A Comparison on Positive Thinking Skills of Athletes and Sedentary Individuals
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 50 - 58, 30.06.2020
Okan Burçak Çelik
,
Oğuz Esentürk
,
Levent İlhan
Öz
The purpose of this research is to compare the positive thinking skills of athletes and sedentary individuals. The study group of the research consisted of 425 people residing in Ankara. 208 of the participants are athletes and 217 are sedentary. In the research, Positive Thinking Skills Scale was used in addition to the Personal Information Form as a data collection tool. In the analysis of the data, independent sample t test was used in bivariate comparisons, and Pearson Product-moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used in the relationships between variables and .05 significance level was taken into consideration. As a result of the research, it was determined that male's positive thinking skills were better than females, and also the positive thinking skills of athletes were better than sedentary individuals. In addition, it was concluded that there was a negatively significant relationship between participants' ages and their positive thinking skills. As a result, it is thought that regular sports and exercise will improve positive thinking skills.
Kaynakça
- Ahangarzadeh Rezaei, S., Nematolahei, A. & Oladrostam, N. (2017). The effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac, 15(5), 339-348.
- Akın, A, Uysal, R & Akın, Ü. (2015). Olumlu düşünme becerileri ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 51, 265-270.
- Ayres, J. (1988). Coping with speech anxiety: The power of positive thinking. Communication Education, 37(4), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378730.
- Bekhet, A. K. & Zauszniewski, A. (2013). Measuring use of positive thinking skills: Psychometric testing of a new scale. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 35(8), 1074–1093. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0193945913482191.
- Bilge, A. (2012). Yaşama dair olumlu düşünce. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 129-135.
- Bostani, M. & Saiiari, A. (2011). Comparison emotional intelligence and mental health between athletic and non-athletic students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2259-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.441.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2019). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem.
- Cabras, C. & Mondo, M. (2018). Coping strategies, optimism, and life satisfaction among first-year university students in Italy: Gender and age differences. Higher Education, 75(4), 643-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0161-x.
- Canan, F. & Ataoğlu, A. (2010). The influence of sports on anxiety, depression, and perceived problem solving ability. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(1), 38-43.
- Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M. & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents' well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 15(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002013.
- Chang, E. C. (2002). Optimism–pessimism and stress appraisal: Testing a cognitive interactive model of psychological adjustment in adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(5), 675-690. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020313427884.
- De Raeve, L. (1997). Positive thinking and moral oppression in cancer care. European Journal of Cancer Care, 6(4), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2354.1997.00043.x.
- Eime, R.M., Young, J.A., Harvey, J.T., Charity, M.J. & Payne, W.R.. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98.
- Gatab, T. A. & Pirhayti, S. (2012). The effect of the selected exercise on male students’ happiness and mental health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2702-2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.550.
- Gustafsson, H. & Skoog, T. (2012). The mediational role of perceived stress in the relation between optimism and burnout in competitive athletes. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(2), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.594045.
- Hefferon, K. & Boniwell, I. (2014). Pozitif Psikoloji: Kuram, araştırma ve uygulamalar (T. Doğan, Çeviri Editörü). Ankara: Nobel.
- Jacobsen, B., Lee, J. B., Marquering, W. & Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Gender differences in optimism and asset allocation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 107, 630-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.007.
- Jung, J. Y., Oh, Y. H., Oh, K. S., Suh, D. W., Shin, Y. C. & Kim, H. J. (2007). Positive-thinking and life satisfaction amongst Koreans. Yonsei Medical Journal, 48(3), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2007.48.3.371.
- Karadağ, Ş. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde olumlu düşünme becerisinin kişilerarası iletişim becerisi ile ilişkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 131-136.
- Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel.
- Lipowski, M. (2012). Level of optimism and health behavior in athletes. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 18(1), CR39-CR43. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.882200.
- Malm, C., Jakobsson, J. & Isaksson, A. (2019). Physical activity and sports-real health benefits: A review with insight into the public health of Sweden. Sports, 7(5), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050127.
- McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., O’Regan, G., Keeley, H., Cannon, M., Carli, V., ... & Balazs, J. (2017). Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(1), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0875-9.
- McPhie, M. L. & Rawana, J. S. (2015). The effect of physical activity on depression in adolescence and emerging adulthood: A growth curve analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 40C, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.01.008.
- Naseem, Z. & Khalid, R. (2010). Positive Thinking in coping with stress and health outcomes: Literature review. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 4(1), 42-61.
- Nikmanesh, Z. & Zandvakili, M. (2015). The effect of positive thinking training on quality of life, depression, stress and anxiety in delinquent juveniles. Positive Psychology Research, 1(2), 53-63.
- Patton, W., Bartrum, D. A. & Creed, P. A. (2004). Gender differences for optimism, self-esteem, expectations and goals in predicting career planning and exploration in adolescents. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 4(2-3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-005-1745-z.
- Puskar, K. R., Marie Bernardo, L., Ren, D., Haley, T. M., Hetager Tark, K., Switala, J. & Siemon, L. (2010). Self-esteem and optimism in rural youth: Gender differences. Contemporary Nurse, 34(2), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2010.34.2.190.
- Rajandram, R. K., Ho, S. M., Samman, N., Chan, N., McGrath, C. & Zwahlen, R. A. (2011). Interaction of hope and optimism with anxiety and depression in a specific group of cancer survivors: a preliminary study. BMC Research Notes, 4, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-519.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press.
- Singh, I. & Jha, A. (2013). Anxiety, optimism and academic achievement among students of private medical and engineering colleges: a comparative study. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v3n1p222.
- Sumi, K. (1997). Optimism, social support, stress, and physical and psychological well-being in Japanese women. Psychological Reports, 81(1), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1997.81.1.299.
- Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. California: Pearson Education.
- Tazegül, Ü. (2018). Elit düzeydeki tenisçilerin olumlu düşünme ve yaşama bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 67, 16-25.
- Tod, A., Warnock, C. & Allmark, P. (2011). A critique of positive thinking for patients with cancer. Nursing Standard, 25(39), 43-47.
- Tusaie, K. R. & Patterson, K. (2006). Relationships among trait, situational, and comparative optimism: Clarifying concepts for a theoretically consistent and evidence-based intervention to maximize resilience. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20(3), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2005.10.004.
- Venne, S. A., Laguna, P., Walk, S. & Ravizza, K. (2006). Optimism levels among collegiate athletes and non‐athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 182-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2006.9671792.
- Wong, S. S. (2012). Negative thinking versus positive thinking in a Singaporean student sample: Relationships with psychological well-being and psychological maladjustment. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.11.013.
- You, J., Fung, H. H. & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2009). Age differences in dispositional optimism: A cross-cultural study. European Journal of Ageing, 6(4), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0130-z.
- Zandvakili, M., Jalilvand, M. & Nikmanesh, Z. (2014). The effect of positive thinking training on reduction of depression, stress and anxiety of juvenile delinquents. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 4(2), 55-62.
- Zenger, M., Brix, C., Borowski, J., Stolzenburg, J. U. & Hinz, A. (2010). The impact of optimism on anxiety, depression and quality of life in urogenital cancer patients. Psycho‐Oncology, 19(8), 879-886. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1635.
- Zou, R., Zhang, D. J., Niu, G. F., Xie, X. C., Fan, C. Y., Tian, Y. & Zhou, Z. K. (2016). Cross-sectional age differences in dispositional optimism in Chinese children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.063.
Sporcularla Sedanter Bireylerin Olumlu Düşünme Becerileri Üzerine Bir Karşılaştırma
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 50 - 58, 30.06.2020
Okan Burçak Çelik
,
Oğuz Esentürk
,
Levent İlhan
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı, sporcularla sedanter bireylerin olumlu düşünme becerilerini karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Ankara ilinde ikamet eden 425 kişi oluşturmuştur. Katılımcıların 208’i sporcu, 217’si ise sedanterdir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgiler Formu’nun yanı sıra Olumlu Düşünme Becerileri Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, ikili karşılaştırmalarda bağımsız örneklem t testi, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerde ise Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyon Katsayısı (r) kullanılmıştır ve .05 anlamlılık düzeyi dikkate alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, erkeklerin kadınlara, sporcuların da sedanter bireylere göre olumlu düşünme becerilerinin daha iyi düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların yaşlarıyla olumlu düşünme becerileri arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, düzenli olarak spor yapılmasının olumlu düşünme becerisini geliştireceği düşünülmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Ahangarzadeh Rezaei, S., Nematolahei, A. & Oladrostam, N. (2017). The effect of positive thinking training on stress, anxiety and depression in coronary heart disease. The J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac, 15(5), 339-348.
- Akın, A, Uysal, R & Akın, Ü. (2015). Olumlu düşünme becerileri ölçeğinin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 51, 265-270.
- Ayres, J. (1988). Coping with speech anxiety: The power of positive thinking. Communication Education, 37(4), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634528809378730.
- Bekhet, A. K. & Zauszniewski, A. (2013). Measuring use of positive thinking skills: Psychometric testing of a new scale. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 35(8), 1074–1093. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0193945913482191.
- Bilge, A. (2012). Yaşama dair olumlu düşünce. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 129-135.
- Bostani, M. & Saiiari, A. (2011). Comparison emotional intelligence and mental health between athletic and non-athletic students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2259-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.441.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2019). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem.
- Cabras, C. & Mondo, M. (2018). Coping strategies, optimism, and life satisfaction among first-year university students in Italy: Gender and age differences. Higher Education, 75(4), 643-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0161-x.
- Canan, F. & Ataoğlu, A. (2010). The influence of sports on anxiety, depression, and perceived problem solving ability. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(1), 38-43.
- Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M. & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents' well-being: Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 15(1), 30-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002013.
- Chang, E. C. (2002). Optimism–pessimism and stress appraisal: Testing a cognitive interactive model of psychological adjustment in adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(5), 675-690. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020313427884.
- De Raeve, L. (1997). Positive thinking and moral oppression in cancer care. European Journal of Cancer Care, 6(4), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2354.1997.00043.x.
- Eime, R.M., Young, J.A., Harvey, J.T., Charity, M.J. & Payne, W.R.. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: Informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98.
- Gatab, T. A. & Pirhayti, S. (2012). The effect of the selected exercise on male students’ happiness and mental health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2702-2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.550.
- Gustafsson, H. & Skoog, T. (2012). The mediational role of perceived stress in the relation between optimism and burnout in competitive athletes. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(2), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2011.594045.
- Hefferon, K. & Boniwell, I. (2014). Pozitif Psikoloji: Kuram, araştırma ve uygulamalar (T. Doğan, Çeviri Editörü). Ankara: Nobel.
- Jacobsen, B., Lee, J. B., Marquering, W. & Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Gender differences in optimism and asset allocation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 107, 630-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.03.007.
- Jung, J. Y., Oh, Y. H., Oh, K. S., Suh, D. W., Shin, Y. C. & Kim, H. J. (2007). Positive-thinking and life satisfaction amongst Koreans. Yonsei Medical Journal, 48(3), 371-378. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2007.48.3.371.
- Karadağ, Ş. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde olumlu düşünme becerisinin kişilerarası iletişim becerisi ile ilişkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 131-136.
- Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel.
- Lipowski, M. (2012). Level of optimism and health behavior in athletes. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 18(1), CR39-CR43. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.882200.
- Malm, C., Jakobsson, J. & Isaksson, A. (2019). Physical activity and sports-real health benefits: A review with insight into the public health of Sweden. Sports, 7(5), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050127.
- McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., O’Regan, G., Keeley, H., Cannon, M., Carli, V., ... & Balazs, J. (2017). Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(1), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0875-9.
- McPhie, M. L. & Rawana, J. S. (2015). The effect of physical activity on depression in adolescence and emerging adulthood: A growth curve analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 40C, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.01.008.
- Naseem, Z. & Khalid, R. (2010). Positive Thinking in coping with stress and health outcomes: Literature review. Journal of Research & Reflections in Education (JRRE), 4(1), 42-61.
- Nikmanesh, Z. & Zandvakili, M. (2015). The effect of positive thinking training on quality of life, depression, stress and anxiety in delinquent juveniles. Positive Psychology Research, 1(2), 53-63.
- Patton, W., Bartrum, D. A. & Creed, P. A. (2004). Gender differences for optimism, self-esteem, expectations and goals in predicting career planning and exploration in adolescents. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 4(2-3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-005-1745-z.
- Puskar, K. R., Marie Bernardo, L., Ren, D., Haley, T. M., Hetager Tark, K., Switala, J. & Siemon, L. (2010). Self-esteem and optimism in rural youth: Gender differences. Contemporary Nurse, 34(2), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2010.34.2.190.
- Rajandram, R. K., Ho, S. M., Samman, N., Chan, N., McGrath, C. & Zwahlen, R. A. (2011). Interaction of hope and optimism with anxiety and depression in a specific group of cancer survivors: a preliminary study. BMC Research Notes, 4, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-519.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press.
- Singh, I. & Jha, A. (2013). Anxiety, optimism and academic achievement among students of private medical and engineering colleges: a comparative study. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 3(1), 222-233. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v3n1p222.
- Sumi, K. (1997). Optimism, social support, stress, and physical and psychological well-being in Japanese women. Psychological Reports, 81(1), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1997.81.1.299.
- Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. California: Pearson Education.
- Tazegül, Ü. (2018). Elit düzeydeki tenisçilerin olumlu düşünme ve yaşama bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 67, 16-25.
- Tod, A., Warnock, C. & Allmark, P. (2011). A critique of positive thinking for patients with cancer. Nursing Standard, 25(39), 43-47.
- Tusaie, K. R. & Patterson, K. (2006). Relationships among trait, situational, and comparative optimism: Clarifying concepts for a theoretically consistent and evidence-based intervention to maximize resilience. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20(3), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2005.10.004.
- Venne, S. A., Laguna, P., Walk, S. & Ravizza, K. (2006). Optimism levels among collegiate athletes and non‐athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 182-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2006.9671792.
- Wong, S. S. (2012). Negative thinking versus positive thinking in a Singaporean student sample: Relationships with psychological well-being and psychological maladjustment. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2011.11.013.
- You, J., Fung, H. H. & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2009). Age differences in dispositional optimism: A cross-cultural study. European Journal of Ageing, 6(4), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-009-0130-z.
- Zandvakili, M., Jalilvand, M. & Nikmanesh, Z. (2014). The effect of positive thinking training on reduction of depression, stress and anxiety of juvenile delinquents. International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 4(2), 55-62.
- Zenger, M., Brix, C., Borowski, J., Stolzenburg, J. U. & Hinz, A. (2010). The impact of optimism on anxiety, depression and quality of life in urogenital cancer patients. Psycho‐Oncology, 19(8), 879-886. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1635.
- Zou, R., Zhang, D. J., Niu, G. F., Xie, X. C., Fan, C. Y., Tian, Y. & Zhou, Z. K. (2016). Cross-sectional age differences in dispositional optimism in Chinese children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.063.