FREUD'S ENCOUNTER WITH CHARCOT AND HIS EPISTEMOLOGICAL BREAK

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 6, 887 - 908, 25.08.2021

Yunus Anıl Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.896740

Cited By: 1

Öz

Jean-Martin Charcot was one of the most influential figures in Sigmund Freud’s life and works. Freud studied under Charcot for five months while he was twenty-nine years old. Charcot’s influence helped Freud to change his conception of science and it paved the way for the foundation of psychoanalysis. In this article, we will discuss the paradigm shift of Freud with the influence of Charcot. We will demarcate the epistemological differences between Charcot’s ideas and Viennese medical school. In this way, we will show what was fundamentally different in Freud’s thinking from his earlier paradigm. We aim to show what is the kernel of psychoanalysis and why it could have been founded only after importing Charcot’s ideas to the Viennese medical paradigm.

Anahtar Kelimeler

History of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, Charcot, Hysteria, Hypnosis

FREUD'UN CHARCOT İLE KARŞILAŞMASI VE EPİSTEMOLOJİK KOPUŞ

Öz

Jean-Martin Charcot, Sigmund Freud’un hayatı ve eserleri üzerindeki en tesirli isimlerden biriydi. Freud, yirmi dokuz yaşındayken beş ay boyunca Charcot ile çalıştı. Charcot’nun etkisi, Freud’un bilim anlayışını değiştirmesine yardımcı oldu ve psikanalizin temellerini attı. Bu makalede, Freud'un paradigma değişimini Charcot'un etkisi üzerinden tartışacağız. Charcot’un fikirleri ile Viyana tıp fakültesi arasındaki epistemolojik farklılıklarının altını çizeceğiz. Bu şekilde, Freud’un düşüncesinde önceki paradigmasından temelde neyin farklı olduğunu göstereceğiz. Psikanalizin çekirdeğinin ne olduğunu ve neden ancak Charcot’un fikirlerini Viyana tıp paradigmasına aktardıktan sonra kurulabildiğini göstermeyi amaçlıyoruz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikanaliz Tarihi, Sigmund Freud, Charcot, Histeri, Hipnoz

Kaynakça

• Baker, M. G., Kale, R. & Menken, M. (2002). The Wall Between Neurology and Psychiatry: Advances in Neuroscience Indicate It's Time to Tear it Down. British Medical Journal 324(7352), 1468-1469.
• Barker, L. C. (2015). “Toujours la Chose Génitale”: Charcot, Freud, and the Etiology of Hysteria in the Late 19th Century. UTMJ 93(1), 9-13.
• Bernfeld, S. (1944). Freud’s Earliest Theories and the School of Helmholtz. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 13(3), 341-362.
• Bourdieu, P. (2000). The Social Conditions of the International Circulation of Ideas. In R. Shusterman (Ed.), Bourdieu: A Critical Reader (pp. 220-228). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
• Brown, E. M. (2008). Neurology’s Influence on American Psychiatry: 1865–1915. In I. Edwin R. Wallace & J. Gach (Eds.), History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology (pp. 519-531). New York: Springer.
• Brunner, J. (1995). Freud and the Politics of Psychoanalysis. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Charcot, J.-M. (2014). Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System. (R. Harris, Ed. & T. Savill, Trans.) New York: Routledge.
• Collins, H. M. (1985). Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice. London: SAGE Publications.
• Dalzell, T. (2011). What Freud learned in Theodor Meynert's Clinic. The Letter - Irish Journal for Lacanian Psychoanalysis 49, 65-72.
• Davidson, A. (1987). How to Do the History of Psychoanalysis: A Reading of Freud's "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality". Critical Inquiry 13(2), 252-277.
• de Marneffe, D. (1991). Looking and Listening: The Construction of Clinical Knowledge in Charcot and Freud. Signs 17(1), 71-111.
• Decker, H. S. (1977). Freud in Germany: Revolution and Reaction in Science, 1893-1907. New York: International Universities Press.
• Eissler, K. R. (1971). Talent and Genius: The Fictitious Case of Tausk Contra Freud. New York: Quadrangle Books.
• Ellenberger, H. F. (1994). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. London: Fontana Press.
• Erwin, E. (Ed.). (2002). The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture. New York: Routledge.
• Faber, K. (1923). Nosography in Modern Internal Medicine. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, Inc.
• Ferguson, H. (1996). The Lure of Dreams: Sigmund Freud and the Construction of Modernity. London: Routledge.
• Freud, E. L. (Ed.). (1975). Letters of Sigmund Freud. (T. Stern & J. Stern, Trans.) New York: Basic Books.
• Freud, S. (1986a). Abstracts of the Scientific Writings of Dr. Sigm. Freud 1877-1897 (1897). In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. III, pp. 225-257). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1986b). Autobiographical Note (1901 [1899]). In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. III, pp. 323-325). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1986c). Charcot. In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. III, pp. 9-23). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1986d). Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses (1896). In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. III, pp. 141-156). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1991a). An Autobiographical Study (1925 [1924]). In S. Freud, The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 11 ed., Vol. XX). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1991b). Report on My Studies in Paris and Berlin (1956 [1886]). In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. I, pp. 3-15). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1991c). Review of August Forel's Hypnotism (1889). In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. I, pp. 89-102). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Freud, S. (1991d). Some Points For a Comparative Study of Organic and Hysterical Motor Paralyses (1893 [1888-1893]). In S. Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (J. Strachey, Trans., 9 ed., Vol. I, pp. 157-172). London: The Hogarth Press.
• Gay, P. (1988). Freud: A Life for Our Time. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
• Gelfand, T. (1988). "Mon Cher Docteur Freud": Charcot's Unpublished Correspondence to Freud, 1888-1893. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62(4), 563-588.
• Gelfand, T. (1989). Charcot's Response to Freud's Rebellion. Journal of the History of Ideas 50(2), 293-307.
• Gelfand, T. (2000, Summer). Neurologist or psychiatrist? The public and private domains of Jean-Martin Charcot. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36(3), 215–229.
• Gilman, S. L. (2020). Wandering Imaginations of Race and Hysteria: The Origins of theHysterical Body in Psychoanalysis. In J. Braun (Ed.), Performing Hysteria: Images and Imaginations of Hysteria (pp. 41-60). Leuven: Leuven University Press.
• Goldstein, J. (1987). Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century . New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Jones, E. (1964). The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York: Penguin Books.
• Kuhn, T. S. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (3 ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
• Kumar, D. R., Aslinia, F., Yale, S. H. & Mazza, J. J. (2011). Jean-Martin Charcot: the father of neurology. Clinical Medicine & Research 9(1), 46-49.
• Kundera, M. (1999). Immortality. (P. Kussi, Trans.) New York: Perennial Classics. Lepoutre, T., & Villa, F. (2015). Freud with Charcot: Freud's Discovery and the Question of Diagnosis. Int J Psychoanal 96(2), 345-368.
• Levin, K. (1974). Freud's Paper "On Male Hysteria" and the Conflict Between Anatomical and Physiological Models. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48(3), 377-397.
• Libbrecht, K. (2002). Psychic Determination in Neurosis: On the Role of Constitution in Early Freudian Theory. In G. V. Vijver & F. Geerardyn (Eds.), The Pre-Psychoanalytic Writings of Sigmund (pp. 133-147). London: Karnac Books.
• Masson, J. M. (2003). The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory (5 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books.
• Micale, M. S. (1990). Charcot and the Idea of Hysteria in The Male: Gender, Mental Science, and Medical Diagnosis in Late Nineteenth-Century France. Medical History 34(4), 363-411.
• Micale, M. S. (2008). Hysterical Men: The Hidden History of Male Nervous Illness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Pace, A. D. (1968). The Revolt of Sigmund Freud (1856-1900). Houston: Rice University.
• Pérez-Rincón, H. (2011). Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud and Charcot’s Psychological and Psychiatric Legacy. In J. Bogousslavsky (Ed.), Following Charcot: A Forgotten History of Neurology and Psychiatry (pp. 115–124). Basel: Karger.
• Phillips, A. (2014). Becoming Freud: The Making of a Psychoanalyst. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Robertson, G. M. (1892). Hypnotism at Paris and Nancy. Notes of a Visit. Journal of Mental Science 38(163), 494-531.
• Schur, M. (1972). Freud: Living and Dying. New York: International Universities Press.
• Schwartz, J. (2003). Cassandra's Daughter: A History of Psychoanalysis (2 ed.). London: Karnac.
• Solms, M. (2002). An Introduction to the Neuroscientific Works of Sigmund Freud. In G. V. Vijver, & F. Geerardyn (Eds.), The Pre-Psychoanalytic Writings of Sigmund Freud (pp. 17-35). London: Karnac.
• Sulloway, F. J. (1979). Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
• Thornton, E. M. (1986). The Freudian Fallacy: Freud and Cocaine. London: Paladin. Waraich, M., & Shah, S. (2018). The life and work of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893): ‘The Napoleon of Neuroses’. Journal of the Intensive Care Society 19(1), 48-49.