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Towards the artificial intelligence management in sports

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 100 - 113, 15.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.845994

Öz

Aim: This paper discusses the new technological developments in artificial intelligence embracing the world and aims to offer an overview as well as some evaluations of positive and negative effects on sports.

Methods: This paper discusses different types of reviews and articles by using literature review and description method, to offer an overview, proposition, comparison and critic on topic.

Conceptual framework: The current technology which is developing around the world is making revolutionary progress in the field of sports. Especially the development of technology and the use of Artificial Intelligence provide to individuals and the society new opportunities for sports and sports management. This situation paves the way for efficient and effective management in sports by allowing sports managers to include certain levels of technology in decision-making processes. In line with these developments, if the administrators benefit at the highest level, the development in the field of sports will be able to move forward with a more dynamic acceleration. For the development of sports, it is possible to make a path towards predictive and accurate decisions by using Artificial Intelligence models developed in the field of sports around the world to prevent problems before they arise. For this purpose, in this literature review, new technological developments in artificial intelligence covering the world sports service and industry are scanned and examined in terms of the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence in sports. In the study, it is concluded that sports field is now in the phase of being under the influence of artificial intelligence. Some evaluations and suggestions are presented in this direction.

Conclusion: The artificial intelligence usage in sports and sports related event may have incredible assistance for reliable and precised games or competitions. However, in case of unlimited usage of technological opportunity in human life, today's sports, whose base is essentially human, may be in danger.


Kaynakça

  • Adlassnig, K.P. (2002). Artificial-intelligence-augmented systems (Editorial). Artificial intelligence in medicine. 24(1), 1-4.
  • Akınrobotics. (2020). Akıncı. Retrieved from: https://www.akinrobotics.com/tr/hakkimizda,
  • Aksu, H. (2020). Türkiye Yapay Zeka İnisiyatifi (TRAI). Retrieved from: https://turkiye.ai/yapay-zeka-etkisi-ara-kademe-yonetici-kalmayacak/
  • Altuntaş, E. & Çelik, T. (2020). Yapay Zeka. Retrieved from: http://bagem.tripod.com/bagem/yz3.html
  • Aydın, İ. H., & Değirmenci, C. H. (2018). Yapay Zeka. İstanbul: Girdap Yayınları.
  • Ayvaz, T. (2020). Deep learning, derin öğrenme nedir? Retrieved from: https://www.mediaclick.com.tr/blog/deep-learning-derin-ogrenme-nedir.
  • Baca, A., & Kornfeind, P. (2012) Stability analysis of motion pattern in Biathlon shooting. Human Movement Science 31(2), 295-302.
  • Baca, A., Kornfeind, P., Preuschl, E., Bichler, S., Tampier, M., & Novatchkov, H. (2010). A server –based mobile coaching system. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/s101210640.
  • Barlow, A., & Sriskandarajah, S. (2019). Artificial intelligence application to the sports industry. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com.au/industry/sports/artificial-intelligence-application-to-the-sports-industry.pdf
  • Barr. G. (2020). How artificial intelligence plays into the future of sports technology. Retrieved from: https://www.sporttechie.com/artificial-intelligence-plays-future-sports-technology/
  • Bartlett, R. & Lamb, P. (2011). The use of artificial neural networks in studying movement coordination. In: Proceedings of 8th international symposium of the international association of computer science in sports. Shanghai, China. 22-33.
  • Bengio, Y., LeCun, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature journal. 521 (7553), 436–444.
  • Boddhu, S. K., & Gallagher, J. C. (2012). Qualitative functional decomposition analysis of evolved neuromorphic flight controllers. Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing. (6). 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/705483.
  • Boston Dynamics. (2020). Spot. Retrieved from: https://www.bostondynamics.com/about,
  • Bozdoğan, Z. (2015). Nesnelerin interneti için tasarim mimarisi. (Yüksek lisans tezi), Düzce Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce 37.
  • Claudino, J.G., Capanema, D.D., De Souza, T.V. et al. (2019). Current approaches to the use of artificial intelligence for injury risk assessment and performance prediction in team sports: a systematic review. Sports Med – Open. 5, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0202-3
  • Ekmekçi, R. (2013). Spor yönetimi. Yayın no: 2883. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi yayınevi.
  • Elmas, Ç. (2003). Yapay sinir ağları. Ankara: Seçkin yayınevi.
  • Ersoy, Ç. (2017). Robotlar, yapay zeka ve hukuk. İstanbul: Onikilevha Yayınları.
  • Ghasemzadeh, H., & Jafari, R. (2011) Coordination analysis of human movements with body sensor networks: A signal processing model to evaluate baseball swings. IEEE Sensors Journal 11(3), 603-610.
  • Ghasemzadeh, H., Loseu, V., & Jafari, R. (2009) Wearable coach for sport training: A quantitative model to evaluate wrist-rotation in golf. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments.1, 1-12.
  • Gültekin, Ö. (2006). Satranç ve yapay zeka tartişmalarindaki yeri, Journal of Istanbul Kültür University, 2006/3, 119-128.
  • Günyol, A. (2020). Yarı insan, yarı robot varlıkların çağı geliyor. Anadolu Ajamsı. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/yari-insan-yari-robot-varliklarin-cagi-geliyor/1534954
  • Handley, L. (2020) Zhang Zhao artificial intelligence speaker. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/09/the-worlds-first-ai-news-anchor-has-gone-live-in-china.html,
  • Hanson Robotics. (2020). Sophia. Retrieved from: https://www.hansonrobotics.com/sophia-2020/
  • Havelsan-1, (2020). Artırılmış Gerçeklik. Retrieved from: https://www.havelsan.com.tr/innovation/yeni-teknolojiler/inovasyon-ar-ge/artirilmis-gerceklik/arttirilmis-gerceklik,
  • Havelsan-2, (2020). ASGER. Available from: https://www.havelsan.com.tr/sektorler/savunma-ve-guvenlik/kara/arttirilmis-gerceklik/havelsan-asger,
  • IBM. (2020). Summit. Retrieved from: https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/initiatives/activitykits/summit/,
  • Intel, (2020). Neuromorphic computing. Retrieved from: https://www.intel.com.tr/content/www/tr/tr/research/neuromorphic-computing.html,
  • Joshi, N., (2019). Here's how A.I. will change the world of sports. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/03/15/heres-how-ai-will-change-the-world-of-sports/?fbclid=IwAR27gUj_p0t1byFDrwTQNBwX9YDn2OAtpfL3AGukZCmmUdkxiFkIPrZ_ung#18a13c3f556b/Translation:
  • Çakmak, S. Retrieved from: http://inovasyon101.com/yapay-zeka-spor/
  • Karaduman, T. (2019). Yapay zekâ uygulama alanlari. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/16703256/Yapay_zeka_makale_09_06, 1-11.
  • Kolbjornsrud, V., Amico R., & Thomas, R. (2016). How artificial intelligence will redefine management. Harvard Buziness Review. 2, 1-6.
  • Köroğlu, Y. (2017). Yapay Zeka’nın teorik ve pratik sınırları. 6. Evrim, Bilim, ve Eğitim Sempozyumu. İstanbul.
  • Korucu, A, T. (2007). Bulanık mantik problemleri için türkçe görsel bir arayüz tasarimi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Lamb, P., Barlett, R., & Robins A. (2010). Self-Organising Maps: An Objective Method for Clustering Complex Human Movement. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 9(1), 20-29.
  • Lapham, A. & Barlett, R. (1995). The use of artificial intelligence in the analysis of sports performance: A review of applications in human gait analysisand future directions for sports biomechanics. Journal of Sport Sciences, 13, 229-237.
  • Larousse. (2020). Definition de transhumanizm. Retrieved from: https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/transhumanisme/188207,
  • Lexique. (2020). Definition de transhumanizm. Retrieved from: http://www.psychomedia.qc.ca/lexique#lexicon-tacite,
  • Mashinchi, J. (2020). How AI can help improve sports performance. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge-design.com/news-and-articles/blog/how-ai-can-help-improve-sports-performance
  • Musk, E. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. Retrieved from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703801v4.full.pdf,
  • Novatchkov, H., & Baca, A. (2013). Artificial intelligence in sports on the example of weight training. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(1), 27–37.
  • Pirim, H. (2006). “Yapay Zeka”, Journal of Yaşar University. 1(1), 81-93.
  • Roy, B. (2019). How the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (Ml) impacting sports. Retrieved from: https://towardsdatascience.com/ai-augmented-sports-revolution-5c0727ba7004,
  • Say, C. (2018). 50 soruda yapay zeka. İstanbul: 7 Renk Basım Yayın.
  • Sennaar, K. (2019). Artificial intelligence in sports – current and future applications. Retrieved from: https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/artificial-intelligence-in-sports/
  • Siddiqui, A. (2017). Altra Torin IQ smart shoes – your running coach. Retrieved from: https://www.sportswearable.net/altra-torin-iq-smart-shoes-running-coach/
  • Siddiqui, M. (2020). PrecisionWEAR: The A.I. run sports wearable. Retrieved from: https://www.sportswearable.net/precisionwear-i-run-sports-wearable/
  • TDK. (2020). Zeka nedir? Retrieved from: https://sozluk.gov.tr.
  • Technogym. (2020). Future sport. Retrieved from: https://www.technogym.com/int/newsroom/future-sport/ TKF. (2017). Kayak akademisi - simülatörlü eğitim. Retrieved from: https://www.tkfkayakakademisi.com/simulatorlu-egitim.html,

Sporda yapay zekâ yönetimine doğru

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 100 - 113, 15.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.845994

Öz

Amaç: Bu makale, dünyayı kapsayan yapay zeka alanındaki yeni teknolojik gelişmeleri tartışmakta ve spor üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerine dair bazı değerlendirmelerin yanı sıra, genel bir bakış sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Yöntem: Çalışmada, konuyla ilgili bir genel bakış, öneri, karşılaştırma ve eleştiri sunmak için farklı türdeki derlemeleri ve makaleleri tartışmayı amaçlayan, literatür tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

Kavramsal Çerçeve: Günümüzde gelişen teknolojinin toplumlar tarafından benimsenerek yaygın kullanması, spor alanında da devrimsel yeniliklere yol açmaktadır. Gelişen teknoloji ve bu teknolojinin bireylere ve topluma sunduğu Yapay Zekâ kullanımı, spor ve spor yönetimine de yeni fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu durum spor yöneticilerinin karar alma süreçlerinde belirli düzeylerde teknolojinin de yer almasına izin verilmesiyle, sporda verimli ve etkin yönetimin önü açılmaktadır. Bu gelişmelerin doğrultusunda yöneticilerin de en üst düzeyde faydalanması durumunda, ülkemizin spor alanındaki gelişimi daha dinamik bir ivmelenme ile ileriye taşınması mümkün olacaktır. Spordaki gelişim için, spor yöneticilerinin dünyada spor alanında geliştirilen Yapay Zekâ modellerinden faydalanarak, daha problemler türemeden problemleri engelleme gibi, öngörülü ve isabetli kararlara doğru bir yol açılması mümkündür. Bu amaçla mevcut betimsel çalışmada, dünya spor hizmetini ve endüstrisini kapsayan yapay zeka alanındaki yeni teknolojik gelişmeler taranmış ve yapay zekanın spordaki olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmamızda sporun da artık yapay zeka etkisine girme aşamasında olduğu sonucuna ulaşılarak, bu doğrultuda bazı değerlendirme ve öneriler sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Sonuç: Yapay Zeka'nın spor etkinliklerinde ve çevresinde kullanılması, güvenilir ve hassas bir maç için inanılmaz bir yardım sağlayabilir. Ancak teknolojik imkanların insan hayatında sınırsız kullanılması durumunda, temeli esasen insan olan günümüz spor olgusu tehlikeye atılabilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Adlassnig, K.P. (2002). Artificial-intelligence-augmented systems (Editorial). Artificial intelligence in medicine. 24(1), 1-4.
  • Akınrobotics. (2020). Akıncı. Retrieved from: https://www.akinrobotics.com/tr/hakkimizda,
  • Aksu, H. (2020). Türkiye Yapay Zeka İnisiyatifi (TRAI). Retrieved from: https://turkiye.ai/yapay-zeka-etkisi-ara-kademe-yonetici-kalmayacak/
  • Altuntaş, E. & Çelik, T. (2020). Yapay Zeka. Retrieved from: http://bagem.tripod.com/bagem/yz3.html
  • Aydın, İ. H., & Değirmenci, C. H. (2018). Yapay Zeka. İstanbul: Girdap Yayınları.
  • Ayvaz, T. (2020). Deep learning, derin öğrenme nedir? Retrieved from: https://www.mediaclick.com.tr/blog/deep-learning-derin-ogrenme-nedir.
  • Baca, A., & Kornfeind, P. (2012) Stability analysis of motion pattern in Biathlon shooting. Human Movement Science 31(2), 295-302.
  • Baca, A., Kornfeind, P., Preuschl, E., Bichler, S., Tampier, M., & Novatchkov, H. (2010). A server –based mobile coaching system. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/s101210640.
  • Barlow, A., & Sriskandarajah, S. (2019). Artificial intelligence application to the sports industry. Retrieved from: https://www.pwc.com.au/industry/sports/artificial-intelligence-application-to-the-sports-industry.pdf
  • Barr. G. (2020). How artificial intelligence plays into the future of sports technology. Retrieved from: https://www.sporttechie.com/artificial-intelligence-plays-future-sports-technology/
  • Bartlett, R. & Lamb, P. (2011). The use of artificial neural networks in studying movement coordination. In: Proceedings of 8th international symposium of the international association of computer science in sports. Shanghai, China. 22-33.
  • Bengio, Y., LeCun, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature journal. 521 (7553), 436–444.
  • Boddhu, S. K., & Gallagher, J. C. (2012). Qualitative functional decomposition analysis of evolved neuromorphic flight controllers. Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing. (6). 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/705483.
  • Boston Dynamics. (2020). Spot. Retrieved from: https://www.bostondynamics.com/about,
  • Bozdoğan, Z. (2015). Nesnelerin interneti için tasarim mimarisi. (Yüksek lisans tezi), Düzce Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Düzce 37.
  • Claudino, J.G., Capanema, D.D., De Souza, T.V. et al. (2019). Current approaches to the use of artificial intelligence for injury risk assessment and performance prediction in team sports: a systematic review. Sports Med – Open. 5, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0202-3
  • Ekmekçi, R. (2013). Spor yönetimi. Yayın no: 2883. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi yayınevi.
  • Elmas, Ç. (2003). Yapay sinir ağları. Ankara: Seçkin yayınevi.
  • Ersoy, Ç. (2017). Robotlar, yapay zeka ve hukuk. İstanbul: Onikilevha Yayınları.
  • Ghasemzadeh, H., & Jafari, R. (2011) Coordination analysis of human movements with body sensor networks: A signal processing model to evaluate baseball swings. IEEE Sensors Journal 11(3), 603-610.
  • Ghasemzadeh, H., Loseu, V., & Jafari, R. (2009) Wearable coach for sport training: A quantitative model to evaluate wrist-rotation in golf. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments.1, 1-12.
  • Gültekin, Ö. (2006). Satranç ve yapay zeka tartişmalarindaki yeri, Journal of Istanbul Kültür University, 2006/3, 119-128.
  • Günyol, A. (2020). Yarı insan, yarı robot varlıkların çağı geliyor. Anadolu Ajamsı. Retrieved from: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/yari-insan-yari-robot-varliklarin-cagi-geliyor/1534954
  • Handley, L. (2020) Zhang Zhao artificial intelligence speaker. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/09/the-worlds-first-ai-news-anchor-has-gone-live-in-china.html,
  • Hanson Robotics. (2020). Sophia. Retrieved from: https://www.hansonrobotics.com/sophia-2020/
  • Havelsan-1, (2020). Artırılmış Gerçeklik. Retrieved from: https://www.havelsan.com.tr/innovation/yeni-teknolojiler/inovasyon-ar-ge/artirilmis-gerceklik/arttirilmis-gerceklik,
  • Havelsan-2, (2020). ASGER. Available from: https://www.havelsan.com.tr/sektorler/savunma-ve-guvenlik/kara/arttirilmis-gerceklik/havelsan-asger,
  • IBM. (2020). Summit. Retrieved from: https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/initiatives/activitykits/summit/,
  • Intel, (2020). Neuromorphic computing. Retrieved from: https://www.intel.com.tr/content/www/tr/tr/research/neuromorphic-computing.html,
  • Joshi, N., (2019). Here's how A.I. will change the world of sports. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/03/15/heres-how-ai-will-change-the-world-of-sports/?fbclid=IwAR27gUj_p0t1byFDrwTQNBwX9YDn2OAtpfL3AGukZCmmUdkxiFkIPrZ_ung#18a13c3f556b/Translation:
  • Çakmak, S. Retrieved from: http://inovasyon101.com/yapay-zeka-spor/
  • Karaduman, T. (2019). Yapay zekâ uygulama alanlari. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/16703256/Yapay_zeka_makale_09_06, 1-11.
  • Kolbjornsrud, V., Amico R., & Thomas, R. (2016). How artificial intelligence will redefine management. Harvard Buziness Review. 2, 1-6.
  • Köroğlu, Y. (2017). Yapay Zeka’nın teorik ve pratik sınırları. 6. Evrim, Bilim, ve Eğitim Sempozyumu. İstanbul.
  • Korucu, A, T. (2007). Bulanık mantik problemleri için türkçe görsel bir arayüz tasarimi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Lamb, P., Barlett, R., & Robins A. (2010). Self-Organising Maps: An Objective Method for Clustering Complex Human Movement. International Journal of Computer Science in Sport, 9(1), 20-29.
  • Lapham, A. & Barlett, R. (1995). The use of artificial intelligence in the analysis of sports performance: A review of applications in human gait analysisand future directions for sports biomechanics. Journal of Sport Sciences, 13, 229-237.
  • Larousse. (2020). Definition de transhumanizm. Retrieved from: https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/transhumanisme/188207,
  • Lexique. (2020). Definition de transhumanizm. Retrieved from: http://www.psychomedia.qc.ca/lexique#lexicon-tacite,
  • Mashinchi, J. (2020). How AI can help improve sports performance. Retrieved from: https://www.cambridge-design.com/news-and-articles/blog/how-ai-can-help-improve-sports-performance
  • Musk, E. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. Retrieved from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703801v4.full.pdf,
  • Novatchkov, H., & Baca, A. (2013). Artificial intelligence in sports on the example of weight training. Journal of sports science & medicine, 12(1), 27–37.
  • Pirim, H. (2006). “Yapay Zeka”, Journal of Yaşar University. 1(1), 81-93.
  • Roy, B. (2019). How the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (Ml) impacting sports. Retrieved from: https://towardsdatascience.com/ai-augmented-sports-revolution-5c0727ba7004,
  • Say, C. (2018). 50 soruda yapay zeka. İstanbul: 7 Renk Basım Yayın.
  • Sennaar, K. (2019). Artificial intelligence in sports – current and future applications. Retrieved from: https://emerj.com/ai-sector-overviews/artificial-intelligence-in-sports/
  • Siddiqui, A. (2017). Altra Torin IQ smart shoes – your running coach. Retrieved from: https://www.sportswearable.net/altra-torin-iq-smart-shoes-running-coach/
  • Siddiqui, M. (2020). PrecisionWEAR: The A.I. run sports wearable. Retrieved from: https://www.sportswearable.net/precisionwear-i-run-sports-wearable/
  • TDK. (2020). Zeka nedir? Retrieved from: https://sozluk.gov.tr.
  • Technogym. (2020). Future sport. Retrieved from: https://www.technogym.com/int/newsroom/future-sport/ TKF. (2017). Kayak akademisi - simülatörlü eğitim. Retrieved from: https://www.tkfkayakakademisi.com/simulatorlu-egitim.html,
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm SPOR YÖNETİM BİLİMLERİ
Yazarlar

Berkan Atasoy 0000-0003-1439-7435

Mehmet Efe 0000-0003-2247-586X

Varol Tutal 0000-0001-5647-9370

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Atasoy, B., Efe, M., & Tutal, V. (2021). Towards the artificial intelligence management in sports. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 7(3), 100-113. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.845994