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Ergogenic Supplements: A Special Group "Master Athletes"

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 104 - 121, 30.06.2021

Öz

In recent years, the number of elderly people who do sports for competition, as well as healthy life, has started to increase. This group is defined as master athletes; they are generally healthy people aged> 40 years who train regularly throughout their lives and try to maintain their performance level as long as possible. The interest in nutrition among athletes is increasing day by day. Maximum efficiency during exercise depends on dietary factors; ergogenic supplements are frequently used with the idea that they will help to achieve the targeted performance faster, increase strength and endurance and help recovery after exercise by reducing the risk of injury. This review aims to evaluate the effects of ergogenic supplements on exercise performance in master athletes. In total 60 articles were included in this literature review, 19 of which included international research articles on this subject. The review showed that studies are very limited, and that creatine was the most studied ergogenic supplement. Although it is the most studied ergogenic supplement, there were studies showing the side effects of creatine supplementation in master athletes. In addition, studies have been found on citrulline malate, beta-alanine, protein, beta hydroxy beta methyl butyrate, vitamin-mineral and omega-3 supplements; although the results conclude that ergogenic supplements may improve exercise performance in master athletes, the results were conflicting. Additionally, there are also ergogenic supplements that have never been studied on master athletes but are widely used among young athletes. Therefore, more studies are needed to enlighten this subject in master athletes.

Kaynakça

  • Aguiar, A.F., Januário, R.S.B., Junior, R.P., Gerage, A.M., Pina, F.L.C., do Nascimento, M.A., Padovani, C.R. & Cyrino, E.S. (2013). Long-term creatine supplementation improves muscular performance during resistance training in older women. European Journal of Applied Physiology,113(4), 987–96. Doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2514-6.
  • Bagley, L., McPhee, J.S., Ganse, B., Müller, K., Korhonen, M.T., Rittweger, J. & Dengens, H. (2019). Similar relative decline in aerobic and anaerobic power with age in endurance and power master athletes of both sexes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(6), 791–9. Doi: 10.1111/sms.13404.
  • Bailey, S.J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P.G. & Jones, A.M. (2012). The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway: Its role in human exercise physiology. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(4), 309–20. Doi: 10.1080/17461391.2011.635705.
  • Bayram, H.M. ve Güneş, F.E. (2020). Sarkopeni ve beslenme yaklaşımı. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 27-36.
  • Bayram, H.M. ve Öztürkcan, S.A. (2020). Sporcularda ergojenik destekler. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 5(3), 641–52. Doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2019-72030.
  • Bemben, M.G., Witten, M.S., Carter, J.M., Eliot, K.A., Knehans, A.W. & Bemben, D.A. (2010). The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 14(2), 155–59. Doi: 10.1007/s12603-009-0124-8.
  • Bermon, S., Venembre, P., Sachet, C., Valour, S. & Dolisi, C. (1998). Effects of creatine monohydrate ingestion in sedentary and weight-trained older adults. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 164(2), 147–55. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.00427.x.
  • Bernard, T., Sultana, F., Lepers, R., Hausswirth, C. & Brisswalter, J. (2010). Age-related decline in olympic triathlon performance: Effect of locomotion mode. Experimental Aging Research, 36(1), 64–78. Doi: 10.1080/03610730903418620.
  • Bescós, R., Sureda, A., Tur, J.A. & Pons, A. (2012). The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance. Sport Medicine, 42(2), 99–117. Doi: 10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000.
  • Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Achten, E. & Derave, W. (2015). Exercise training and beta-alanine-induced muscle carnosine loading. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7(2), 13. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00013.
  • Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Stegen, S., Stautemas, J., Achten, E. & Derave, W. (2014). Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(2), 204-9. Doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01033.2013.
  • Brose, A., Parise, G. & Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2003). Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and the Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 58(1), 11-9. Doi: 10.1093/gerona/58.1.b11.
  • Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C., Chilibeck, P.D., Cornish, S.M., Antonio, J. & Kreider, R.B. (2019). Effectiveness of creatine supplementation on aging muscle and bone: focus on falls prevention and inflammation. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 488. Doi: 10.3390/jcm8040488.
  • Candow, D.G., Little, J.P., Chilibeck, P.D., Abeysekara, S., Zello, G.A., Kazachkov, M., Cornish, S.M. & Yu, P.H. (2008). Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(9), 1645–52. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318176b310.
  • Cermak, N.M., Res, P.T., De Groot, L.C.P.G.M., Saris, W.H.M. & van Loon, L.J.C. (2012). Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1454–64. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037556.
  • Chilibeck, P.D., Candow, D.G., Landeryou, T., Kaviani, M. & Paus-Jenssen, L. (2015). Effects of creatine and resistance training on bone health in postmenopausal women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(8), 1587–95. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000571.
  • Chrusch, M.J., Chilibeck, P.D., Chad, K.E., Davison, K.S. & Burke, D.G. (2001). Resistance training in older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(12), 2111-7. Doi: 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00021.
  • Doering, T.M., Reaburn, P.R., Cox, G. & Jenkins, D.G. (2016). Comparison of postexercise nutrition knowledge and postexercise carbohydrate and protein Intake between Australian masters and Younger Triathletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(4), 338–46. Doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0289.
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Ergojenik Destekler: Özel Bir Grup "Veteran Sporcular"

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 104 - 121, 30.06.2021

Öz

Son yıllarda, yaşlı bireylerde sporu sağlıklı yaşam için yapmanın yanı sıra, müsabaka düzeyinde yapanların sayısı artış göstermeye başlamıştır. Veteran sporcular olarak tanımlanan bu grup; genel olarak >40 yaş olup, yaşamları boyunca düzenli olarak antrenman yapan ve performans seviyelerini olabildiğince uzun süre korumaya çalışan sağlıklı kişilerdir. Sporcularda beslenmeye olan ilgi gün geçtikçe artış göstermektedir. Egzersiz sırasında maksimum verimin alınması diyet faktörlerine bağlı olup; hedeflenen performansa daha hızlı ulaşılması, güç ve dayanıklılığı artırması ve yaralanma riskini azaltarak egzersiz sonrası toparlanmaya yardımcı olacağı düşüncesi ile ergojenik destekler sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı veteran sporcularda ergojenik desteklerin egzersiz performansı üzerine etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Yapılan literatür taraması sonunda 60 makale derlemeye dahil edilmiş olup, bunların 19 tanesi bu konuda yapılan uluslararası araştırma makalelerini içermektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlı olup, kreatin en çok çalışılan ergojenik destek ürünüdür. En çok çalışılan ergojenik destek ürünü olmasına rağmen kreatin takviyesinin veteran sporcularda yan etkilerini gösterilen çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bunun yanı sıra sitrülin malat, beta alanin, protein, beta hidroksi beta metil bütirat, vitamin-mineral ile omega-3 takviyeleri ile ilgili de çalışmalara rastlanmış olup; çalışma sonuçları ergojenik desteklerin veteran sporcularda egzersiz performansını geliştirici etki gösterebilecekleri sonucuna varsa da çelişkili sonuçlarda mevcuttur. Ayrıca veteran sporcular üzerinde hiç çalışma yapılmamış ama genç sporcular arasında yaygın olarak kullanılan ergojenik destekler de mevcuttur. Bu nedenle veteran sporcularda bu konunun aydınlatılabilmesi adına daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Kaynakça

  • Aguiar, A.F., Januário, R.S.B., Junior, R.P., Gerage, A.M., Pina, F.L.C., do Nascimento, M.A., Padovani, C.R. & Cyrino, E.S. (2013). Long-term creatine supplementation improves muscular performance during resistance training in older women. European Journal of Applied Physiology,113(4), 987–96. Doi: 10.1007/s00421-012-2514-6.
  • Bagley, L., McPhee, J.S., Ganse, B., Müller, K., Korhonen, M.T., Rittweger, J. & Dengens, H. (2019). Similar relative decline in aerobic and anaerobic power with age in endurance and power master athletes of both sexes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(6), 791–9. Doi: 10.1111/sms.13404.
  • Bailey, S.J., Vanhatalo, A., Winyard, P.G. & Jones, A.M. (2012). The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway: Its role in human exercise physiology. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(4), 309–20. Doi: 10.1080/17461391.2011.635705.
  • Bayram, H.M. ve Güneş, F.E. (2020). Sarkopeni ve beslenme yaklaşımı. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 27-36.
  • Bayram, H.M. ve Öztürkcan, S.A. (2020). Sporcularda ergojenik destekler. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 5(3), 641–52. Doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2019-72030.
  • Bemben, M.G., Witten, M.S., Carter, J.M., Eliot, K.A., Knehans, A.W. & Bemben, D.A. (2010). The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 14(2), 155–59. Doi: 10.1007/s12603-009-0124-8.
  • Bermon, S., Venembre, P., Sachet, C., Valour, S. & Dolisi, C. (1998). Effects of creatine monohydrate ingestion in sedentary and weight-trained older adults. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 164(2), 147–55. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.00427.x.
  • Bernard, T., Sultana, F., Lepers, R., Hausswirth, C. & Brisswalter, J. (2010). Age-related decline in olympic triathlon performance: Effect of locomotion mode. Experimental Aging Research, 36(1), 64–78. Doi: 10.1080/03610730903418620.
  • Bescós, R., Sureda, A., Tur, J.A. & Pons, A. (2012). The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance. Sport Medicine, 42(2), 99–117. Doi: 10.2165/11596860-000000000-00000.
  • Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Achten, E. & Derave, W. (2015). Exercise training and beta-alanine-induced muscle carnosine loading. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7(2), 13. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00013.
  • Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Stegen, S., Stautemas, J., Achten, E. & Derave, W. (2014). Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(2), 204-9. Doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01033.2013.
  • Brose, A., Parise, G. & Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2003). Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and the Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 58(1), 11-9. Doi: 10.1093/gerona/58.1.b11.
  • Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C., Chilibeck, P.D., Cornish, S.M., Antonio, J. & Kreider, R.B. (2019). Effectiveness of creatine supplementation on aging muscle and bone: focus on falls prevention and inflammation. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 488. Doi: 10.3390/jcm8040488.
  • Candow, D.G., Little, J.P., Chilibeck, P.D., Abeysekara, S., Zello, G.A., Kazachkov, M., Cornish, S.M. & Yu, P.H. (2008). Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(9), 1645–52. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318176b310.
  • Cermak, N.M., Res, P.T., De Groot, L.C.P.G.M., Saris, W.H.M. & van Loon, L.J.C. (2012). Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1454–64. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.037556.
  • Chilibeck, P.D., Candow, D.G., Landeryou, T., Kaviani, M. & Paus-Jenssen, L. (2015). Effects of creatine and resistance training on bone health in postmenopausal women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(8), 1587–95. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000571.
  • Chrusch, M.J., Chilibeck, P.D., Chad, K.E., Davison, K.S. & Burke, D.G. (2001). Resistance training in older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(12), 2111-7. Doi: 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00021.
  • Doering, T.M., Reaburn, P.R., Cox, G. & Jenkins, D.G. (2016). Comparison of postexercise nutrition knowledge and postexercise carbohydrate and protein Intake between Australian masters and Younger Triathletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(4), 338–46. Doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0289.
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  • Glenn, J.M., Gray, M., Stewart Jr, R.W., Moyen, N.E., Kavouras, S.A., DiBrezzo, E., Turner, R., Baum, J.I. & Stone, M.S. (2016). Effects of 28-day Beta-Alanine supplementation on ısokinetic exercise performance and body composition in female masters athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(1), 200–7. Doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001077.
  • Glenn, J.M., Gray, M., Stewart, R., Moyen, N.E., Kavouras, S.A., DiBrezo, R., Turner, R. & Baum, J. (2015). Incremental effects of 28 days of beta-alanine supplementation on high-intensity cycling performance and blood lactate in masters female cyclists. Amino Acids, 47(12), 2593–600. Doi: 10.1007/s00726-015-2050-x.
  • Güven, Ö., Özdemir, G. & Ersoy, G. (2009). Ankara ilindeki veteran atletlerin beslenme bilgi ve alışkanlıklarının saptanması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi, 7(3), 125–33.
  • Jäger, R., Purpura, M., Shao, A., Inoue, T. & Kreider, R.B. (2011). Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1369–83. Doi: 10.1007/s00726-011-0874-6.
  • Jordan, T., Lukaszuk, J., Misic, M. & Umoren, J. (2010). Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during treadmill running: Pre/post 2 treatment experimental design. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7, 20. Doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-20.
  • Joyner, M.J. & Casey, D.P. (2015). Regulation of increased blood flow (Hyperemia) to muscles during exercise: A hierarchy of competing physiological needs. Physiological Reviews, 95(2), 549–601. Doi: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2013.
  • Kerksick, C.M., Wilborn, C.D., Roberts, M.D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S.M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J.N., Galvan, E., Greenwood, M., Lowery, L.M., Wildman, R., Antonio, J. & Kreider, R.B. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommend. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 38. Doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y.
  • Knechtle, B., Barbosa, T.M. & Nikolaidis, P.T. (2019). The age-related changes and sex difference in master swimming performance. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité, 104, 29–36. Doi: 10.1051/sm/2019020.
  • Lavie, C.J., Ozemek, C., Carbone, S., Katzmarzyk, P.T. & Blair, S.N. (2019). Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circulation Research, 124(5), 799–815. Doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669.
  • Lazarus, N.R. & Harridge, S.D.R. (2017). Declining performance of master athletes: silhouettes of the trajectory of healthy human ageing? Journal of Physiology, 595(9), 2941–8. Doi: 10.1113/JP272443.
  • Lepers, R. & Stapley, P.J. (2016). Master athletes are extending the limits of human endurance. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, 613. Doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00613.
  • Lepers, R. (2008). Analysis of Hawaii Ironman performances in elite triathletes from 1981 to 2007. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(10), 1828-34. Doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817e91a4.
  • Louis, J., Hausswirth, C., Bieuzen, F. & Brisswalter, J. (2010). Vitamin and mineral supplementation effect on muscular activity and cycling efficiency in master athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35(3), 251-60. Doi: 10.1139/H10-014.
  • Louis, J., Hausswirth, C., Easthope, C. & Brisswalter, J. (2012). Strength training improves cycling efficiency in master endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(2), 631–40. Doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2013-1.
  • Louis, J., Vercruyssen, F., Dupuy, O. & Bernard, T. (2019a). Nutrition for master athletes: From challenges to optimisation strategies. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité, 104, 45–54. Doi: 10.1051/sm/2019019.
  • Louis, J., Vercruyssen, F., Dupuy, O. & Bernard, T. (2019b). Nutrition for master athletes: Is there a need for specific recommendations? Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 28(3), 489–98. Doi: 10.1123/japa.2019-0190.
  • Mastaloudis, A., Morrow, J.D., Hopkins, D.W., Devaraj, S. & Traber, M.G. (2004). Antioxidant supplementation prevents exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, but not inflammation, in ultramarathon runners. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 36(10),1329-41. Doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.069.
  • Naclerio, F., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Seijo, M., Ashrafi, N., Nielsen, B.V. & Earnest, C.P. (2019). Effects of protein versus carbohydrate supplementation on markers of ımmune response in master triathletes: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 38(5), 395–404. Doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1528906.
  • Naclerio, F., Seijo, M., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Ashrafi, N., Christides, T., Karsten, B. & Nielsen, B.V. (2017). Effects of supplementation with beef or whey protein versus carbohydrate in master triathletes effects of supplementation with beef or whey protein versus carbohydrate in master. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 36(8), 593-601. Doi: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1335248.
  • Nikolaidis, P.T., Zingg, M.A. & Knechtle, B. (2017). Performance trends in age-group runners from 100 m to marathon—The World Championships from 1975 to 2015. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 1588–96. Doi: 10.1111/sms.12821.
  • Peeling, P., Binnie, M.J., Goods, P.S.R., Sim, M. & Burke, L.M. (2018). Evidence-based supplements for the enhancement of athletic performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(2), 178–87. Doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0343.
  • Rodacki, C.L.N., Rodacki, A.L.F., Pereira, G., Naliwaiko, K., Coelho, I., Pequito, D. & Fernandes, L.C. (2012). Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(2), 428-36. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.021915.
  • Sanchez-Martinez, J., Santos-Lozano, A., Garcia-Hermoso, A., Sadarangani, K.P. & Cristi-Montero, C. (2018). Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on strength and body composition in trained and competitive athletes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(7), 727-35. Doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.003.
  • Santhanam, L., Christianson, D.W., Nyhan, D. & Berkowitz, D.E. (2008). Arginase and vascular aging. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 105(5), 1632–42. Doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90627.2008.
  • Shearer, J.D., Richards, J.R., Mills, C.D. & Caldwell, M.D. (1997). Differential regulation of macrophage arginine metabolism: A proposed role in wound healing. American Journal of Physiology, 272(2), E181-90. Doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.2.e181.
  • Smith, G.I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D.N., Mohammed, B.S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M.J. & Mittendorfer, B. (2011). Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle proteinsynthesis in older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(2), 402-12. Doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005611.
  • Stares, A. & Bains, M. (2020). The Additive Effects of creatine supplementation and exercise training in an aging population: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 43(2), 99–112. Doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000222.
  • Striegel, H., Simon, P., Wurster, C., Niess, A.M. & Ulrich, R. (2006). The use of nutritional supplements among master athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(3), 236-41. Doi: 10.1055/s-2005-865648.
  • Sverdlov, A.L., Ngo, D.T.M., Chan, W.P.A., Chirkov, Y.Y. & Horowitz, J.D. (2014). Aging of the nitric oxide system: Are we as old as our NO? Journal of the American Heart Association, 3(4), e000973. Doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.000973.
  • Tamopolsky, M., Zimmer, A., Paikin, J., Safdar, A., Aboud, A., Pearce, E., Roy, B. & Doherty, T. (2007). Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS One, 2(10), e991. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000991.
  • Tanaka, H. & Seals, D.R. (2008). Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: Age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. Journal of Physiology, 586(1), 55–63. Doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879.
  • Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2008). Nutritional consideration in the aging athlete. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(69), 531–8. Doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318187ac44.
  • Trexler, E.T., Persky, A.M., Ryan, E.D., Schwartz, T.A., Stoner, L. & Smith-Ryan, A.E. (2019). Acute effects of citrulline supplementation on high-ıntensity strength and power performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(5), 707–18. Doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01091-z.
  • Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R., Hoffman, J.R., Wilborn, C.D., Sale, C., Kreider, R.B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C.P., Bannock, L., Campbell, B., Kalman, D., Ziegenfuss, T.N. & Antonio, J. (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 30. Doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y.
  • Vukovich, M.D., Stubbs, N.B. & Bohlken, R.M. (2001). Body composition in 70-year-old similarly to that of young adults. Journal of Nutrition, 131(7), 2049-52. Doi: 10.1093/jn/131.7.2049.
  • Wiroth, J.B., Bermon, S., Andreï, S., Dalloz, E., Hébuterne, X. & Dolisi, C. (2001). Effects of oral creatine supplementation on maximal pedalling performance in older adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 84(6), 533–9. Doi: 10.1007/s004210000370.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gökhan Çelik 0000-0002-2239-7374

Hatice Merve Bayram 0000-0002-7073-2907

Arda Ozturkcan 0000-0001-7982-6988

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, G., Bayram, H. M., & Ozturkcan, A. (2021). Ergojenik Destekler: Özel Bir Grup "Veteran Sporcular". Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 104-121.