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Workplace Aggression and Violence

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8, 187 - 212, 01.04.2023

Öz

Violence is a serious problem for Turkey as it is in the world. It is inevitable that violence, which is observed in all areas of social life, is also seen in work life. Workplace violence includes incidents that occur in workplaces and sometimes not in the workplace but in social environments related to work, which can include psychological violence such as threats, harassment, intimidation, as well as physical violence. Workplace aggression and violence negatively effect human health and social integrity. Anyone can be a target of violence. In addition, working conditions and work-related factors can also lead to violence. In this study, it is aimed to present a conceptual framework for workplace violence and aggression based on literature, to draw attention to the subject by emphasizing the factors that lead to workplace violence, the consequences of workplace violence and the preventions that can be taken regarding workplace violence.

Teşekkür

Sn. Hakemlere ve Editöre teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, J.J., & Anderson, C.A. (2017). Aggression and violence: Definitions and distinctions. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057574.whbva001
  • Alkorashy, H. A., & Al Moalad, F. B. (2016). Workplace violence against nursing staff in a Saudi university hospital. International Nursing Review, 63(2), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12242
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4. Washington, DC: Author; 1994
  • American Psychiatric Association (1996), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., (3rd ed. revised 1987), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 Ames, D. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Intentional harms are worse, even when they’re not. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1755-1762. doi: 10.1177/0956797613480507
  • Arias, I., Lyons, C. M., & Street, A. E. (1997). Individual and marital consequences of victimization: Moderating effects of relationship efficacy and spouse support. Journal of Family Violence, 12, 193–210. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1023/A:1022888728475
  • Aytac, S., Bozkurt, V., Bayram, N., Yildiz, S., Aytac, M., Akinci, F. S., & Bilgel, N. (2011). Workplace violence: a study of Turkish workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 17(4), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2011.11076902
  • Barron, O. (2003) Workplace violence and bullying: Your rights, what to do and where to go for help. Melbourne: Jobwatch and WorkSafe Victoria. Retrieved from: https://www.daru.org.au
  • Belsey, B. (n.d) Cyberbullying: An emerging threat to the “always on” generation. www.cyberbullying.ca (accessed May 1, 2023)
  • Bernaldo-De-Quirós, M., Piccini, A.T., Gómez, M.M. & Cerdeira, J.C. (2015). Psychological consequences of aggression in pre-hospital emergency care: Cross sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52, 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.05.011
  • Boyle, M. J. & Wallis, J. (2016). Working towards a defnition for workplace violence actions in the health sector. Safety in Health, 2(1),1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40886-016-0015-8
  • Chen, L., & Cheng, Y. (2017). Perceived severity of cyberbullying behaviour: Differences between genders, grades and participant roles. Educational Psychology, 37(5), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1202898
  • Chu, X. W., Fan, C. Y., Liu, Q. Q., & Zhou, Z. K. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and symptoms of depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents: Examining hopelessness as a mediator and self-compassion as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 377–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.039
  • Cole, L. L., P. Grubb, S.L. Sauter, N.G. Swanson & P. Lawless. (1997). Psychosocial correlates of harassment, threats and fear of violence in the workplace. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 23 (6), 450–457. DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.268
  • Cooper, C., & Swanson, N. (2002). Workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization, World Health Organization, International Council of Nurses.
  • Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710–722. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x
  • Dalvand, S., Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Najafi, F., Zahednezhad, H. & Sayehmiri, K. (2018). The prevalence of workplace violence against iranian nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 19(9), e65923 https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.65923
  • Di Martino, V. & Musri, M. (2001). Guidance forthe prevention of stress and violence at the workplace. In Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia and International Labour Organization.
  • Dursun, S. & Aytaç, S. (2021a). The prevalence of violence against healthcare workers in Turkey and employee job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(6), 1607-1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561607
  • Dursun, S. & Aytaç, S. (2021b). Workplace violence against police officers and the effect of workplace violence on mental health. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(12), 3491-3493. DOI: 10.53350/pjmhs2115123491
  • Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414854
  • Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4), 379–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00043-3
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 1-39). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
  • Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Zapf, D., Porrúa, C., & Martín-Peña, J. (2009). Perceived severity of various bullying behaviours at work and the relevance of exposure to bullying. Work & Stress, 23(3), 191-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370903289639
  • European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2015). Workplace Violence. https://oshwiki.osha.europa.eu/en/themes/workplace-violence
  • Fischer, T., Van Reemst, L., & De Jong, J. (2016). Workplace aggression toward local government employees: Target characteristics. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29(1), 30-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-05-2015-0100
  • Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J. & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied. Social Psychology, 17, 425-445. https://doi.org /10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
  • Gardner, B. (2014). Black's law dictionary. St. Paul, MN : Thomson Reuters.
  • Gerberich, S. G., Church, T. R., McGovern, P. M., Hansen, H. E., Nachreiner, N. M., Geisser, M. S., Ryan, A. D., Mongin, S. J., & Watt, G. D. (2004). An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses' Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(6), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.007294
  • Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
  • Heckemann, B., Zeller, A., Hahn, S., Dassen, T., Schols, J. & Halfens, R. (2015). The effect of aggression management training programmes for nursing staff and students working in an acute hospital setting: A narrative review of current literature. Nurse Education Today, 35, 212-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.08.003
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  • Nielsen, M. B. & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007
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Workplace Aggression and Violence

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8, 187 - 212, 01.04.2023

Öz

Violence is a serious problem for Turkey as it is in the world. It is inevitable that violence, which is observed in all areas of social life, is also seen in work life. Workplace violence includes incidents that occur in workplaces and sometimes not in the workplace but in social environments related to work, which can include psychological violence such as threats, harassment, intimidation, as well as physical violence. Workplace aggression and violence negatively effect human health and social integrity. Anyone can be a target of violence. In addition, working conditions and work-related factors can also lead to violence. In this study, it is aimed to present a conceptual framework for workplace violence and aggression based on literature, to draw attention to the subject by emphasizing the factors that lead to workplace violence, the consequences of workplace violence and the preventions that can be taken regarding workplace violence.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, J.J., & Anderson, C.A. (2017). Aggression and violence: Definitions and distinctions. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057574.whbva001
  • Alkorashy, H. A., & Al Moalad, F. B. (2016). Workplace violence against nursing staff in a Saudi university hospital. International Nursing Review, 63(2), 226-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12242
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4. Washington, DC: Author; 1994
  • American Psychiatric Association (1996), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., (3rd ed. revised 1987), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 Ames, D. L., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). Intentional harms are worse, even when they’re not. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1755-1762. doi: 10.1177/0956797613480507
  • Arias, I., Lyons, C. M., & Street, A. E. (1997). Individual and marital consequences of victimization: Moderating effects of relationship efficacy and spouse support. Journal of Family Violence, 12, 193–210. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1023/A:1022888728475
  • Aytac, S., Bozkurt, V., Bayram, N., Yildiz, S., Aytac, M., Akinci, F. S., & Bilgel, N. (2011). Workplace violence: a study of Turkish workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 17(4), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2011.11076902
  • Barron, O. (2003) Workplace violence and bullying: Your rights, what to do and where to go for help. Melbourne: Jobwatch and WorkSafe Victoria. Retrieved from: https://www.daru.org.au
  • Belsey, B. (n.d) Cyberbullying: An emerging threat to the “always on” generation. www.cyberbullying.ca (accessed May 1, 2023)
  • Bernaldo-De-Quirós, M., Piccini, A.T., Gómez, M.M. & Cerdeira, J.C. (2015). Psychological consequences of aggression in pre-hospital emergency care: Cross sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52, 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.05.011
  • Boyle, M. J. & Wallis, J. (2016). Working towards a defnition for workplace violence actions in the health sector. Safety in Health, 2(1),1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40886-016-0015-8
  • Chen, L., & Cheng, Y. (2017). Perceived severity of cyberbullying behaviour: Differences between genders, grades and participant roles. Educational Psychology, 37(5), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2016.1202898
  • Chu, X. W., Fan, C. Y., Liu, Q. Q., & Zhou, Z. K. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and symptoms of depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents: Examining hopelessness as a mediator and self-compassion as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 377–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.039
  • Cole, L. L., P. Grubb, S.L. Sauter, N.G. Swanson & P. Lawless. (1997). Psychosocial correlates of harassment, threats and fear of violence in the workplace. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 23 (6), 450–457. DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.268
  • Cooper, C., & Swanson, N. (2002). Workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization, World Health Organization, International Council of Nurses.
  • Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710–722. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x
  • Dalvand, S., Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Najafi, F., Zahednezhad, H. & Sayehmiri, K. (2018). The prevalence of workplace violence against iranian nurses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 19(9), e65923 https://doi.org/10.5812/semj.65923
  • Di Martino, V. & Musri, M. (2001). Guidance forthe prevention of stress and violence at the workplace. In Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia and International Labour Organization.
  • Dursun, S. & Aytaç, S. (2021a). The prevalence of violence against healthcare workers in Turkey and employee job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(6), 1607-1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561607
  • Dursun, S. & Aytaç, S. (2021b). Workplace violence against police officers and the effect of workplace violence on mental health. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 15(12), 3491-3493. DOI: 10.53350/pjmhs2115123491
  • Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414854
  • Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4), 379–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00043-3
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902815673
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice (pp. 1-39). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
  • Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Zapf, D., Porrúa, C., & Martín-Peña, J. (2009). Perceived severity of various bullying behaviours at work and the relevance of exposure to bullying. Work & Stress, 23(3), 191-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678370903289639
  • European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2015). Workplace Violence. https://oshwiki.osha.europa.eu/en/themes/workplace-violence
  • Fischer, T., Van Reemst, L., & De Jong, J. (2016). Workplace aggression toward local government employees: Target characteristics. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 29(1), 30-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-05-2015-0100
  • Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J. & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied. Social Psychology, 17, 425-445. https://doi.org /10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
  • Gardner, B. (2014). Black's law dictionary. St. Paul, MN : Thomson Reuters.
  • Gerberich, S. G., Church, T. R., McGovern, P. M., Hansen, H. E., Nachreiner, N. M., Geisser, M. S., Ryan, A. D., Mongin, S. J., & Watt, G. D. (2004). An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses' Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(6), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2003.007294
  • Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
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  • Hogh, A., Mikkelsen, E. G., & Hansen, Å. M. (2011). Individual consequences of workplace bullying/mobbing. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research and Practice (2.ed. ed., pp. 107-128). CRC Press.
  • Hogh, A., Hansen, A. M., Mikkelsen, E. G., & Persson, R. (2012). Exposure to negative acts at work, psychological stress reactions and physiological stress response. Journal of psychosomatic research, 73(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.04.004
  • International Labour Office [ILO]. (2022). Experiences of violence and harassment at work: A global first survey, Geneva:https://doi.org/10.54394/IOAX8567 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_863095.pdf
  • International Labour Office [ILO]. (2020). Şiddet ve tacizle mücadele işyeri politika belgesi. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_865042.pdf
  • International Labour Office [ILO]. (2021). Violence and Harrasment in the world of work. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_814507.pdf
  • Kang, M. & Gong, T. (2019). Dysfunctional customer behavior: conceptualization and empirical validation. Service Business, 13(4), 625–646. DOI: 10.1007/s11628-019-00398-1
  • Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.5.2.119
  • Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414853
  • Li, X. & Zhou, E. (2013). Influence of customer verbal aggression on employee turnover intention. Management Decision, 1(4), 890–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251741311326635
  • Löfgren Nilsson, M. & H. Örnebring. (2016). Journalism under threat: Intimidation and harassment of Swedish journalists. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 880–890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1164614
  • Magnavita, N., Heponiemi, T., & Chirico, F. (2020). Workplace violence is associated with impaired work functioning in nurses: An Italian cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(3), 281–291. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12549
  • Manier, A. O., Kelloway, E. K., & Francis, L. (2017). Damaging the workplace: Consequences for people and organizations. In N. A. Bowling & M. S. Hershcovis (Eds.), Research and theory on workplace aggression (pp. 62-89). Cambridge University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1017/9781316160930.004
  • Mikkelsen, E. G., & Einarsen, S. (2001). Bullying in Danish Work-Life: Prevalence and Health Correlates. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,10, 393-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000816
  • Millon, T., Davis, R., Millon, C., Escovar, L., & Meagher, S. (2000), Personality disorders in modern life. New York: John Wiley
  • National Association of Social Workers (2022). Protecting social workers and health professionals from workplace violence act. https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=KC9ZuSiXjkk%3d&portalid=0
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH]. (2002). Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/.
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH]. (2022). Occupational Violence. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/violence/default.html
  • Neumann, J. E. (1989). Why people don't participate in organizational change in Woodman, R.W. and Pasmore, W.A. (Eds). Research in Organizational Change and Development, Vol. 3, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 181-212.
  • Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2008). Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.128
  • Nielsen, M.B. & Einarsen, S. (2012). Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review. Work and Stress, 26(4), 309-32. DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2012.734709
  • Nielsen, M. B. & Einarsen, S. V. (2018). What we know, what we do not know, and what we should and could have known about workplace bullying: An overview of the literature and agenda for future research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 42, 71-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.007
  • NIOSH (2020). Types of Workplace Violence. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/WPVHC/Nurses/Course/Slide/Unit1_5
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2015). Preventing workplace violence: A roadmap for healthcare facilities. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/OSHA3827.pdf
  • OÊLeary, K. D., & Jouriles, E. N. (1994). Psychological abuse between adult partners: Prevalence and effects on partners and children. In L. LÊAbate (Ed.), Handbook of developmental family psychology and psychopathology (pp. 330–349). London: Wiley
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]. (2015). Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare and social service workers. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/osha3148.pdf
  • Olsson, A. & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Social learning of fear. Nature neuroscience, 10(9), 1095–1102. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1968
  • Peek-Asa, C. (2001). Workplace violence in municipal occupations. Occupational Medicine, 16(1), 109-123.
  • Pinar, T., Acikel, C., Pinar, G., Karabulut, E., Saygun, M., Bariskin, E., Guidotti, T. L., Akdur, R., Sabuncu, H., Bodur, S., Egri, M., Bakir, B., Acikgoz, E. M., Atceken, I., & Cengiz, M. (2017). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector in Turkey: A National Study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(15), 2345–2365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515591976
  • Priesemuth, M., Mitchell, M., & Folger, R. (2017). Third-party reactions to workplace aggression. In N. Bowling & M. Hershcovis (Eds.), Research and theory on workplace aggression (pp. 156-185). Cambridge University Press.
  • Roche, M., Diers, D., Duffield, C., & Catling-Paull, C. (2010). Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes. Journal of nursing scholarship:an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 42(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01321.x
  • Rodwell, J. & Demir, D. (2012) Psychological consequences of bullying for hospital and aged care nurses. International Nursing Review, 59, 539-546. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01018.x
  • Rowe, M. M & Sherlock, H. (2005). Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: do burned out nurses eat their young? Journal of Nursing Management, 13(3), 242–248. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00533.x.
  • Schat A. C. H., Kelloway E. K. (2005). Workplace aggression. In Barling J., Kelloway E. K., Frone M. R. (Eds.), Handbook of work stress (pp. 189-218). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Spector, P.E., Zhou, Z.E., & Che, X.X. (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010
  • Teferralikassa, & Jira, C. (2014). Assessment of the prevalence and predictors of workplace violence against nurses working in referral hospitals of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. JIMS8M: The Journal of Indian Management & Strategy, 20, 61-64. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9343.2015.00009.5
  • Vartia M. A. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to the well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(1), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.588
  • World Health Organization (2003). Workplace Violence in the Health Sector - Country Case Study Research Instruments - Survey Questionnaire. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/workplace-violence-in-the-health-sector---country-case-study-research-instruments---survey-questionnaire
  • World Health Organization (2002). Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. International Labour Office ILO International Council of Nurses ICN. WHO (2014). Global Status report on violence prevention 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization,http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/
  • Woelfle, C.Y. & McCaffrey, R. (2007). Nurse on nurse. Nursing Forum, 42, 123-131. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2007.00076.x
  • Workplace Bullying Institute (2021). Workplace Bullying Survey Results. https://workplacebullying.org/
  • Wynne, R., Clarkin, N., Cox, T., & Griffiths, A. (1997). Guidance on the prevention of violence at work, Luxembourg: European Commission, DG-V. (Ref. CE/VI-4/97). Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S.V. (2001). Bullying in the workplace: Recent trends in research and practice−an introduction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 369 - 373. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000807
  • Zeng, J. Y., An, F. R., Xiang, Y. T., Qi, Y. K., Ungvari, G. S., Newhouse, R., Yu, D. S., Lai, K. Y., Yu, L. Y., Ding, Y. M., Tang, W. K., Wu, P. P., Hou, Z. J., ve Chiu, H. F. (2013). Frequency and risk factors of workplace violence on psychiatric nurses and its impact on their quality of life in China. Psychiatry Research, 210(2), 510–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.013
  • Yang, L-Q., Spector, P.E., Chang, C-HD., Gallant-Roman, M. & Powell, J. (2012) Psychosocial precursors and physical consequences of workplace violence towards nurses: A longitudinal examination with naturally occurring groups in hospital settings. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49, 1091-1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.03.006
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Merve Mamacı 0000-0001-7882-3670

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Mamacı, M. (2023). Workplace Aggression and Violence. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Ve Eğitim Dergisi, 5(8), 187-212.

 https://dergipark.org.tr/usbed

Baş Editör: Prof. Dr. Aytekin Demircioğlu

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