or two-storey houses to 5-7-storey apartments, new streets, public spaces, facilities, and new modes of transportation. The findings on the perspectives and daily lives of neighbourhood residents include both the difficulties of sustaining some habits (e.g., washing carpets and feeding animals become more difficult in balconies of apartments than terraced roofs and house gardens) and relationships with neighbours and the advantages of “new life” (e.g., physical durability of the new buildings and improved heating systems). The decision-makers are recommended to consider the people living in the transforming and nearby neighbourhoods, their daily life practices, and social processes while making changes in the physical environment and to prefer gradual changes rather than the transformation of the whole neighbourhood at once.

Anahtar Kelimeler

housing built environment, neighbourhood, participant observation, photograph comparison, urban transformation

Teşekkür

The author acknowledges the residents of the quarter for sharing their perceptions and experiences.

KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜM ALANLARININ YAKINLARINDAKİ MAHALLELERDE DEĞİŞİMLER: İZMİR (TÜRKİYE) ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Bir mahallenin kentsel dönüşüm bölgesinin yakınlarında yer alması onun konut yapılı çevresinde de fiziksel ve sosyal değişimlere neden olur. Bugüne kadar birçok kentsel ve sosyal araştırmacı mahallelerdeki kentsel dönüşüm öncesi ve sonrasındaki değişiklikleri incelemiştir. Ancak, çok azı dönüşümün komşu mahalleler üzerindeki etkilerini incelemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yalı Mahallesi'nde (İzmir, Türkiye) bu tür bir etkiyle yaşanan değişimleri incelemektir. Yöntem, 7 yıl boyunca katılımcı gözlemi, zamansal fotoğraf karşılaştırmasını ve sakinlerle görüşmeleri içerir. Yapılı çevredeki fiziksel ve morfolojik değişikliklerle ilgili bulgular, bir veya iki katlı evlerden 5-7 katlı dairelere, yeni caddelere, kamusal alanlara, tesislere ve yeni ulaşım türlerine geçişleri göstermektedir. Mahalle sakinlerinin bakış açıları ve günlük yaşamlarına ilişkin bulgular, hem bazı alışkanlıkları (örneğin, apartmanların balkonlarında halı yıkamak ve hayvan beslemek ev bahçelerine ve teraslarına göre daha zorlaşır) ve komşularla ilişkileri sürdürmenin zorluklarını hem de “yeni yaşamın” avantajlarını (örneğin, yeni binaların fiziksel dayanıklılığı ve iyileştirilmiş ısıtma sistemleri) içermektedir. Karar vericilere, fiziksel ortamda değişiklik yaparken dönüşen mahallelerde ve yakınlarında yaşayanları, onların günlük yaşam pratiklerini ve sosyal süreçleri göz önünde bulundurmaları ve tüm mahallenin tek seferde dönüştürülmesi yerine aşamalı değişiklikleri tercih etmeleri önerilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

konut yapılı çevresi, mahalle, katılımcı gözlem, fotoğraf karşılaştırma, kentsel dönüşüm

Kaynakça

• Adriaanse, C. C. M. (2007). Measuring Residential Satisfaction: A Residential Environmental Satisfaction Scale (RESS). Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 22(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-007-9082-9
• Aitken, S. C. (1992). The Personal Contexts of Neighbourhood Change. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 9(4), 338–360.
• Altınörs Çırak, A. & Yörür, N. (2006). İzmir Onur Mahallesi Örneğinde Farklı Söylemler ve Taraflar Açısından Kentsel Dönüşümün İki Yüzü. Journal of Planning 3, 79–95.
• Amini Parsa, V. & Salehi, E. (2016). Spatio-Temporal Analysis and Simulation Pattern of Land Use/Cover Changes, Case Study: Naghadeh, Iran. Journal of Urban Management 5(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2016.11.001
• Bashir, N. & Flint, J. (2010). Residents’ Perceptions of Neighbourhood Change and its Impacts. Research Paper 2, Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research Sheffield Hallam University. Remote Address: https://research.shu.ac.uk/cresr/living-through-change/documents/RP2_ NeighbourhoodChange.pdf
• Borsuk, I. & Eroglu, E. (2020). Displacement and Asset Transformation from Inner-City Squatter Settlement into Peripheral Mass Housing. European Urban and Regional Studies 27(2), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776419828794
• Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cannuscio, C. C., Weiss, E. E., Fruchtman, H., Schroeder, J., Weiner, J. & Asch, D. A. (2009). Visual Epidemiology: Photographs as Tools for Probing Street-Level Etiologies. Social Science and Medicine 69(4), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.013
• Chow, C. K., Corsi, D. J., Lock, K., Madhavan, M., Mackie, P., Li, W., Yusuf, S. (2014). A Novel Method to Evaluate the Community Built Environment Using Photographs - Environmental Profile of a Community Health (Epoch) Photo Neighbourhood Evaluation Tool. PLoS ONE 9(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110042
• Cin, M. M. & Egercioğlu, Y. (2016). Change of Daily Life Practices in Disadvantages Groups Settlement through Urban Regeneration. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 223, 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.276
• Coulson, J. C., Fox, K. R., Lawlor, D. A. & Trayers, T. (2011). Residents’ Diverse Perspectives of the Impact of Neighbourhood Renewal on Quality of Life and Physical Activity Engagement: Improvements but Unresolved Issues. Health and Place 17(1), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.11.003
• Dökmeci, V., Altunbas, U. & Yazgi, B. (2007). Revitalisation of the Main Street of a Distinguished Old Neighbourhood in Istanbul. European Planning Studies 15(1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310601016788
• Eranil Demirli, M., Tuna Ultav, Z. & Demirtaş-Milz, N. (2015). A Socio-Spatial Analysis of Urban Transformation at a Neighbourhood Scale: The Case of the Relocation of Kadifekale Inhabitants to TOKI Uzundere in Izmir. Cities 48, 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.06.013
• Forouhar, N. & Forouhar, A. (2020). Quality of life in Neighbourhoods Undergoing Renewal: Evidence from Mashhad, Iran. Urbani Izziv 31(2), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2020-31-02-004
• Gosse, M., Ramos, H., Radice, M., Grant, J. L. & Pritchard, P. (2016). What Affects Perceptions of Neighbourhood Change?. Canadian Geographer 60(4), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12324
• Huang, Z. & Du, X. (2015). Assessment and Determinants of Residential Satisfaction with Public Housing in Hangzhou, China. Habitat International 47, 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.025
• İzmir. (n.d.). İzmir’in Hyde Parkı (İzmir’s Hyde Park). Remote Address: http://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmirin-hyde-parki-olacak/22320/156 Date Accessed: 20.09.2019. Kaba, B. (2017). Human and Place Relations in Gated Communities: The Case of Mavişehir (İzmir, Turkey). (Master’s Thesis). 470478.
• Karaman, O. (2013). Urban Renewal in Istanbul: Reconfigured Spaces, Robotic Lives. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 37(2), 715-733. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01163.x
• Karşıyaka. (n.d.). Yalı Mahallesi Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesi (Yalı Quarter Urban Transformation Project). Remote Address: http://www.karsiyaka.bel.tr/tr/faaliyetlerimiz/tamamlanan-yatirimlar/yali-mahallesi-kentsel-donusum-projesi Date Accessed: 19.01.2019.
• Kıldiş, S. (2006). Planlı Karşıyaka (Planned Karşıyaka). Ege Mimarlık 3(58), 16–19.
• Kondo, M. C., Morrison, C., Jacoby, S. F., Elliott, L., Poche, A., Theall, K. P. & Branas, C. C. (2018). Blight Abatement of Vacant Land and Crime in New Orleans. Public Health Reports 133(6), 650-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918798811
• Kuhlmann, D. (2020). Fixing Up after Tearing Down: The Impact of Demolitions on Residential Investment. Journal of Planning Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X20934168
• Kuo, F. E., Bacaicoa, M. & Sullivan, W. C. (1998). Transforming Inner-City Landscapes Trees, Sense of Safety, and Preference. Environment and Behavior 30(1), 28–59. Kural, M. S. (2017). Making Sense of Post-Relocation for Public Housing Residents in İzmir, Turkey. (Doctoral Thesis). 10284268.
• Lager, D., Van Hoven, B. & Huigen, P. P. P. (2013). Dealing with Change in Old Age: Negotiating Working-Class Belonging in a Neighbourhood in the Process of Urban Renewal in the Netherlands. Geoforum 50, 54-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.07.012
• Lu, M. (1999). Determinants of Residential Satisfaction: Ordered Logit vs. Regression Models. Growth and Change 30(2), 264–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00113
• Mohit, M. A. & Nazyddah, N. (2011). Social Housing Programme of Selangor “Zakat” Board of Malaysia and Housing Satisfaction. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 26(2), 143–164.
• Naik, N., Kominers, S. D., Raskar, R., Glaeser, E. L. & Hidalgo, C. A. (2017). Computer Vision Uncovers Predictors of Physical Urban Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(29), 7571–7576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619003114
• Nicotera, N. (2007). Measuring Neighbourhood: A Conundrum for Human Services Researchers and Practitioners. American Journal of Community Psychology 40(1–2), 26–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9124-1
• Oruç, G. D., Ertekin, Ö. & Dökmeci, V. (2017). Neighbourhood Patterns in Istanbul: From Historical Form to Manhattanization. International Journal of Architecture & Planning 5(2), 172-190, https://doi.org/10.15320/ICONARP.2017.31
• Permentier, M., Bolt, G. & van Ham, M. (2011). Determinants of Neighbourhood Satisfaction and Perception of Neighbourhood Reputation Urban Studies 48(5), 977–996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010367860
• Pojani, D. & Buka, M. (2015). From Camaraderie to Detachment: The Effect of Changing Built Environment Forms on Neighborhood Relations in a Post-Communist Context. Cities 49, 66-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.07.007
• Racine, F. (2018). Planned Built Environments and City Transformation: Urban Design in Montreal, 1956-2015. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Urban Design and Planning 171(3), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1680/jurdp.17.00015
• Riely, A. (2020). Gentrifiers, Distinction, and Social Preservation: A case Study in Consumption on Mount Pleasant Street in Washington, DC. Urban Studies 57(12), 2383–2401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019830895
• Ryan, S. & Hoff, A. (2010). Transforming Blight and the People Who Live There: A Study of Redevelopment Planning and Neighbourhood Change. Planning Practice and Research 25(5), 543–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.522852
• Tang, B. & Wong, K. T. (2021). Threshold Effects of Incremental Redevelopment of an Industrial Property on a Residential Neighbourhood. Landscape and Urban Planning 208, 104037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.104037
• Tezcan, S. & Zengin Çelik, H. (2017). İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi Tarafından Uygulanan Kentsel Dönüşüm Projeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. in M. Güler & A. M. Turan (Eds.). Belediyelerin Geleceği ve Yeni Yaklaşımlar (The Future of Municipalities and New Approaches) (pp. 72–95). Marmara Belediyeler Birliği.
• Turkstat. (2017). Turkish Statistical Institution Address Based Population Registration System. Remote Address: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr
• Ürküt, S. (1998). The Assessment of the Neighbourhood Criteria in The Formation of Liveability Environment. (Master’s Thesis). 75241.
• Ursu, A., Andrei, M., Chelaru, D. A. & Ichim, P. (2016). Built-Up Area Change Analysis in Iasi City Using GIS. Present Environment and Sustainable Development 10(1), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2016-0018
• Van Auken, P. M., Frisvoll, S. J. & Stewart, S. I. (2010). Visualising Community: Using Participant-Driven Photo-Elicitation for Research and Application. Local Environment 15(4), 373–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549831003677670
• Vera-Toscano, E. & Ateca-Amestoy, V. (2007). The Relevance of Social Indicators on Housing Satisfaction. Social Indicators Research 86(2), 257–274.
• YeniAsır. (n.d.). Yalı Mahallesi (Yalı Quarter). Remote Address: https://www.yeniasir.com.tr/izmir/2016/05/16/denizi-gitti-adi-kaldi-yali-mahallesi Date Accessed: 19.01.2019.
• Zengin Çelik, H. & Çilingir, T. (2017). Urban Cost of Parcel-Based Transformation Implementations, The Case of Karşıyaka-Bostanlı Neighbourhood. Journal of Planning 27(3), 329–346. https://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2017.73745