Historical Memory in Eurosceptic Discourse
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 5, 393 - 410, 01.10.2021
Kostyantyn Balabanov
Kostiantyn Karaman
Öz
The article aims to investigate the nature of the connection between the phenomenon of historical memory and the phenomenon of Euroscepticism and the way historical memory influences the formation of Euroscepticism as the most important element of public consciousness in modern Europe. The obtained results confirmed the research hypothesis that modern Euroscepticism is rooted in the inconsistent historical memory of EU countries and the absence of a common view on historical events does not allow to establish the common historical memory for the EU which may cause disintegration process in united Europe. The policy of managing historical memory and manipulations with it as well as the formation of historical consciousness following certain political goals and objectives of the state, supranational structures, or even a specific group of people will be crucial for the future of the EU.
Kaynakça
- BBC News. (2016, June 26). Soros warns of EU disintegration. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36630468.
- Clarke, D. (2014). Communism and Memory Politics in the European Union. Central Europe, 12(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1179/1479096314z.00000000018.
- Council Regulation (EU) No 390/2014 of 14 April 2014 establishing the 'Europe for Citizens' program for the period 2014–2020. (2014, April 14). Eur-Lex.Europa. Eu. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2014_115_R_0002
- European Parliament resolution of 19 September 2019 on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe (2019/2819(RSP)). (2019, September 19). www.Europarl.Europa. Eu. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2019-0021_EN.pdf
- Forster, A. (2014). Euroscepticism in Contemporary British Politics: Opposition to Europe in the British Conservative and Labour Parties Since 1945. Routledge
- Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11.10.2004, Nr. 237 / Seite 7. (2004, October 10). Also: die Keule. FAZ.NET. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/peter-eszerhazy-also-die-keule-1194869.html.
- Fuchs, E., & Otto, M. (2013). Educational Media, Textbooks, and Postcolonial Relocations of Memory Politics in Europe. Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2013.050101.
- Golka, M. (2010). Pamięć Społeczna i jej Implanty. Wydawnictwo naukowe Scholar.
- Harmsen, R., & Spiering, M. (2005). Euroscepticism: Party Politics, National Identity and European Integration (European Studies 20). Rodopi.
- Hutton, P. H. (1993). History as an Art of Memory (1st ed.). University Press of New England.
- Kopecký, P., & Mudde, C. (2002). The Two Sides of Euroscepticism. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116502003003002.
- Levy, D., & Sznaider, N. (2002). Memory Unbound: The Holocaust and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Memory. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225315.
- Maier, C. S. (1998). The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity, With a New Preface (1st Edition). Harvard University Press.
- Mälksoo, M. (2009). The Memory Politics of Becoming European: The East European Subalterns and the Collective Memory of Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 15(4), 653–680.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066109345049.
- Roger, C. B. (2020). Liesbet Hooghe, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks. 2019. A Theory of International Organization. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). The Review of International Organizations, 15(4), 965–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-020-09381-2.
- State of the Union 2016. (2016, September 14). European Commission - European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/priorities/state-union-speeches/state-union-2016_en.
- European Parliament resolution on remembrance of the Holocaust, antisemitism, and racism. (2005, January 27). https://Www.Europarl.Europa.Eu/Portal/En.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0018+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN.
- Tryma, K., Pakhomenko, S., & A. Francis, J. (2018). The Use of Force against Ukraine and International Law. In E. Tsybulenko & S. Sayapin (Eds.), The Russian–Ukrainian War in Donbas: Historical Memory as an Instrument of Information Warfare (1st ed. 2018 ed., pp. 297–312). T.M.C. Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-222-4.
- Ассман, А., & Хлебников, Б. (2014). Длинная тень прошлого: Мемориальная культура и историческая политика (Библиотека журнала «Неприкосновенный запас») (Russian Edition). Новое литературное обозрение.
- [Assman, A., & Khlebnikov, B. (2014). The Long Shadow of the Past: Memorial Culture and Historical Politics (Library of the "Spontaneous Reserve" magazine) (Russian Edition). New literary review]
- Медушевский. (2018). Угрозы безопасности ЕС и механизмы их преодоления. Власть, 26(9), 254. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v26i9.6188.
- [Medushevsky. (2018). EU security threats and mechanisms to overcome them. Vlast, 26 (9), 254.https: //doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v26i9.6188]
- Медушевский. (2019). Политика памяти в Европейском союзе как инструмент реализации интеграционного процесса. Власть, 27(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v27i3.6436.
- [Medushevsky. (2019). Memory policy in the European Union as a tool for implementing the integration process. Vlast, 27 (3), 167.https: //doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v27i3.6436]
- Нора, П. (1999). Проблематика мест памяти. Франция-память. Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та.
- [Nora, P. (1999). The problem of places of memory. France is a memory. Publishing house of St. Petersburg University]
- Нора, П. (2005). Всемирное торжество памяти. Неприкосновенный Запас, 2. https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/vsemirnoe-torzhestvo-pamyati.html.
- [Nora, P. (2005). A worldwide celebration of memory. Inviolable Reserve, 2. https: //magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/vsemirnoe-torzhestvo-pamyati.html]
- Савельева, M., & Полетаев, A. (2005). «Историческая память»: к вопросу о границах понятия. Феномен Прошлого. Published. https://istorex.ru/page/saveleva_im_a_v_poletaev_av_istoricheskaya_pamyat_k_voprosu_o_granitsakh_ponyatiya.
- [Savelyeva, M., & Poletaev, A. (2005). "Historical memory": to the question of the boundaries of the concept. Phenomenon of the Past. Published. https://istorex.ru/page/saveleva_im_a_v_poletaev_av_istoricheskaya_pamyat_k_voprosu_o_granitsakh_ponyatiya]
- Фелькер, А. (2018). Исследования наследия и политики памяти - в поисках общих подходов. Политическая Наука, 3, 32–52.
- [Felker, A. (2018). Investigations of heritage and politics of memory - in search of common approaches. Political Science, 3, 32–52]
- Хальбвакс, М. (2005). Коллективная и историческая память. Неприкосновенный Запас, 2. https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/kollektivnaya-i-istoricheskaya-pamyat.html.
- [Halbwachs, M. (2005). Collective and historical memory. Inviolable Reserve, 2. https: //magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/kollektivnaya-i-istoricheskaya-pamyat.html]
- Хаттон, П. Х. (2003). История как искусство памяти. Фонд “Университет”: Владимир Даль.
[Hatton, P.H. (2003). History as an art of memory. University Foundation: Vladimir Dal]
- Цыганков А.С. Национальная идентичность и конструирование исторической памяти: от “единства” к “дисперсии”. (2016). Философия и Культура, 5(5), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.7256/1999-2793.2016.5.14897.
- [Tsygankov A.S. National identity and the construction of historical memory: from "unity" to "dispersion". (2016). Philosophy and Culture, 5 (5), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.7256/1999-2793.2016.5.14897].
- Ясперс, К. (1999). Вопрос о виновности. О политической ответственности Германии. Москва: Прогресс.
- [Jaspers, K. (1999). The question of guilt. On the political responsibility of Germany. Moscow: Progress].
Historical Memory in Eurosceptic Discourse
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 5, 393 - 410, 01.10.2021
Kostyantyn Balabanov
Kostiantyn Karaman
Öz
The article aims to investigate the nature of the connection between the phenomenon of historical memory and the phenomenon of Euroscepticism and the way historical memory influences the formation of Euroscepticism as the most important element of public consciousness in modern Europe. The obtained results confirmed the research hypothesis that modern Euroscepticism is rooted in the inconsistent historical memory of EU countries and the absence of a common view on historical events does not allow to establish the common historical memory for the EU which may cause disintegration process in united Europe. The policy of managing historical memory and manipulations with it as well as the formation of historical consciousness following certain political goals and objectives of the state, supranational structures, or even a specific group of people will be crucial for the future of the EU.
Kaynakça
- BBC News. (2016, June 26). Soros warns of EU disintegration. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36630468.
- Clarke, D. (2014). Communism and Memory Politics in the European Union. Central Europe, 12(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1179/1479096314z.00000000018.
- Council Regulation (EU) No 390/2014 of 14 April 2014 establishing the 'Europe for Citizens' program for the period 2014–2020. (2014, April 14). Eur-Lex.Europa. Eu. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2014_115_R_0002
- European Parliament resolution of 19 September 2019 on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe (2019/2819(RSP)). (2019, September 19). www.Europarl.Europa. Eu. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2019-0021_EN.pdf
- Forster, A. (2014). Euroscepticism in Contemporary British Politics: Opposition to Europe in the British Conservative and Labour Parties Since 1945. Routledge
- Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11.10.2004, Nr. 237 / Seite 7. (2004, October 10). Also: die Keule. FAZ.NET. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/peter-eszerhazy-also-die-keule-1194869.html.
- Fuchs, E., & Otto, M. (2013). Educational Media, Textbooks, and Postcolonial Relocations of Memory Politics in Europe. Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2013.050101.
- Golka, M. (2010). Pamięć Społeczna i jej Implanty. Wydawnictwo naukowe Scholar.
- Harmsen, R., & Spiering, M. (2005). Euroscepticism: Party Politics, National Identity and European Integration (European Studies 20). Rodopi.
- Hutton, P. H. (1993). History as an Art of Memory (1st ed.). University Press of New England.
- Kopecký, P., & Mudde, C. (2002). The Two Sides of Euroscepticism. European Union Politics, 3(3), 297–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116502003003002.
- Levy, D., & Sznaider, N. (2002). Memory Unbound: The Holocaust and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Memory. European Journal of Social Theory, 5(1), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310222225315.
- Maier, C. S. (1998). The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity, With a New Preface (1st Edition). Harvard University Press.
- Mälksoo, M. (2009). The Memory Politics of Becoming European: The East European Subalterns and the Collective Memory of Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 15(4), 653–680.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066109345049.
- Roger, C. B. (2020). Liesbet Hooghe, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks. 2019. A Theory of International Organization. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). The Review of International Organizations, 15(4), 965–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-020-09381-2.
- State of the Union 2016. (2016, September 14). European Commission - European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/priorities/state-union-speeches/state-union-2016_en.
- European Parliament resolution on remembrance of the Holocaust, antisemitism, and racism. (2005, January 27). https://Www.Europarl.Europa.Eu/Portal/En.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2005-0018+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN.
- Tryma, K., Pakhomenko, S., & A. Francis, J. (2018). The Use of Force against Ukraine and International Law. In E. Tsybulenko & S. Sayapin (Eds.), The Russian–Ukrainian War in Donbas: Historical Memory as an Instrument of Information Warfare (1st ed. 2018 ed., pp. 297–312). T.M.C. Asser Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-222-4.
- Ассман, А., & Хлебников, Б. (2014). Длинная тень прошлого: Мемориальная культура и историческая политика (Библиотека журнала «Неприкосновенный запас») (Russian Edition). Новое литературное обозрение.
- [Assman, A., & Khlebnikov, B. (2014). The Long Shadow of the Past: Memorial Culture and Historical Politics (Library of the "Spontaneous Reserve" magazine) (Russian Edition). New literary review]
- Медушевский. (2018). Угрозы безопасности ЕС и механизмы их преодоления. Власть, 26(9), 254. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v26i9.6188.
- [Medushevsky. (2018). EU security threats and mechanisms to overcome them. Vlast, 26 (9), 254.https: //doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v26i9.6188]
- Медушевский. (2019). Политика памяти в Европейском союзе как инструмент реализации интеграционного процесса. Власть, 27(3), 167. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v27i3.6436.
- [Medushevsky. (2019). Memory policy in the European Union as a tool for implementing the integration process. Vlast, 27 (3), 167.https: //doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v27i3.6436]
- Нора, П. (1999). Проблематика мест памяти. Франция-память. Изд-во С.-Петерб. ун-та.
- [Nora, P. (1999). The problem of places of memory. France is a memory. Publishing house of St. Petersburg University]
- Нора, П. (2005). Всемирное торжество памяти. Неприкосновенный Запас, 2. https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/vsemirnoe-torzhestvo-pamyati.html.
- [Nora, P. (2005). A worldwide celebration of memory. Inviolable Reserve, 2. https: //magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/vsemirnoe-torzhestvo-pamyati.html]
- Савельева, M., & Полетаев, A. (2005). «Историческая память»: к вопросу о границах понятия. Феномен Прошлого. Published. https://istorex.ru/page/saveleva_im_a_v_poletaev_av_istoricheskaya_pamyat_k_voprosu_o_granitsakh_ponyatiya.
- [Savelyeva, M., & Poletaev, A. (2005). "Historical memory": to the question of the boundaries of the concept. Phenomenon of the Past. Published. https://istorex.ru/page/saveleva_im_a_v_poletaev_av_istoricheskaya_pamyat_k_voprosu_o_granitsakh_ponyatiya]
- Фелькер, А. (2018). Исследования наследия и политики памяти - в поисках общих подходов. Политическая Наука, 3, 32–52.
- [Felker, A. (2018). Investigations of heritage and politics of memory - in search of common approaches. Political Science, 3, 32–52]
- Хальбвакс, М. (2005). Коллективная и историческая память. Неприкосновенный Запас, 2. https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/kollektivnaya-i-istoricheskaya-pamyat.html.
- [Halbwachs, M. (2005). Collective and historical memory. Inviolable Reserve, 2. https: //magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/kollektivnaya-i-istoricheskaya-pamyat.html]
- Хаттон, П. Х. (2003). История как искусство памяти. Фонд “Университет”: Владимир Даль.
[Hatton, P.H. (2003). History as an art of memory. University Foundation: Vladimir Dal]
- Цыганков А.С. Национальная идентичность и конструирование исторической памяти: от “единства” к “дисперсии”. (2016). Философия и Культура, 5(5), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.7256/1999-2793.2016.5.14897.
- [Tsygankov A.S. National identity and the construction of historical memory: from "unity" to "dispersion". (2016). Philosophy and Culture, 5 (5), 699–706. https://doi.org/10.7256/1999-2793.2016.5.14897].
- Ясперс, К. (1999). Вопрос о виновности. О политической ответственности Германии. Москва: Прогресс.
- [Jaspers, K. (1999). The question of guilt. On the political responsibility of Germany. Moscow: Progress].