Araştırma Makalesi
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Examining the Mental Training Data of E-Athletes and Traditional Athletes

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 266 - 274, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1747641

Öz

Aim: This study aimed to compare the mental training data of e-sports players and traditional athletes.
Methods: A total of 210 athletes (113 traditional athletes and 97 e-sports players) participated in the study. Data was collected using a mixed-method approach (online and face-to-face surveys) between September 2024 and November 2024. The Sports Mental Training Inventory (SZAE) was used to measure participants' mental training skills.
Results: According to the findings, e-sports athletes were found to have significantly higher mental training skills than traditional athletes in terms of mental basic skills, mental performance skills, and total scale scores. It was found that athletes participating in international competitions had higher mental training skills in all sub-dimensions of the mental training scale and in the total score. However, the perception of e-sports as a sport only created a significant difference in the ‘self-talk’ sub-dimension, with individuals who did not perceive e-sports as a sport scoring higher in this sub-dimension.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the unique mental demands of e-sports and the critical role of elite-level competition in mental preparation. The study offers important insights into the development of customized mental training programs for e-sports athletes and an understanding of the changing nature of sport.

Kaynakça

  • Altıparmak, Y. (2019). Temaslı ve temassız spor branşlarıyla uğraşan sporcular üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi.
  • Andreato, L. V., dos Santos, M. G., & Andrade, A. (2022). What do we know about the effects of mental training applied to combat sports? A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102267
  • Aydın, H. (2023). E-spor oyuncularının duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile karar verme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi.
  • Bányai, F., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). The psychology of esports: A systematic literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(2), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9763-1
  • Başaran, Z., Çil, F., Bulut, N., & Altuntaş, S. B. (2022). Geleneksel sporcular ile esporcuların iletişim beceri düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies - Social Sciences, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.63476
  • Behlau, C., Dreiskaemper, D., & Strauss, B. (2025). Team dynamics in esports and traditional sports: similarities and differences. Team Performance Management: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-08-2024-0092
  • Birrer, D., & Morgan, G. (2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high‐intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01188.x
  • Carrani, L. M., Riera, A. B., Altarriba-Bartés, A., Gil-Puga, B., Gonzalez, A. P., Piniés-Penadés, G., ... Peña, J. (2022). Are eSports players comparable to traditional athletes? A cross-sectional study. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport, 40(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2022.40.2.83-92
  • Collins, T. J. (2017). Psychological skills training manual for eSports athletes. Master Thesis, Bowling Green State University.
  • Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Merellano-Navarro, E., & Duclos-Bastías, D. (2022). Professional Esports Players: Motivation and Physical Activity Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042256
  • Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
  • Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200801998556
  • Gülşen, D. B. A., Yıldız, A. B., Bayköse, N., & Eryücel, M. E. (2018). Bireysel ve takım sporu yapan spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin kendinle konuşma düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 1(2), 58–66.
  • Hamari, J., & Sjöblom, M. (2017). What is eSports and why do people watch it?. Internet research, 27(2), 211-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085
  • Hanefioğlu, A. N., Kubilay, M. N., & Yüksel, A. (2024). E-sporda fiziksel aktivite, sağlık ve beslenme. SABİTED, 4(2), 57–66.
  • Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, L. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of sports sciences, 23(9), 905–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500130706
  • Holland, M. J., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2010). Mental qualities and employed mental techniques of young elite team sport athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.19
  • Ihsan, F., Nasrulloh, A., Nugroho, S., & Yuniana, R. (2024). Mental training strategies in improving sport performance: A literature review. Journal of Athletic Performance, 24(3), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG020ATIP
  • Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (22. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Koç, İ. (2023). Elit sporcuların zihinsel antrenman becerilerinin incelenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 55–69.
  • Kozak, M., Zorba, E., & Bayrakdar, A. (2021). Sporcularda zihinsel antrenman becerileri ile bilinçli farkındalık. Journal of Sport for All and Recreation, 3(2), 89–97.
  • Luchoro-Parrilla, R., Lavega-Burgués, P., Damian-Silva, S., Prat, Q., Sáez de Ocáriz, U., Ormo-Ribes, E., & Pic, M. (2021). Traditional games as cultural heritage: The case of Canary Islands (Spain) from an ethnomotor perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 586238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586238
  • Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). The effects of a mental training program on juniors' pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437903
  • Mancı, E., Güdücü, Ç., Günay, E., Güvendi, G., Campbell, M., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2024). The relationship between esports game genres and cognitive performance: A comparison between first-person shooter vs. multiplayer online battle arena games in younger adults. Entertainment Computing, 50, 100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100640
  • Menteş, G., & Saygın, Ö. (2019). E-spor ve geleneksel spor ile uğraşan sporcuların zihinsel dayanıklılık ve bilişsel esneklik durumlarının incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 5(4), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.639062
  • Nicholls, A. R. (2021). Spor koçluğunda psikoloji: Teori ve pratik. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003201441
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory: 2d Ed. McGraw-Hill.
  • Osborne, J. W., & Costello, A. B. (2004). Sample size and subject to item ratio in principal components analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.7275/ktzq-jq66
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68
  • Sandars, J., Jenkins, L., Church, H., Patel, R., Rumbold, J., Maden, M., ... & Brown, J. (2022). Applying sport psychology in health professions education: A systematic review of performance mental skills training. Medical Teacher, 44(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1966403
  • Tang, D., Sum, R. K., Li, M., Ma, R., Chung, P., & Ho, R. W. (2023). What is esports? A systematic scoping review and concept analysis of esports. Heliyon, 9(12), e23248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23248
  • Xiong, J. (2012). The functions and methods of mental training on competitive sports. Physics Procedia, 33, 2011–2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.05.316
  • Yarayan, Y. E., & İlhan, E. L. (2018). Sporda zihinsel antrenman envanteri’nin (SZAE) uyarlama çalışması. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 23(4), 205–218.

E-Sporcular ile Geleneksel Sporcuların Zihinsel Antrenman Verilerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 266 - 274, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1747641

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, e-sporcular ile geleneksel sporcuların zihinsel antrenman verilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemeyi amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırmaya toplam 210 sporcu (113 geleneksel sporcu, 97 e-sporcu) katılmıştır. Veriler, karma yöntem (çevrimiçi ve yüz yüze anket) aracılığıyla Eylül 2024-Kasım 2024 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların zihinsel antrenman becerilerini ölçmek amacıyla Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri (SZAE) kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgulara göre, e-sporcuların zihinsel temel beceriler, zihinsel performans becerileri ve ölçek toplam puanında geleneksel sporculara kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek zihinsel antrenman becerilerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uluslararası yarışmalara katılan sporcuların, zihinsel antrenman ölçeğinin tüm alt boyutlarında ve toplam puanında daha yüksek zihinsel antrenman becerilerine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. E-sporu spor olarak görme durumunun ise sadece "kendinle konuşma" alt boyutunda anlamlı bir fark yarattığı ve e-sporu spor olarak görmeyen bireylerin bu alt boyutta daha yüksek puan aldığı saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu bulgular, e-sporun kendine özgü zihinsel taleplerini ve elit düzeyde rekabetin zihinsel hazırlık üzerindeki kritik rolünü vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, e-sporculara yönelik özelleştirilmiş zihinsel antrenman programlarının geliştirilmesi ve sporun değişen doğasının anlaşılması açısından önemli çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Altıparmak, Y. (2019). Temaslı ve temassız spor branşlarıyla uğraşan sporcular üzerine bir araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi.
  • Andreato, L. V., dos Santos, M. G., & Andrade, A. (2022). What do we know about the effects of mental training applied to combat sports? A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102267
  • Aydın, H. (2023). E-spor oyuncularının duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile karar verme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi.
  • Bányai, F., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). The psychology of esports: A systematic literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 35(2), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-018-9763-1
  • Başaran, Z., Çil, F., Bulut, N., & Altuntaş, S. B. (2022). Geleneksel sporcular ile esporcuların iletişim beceri düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies - Social Sciences, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.63476
  • Behlau, C., Dreiskaemper, D., & Strauss, B. (2025). Team dynamics in esports and traditional sports: similarities and differences. Team Performance Management: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/TPM-08-2024-0092
  • Birrer, D., & Morgan, G. (2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high‐intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01188.x
  • Carrani, L. M., Riera, A. B., Altarriba-Bartés, A., Gil-Puga, B., Gonzalez, A. P., Piniés-Penadés, G., ... Peña, J. (2022). Are eSports players comparable to traditional athletes? A cross-sectional study. Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport, 40(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2022.40.2.83-92
  • Collins, T. J. (2017). Psychological skills training manual for eSports athletes. Master Thesis, Bowling Green State University.
  • Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Merellano-Navarro, E., & Duclos-Bastías, D. (2022). Professional Esports Players: Motivation and Physical Activity Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042256
  • Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
  • Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200801998556
  • Gülşen, D. B. A., Yıldız, A. B., Bayköse, N., & Eryücel, M. E. (2018). Bireysel ve takım sporu yapan spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin kendinle konuşma düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 1(2), 58–66.
  • Hamari, J., & Sjöblom, M. (2017). What is eSports and why do people watch it?. Internet research, 27(2), 211-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085
  • Hanefioğlu, A. N., Kubilay, M. N., & Yüksel, A. (2024). E-sporda fiziksel aktivite, sağlık ve beslenme. SABİTED, 4(2), 57–66.
  • Hardy, J., Hall, C. R., & Hardy, L. (2005). Quantifying athlete self-talk. Journal of sports sciences, 23(9), 905–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500130706
  • Holland, M. J., Woodcock, C., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2010). Mental qualities and employed mental techniques of young elite team sport athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(1), 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.19
  • Ihsan, F., Nasrulloh, A., Nugroho, S., & Yuniana, R. (2024). Mental training strategies in improving sport performance: A literature review. Journal of Athletic Performance, 24(3), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG020ATIP
  • Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (22. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Koç, İ. (2023). Elit sporcuların zihinsel antrenman becerilerinin incelenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(3), 55–69.
  • Kozak, M., Zorba, E., & Bayrakdar, A. (2021). Sporcularda zihinsel antrenman becerileri ile bilinçli farkındalık. Journal of Sport for All and Recreation, 3(2), 89–97.
  • Luchoro-Parrilla, R., Lavega-Burgués, P., Damian-Silva, S., Prat, Q., Sáez de Ocáriz, U., Ormo-Ribes, E., & Pic, M. (2021). Traditional games as cultural heritage: The case of Canary Islands (Spain) from an ethnomotor perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 586238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586238
  • Mamassis, G., & Doganis, G. (2004). The effects of a mental training program on juniors' pre-competitive anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(2), 118–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437903
  • Mancı, E., Güdücü, Ç., Günay, E., Güvendi, G., Campbell, M., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2024). The relationship between esports game genres and cognitive performance: A comparison between first-person shooter vs. multiplayer online battle arena games in younger adults. Entertainment Computing, 50, 100640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2024.100640
  • Menteş, G., & Saygın, Ö. (2019). E-spor ve geleneksel spor ile uğraşan sporcuların zihinsel dayanıklılık ve bilişsel esneklik durumlarının incelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 5(4), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.639062
  • Nicholls, A. R. (2021). Spor koçluğunda psikoloji: Teori ve pratik. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003201441
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory: 2d Ed. McGraw-Hill.
  • Osborne, J. W., & Costello, A. B. (2004). Sample size and subject to item ratio in principal components analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.7275/ktzq-jq66
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.1.68
  • Sandars, J., Jenkins, L., Church, H., Patel, R., Rumbold, J., Maden, M., ... & Brown, J. (2022). Applying sport psychology in health professions education: A systematic review of performance mental skills training. Medical Teacher, 44(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1966403
  • Tang, D., Sum, R. K., Li, M., Ma, R., Chung, P., & Ho, R. W. (2023). What is esports? A systematic scoping review and concept analysis of esports. Heliyon, 9(12), e23248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23248
  • Xiong, J. (2012). The functions and methods of mental training on competitive sports. Physics Procedia, 33, 2011–2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.05.316
  • Yarayan, Y. E., & İlhan, E. L. (2018). Sporda zihinsel antrenman envanteri’nin (SZAE) uyarlama çalışması. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 23(4), 205–218.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor ve Egzersiz Psikolojisi, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mine Akkuş Uçar 0009-0007-6903-8874

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkuş Uçar, M. (2025). E-Sporcular ile Geleneksel Sporcuların Zihinsel Antrenman Verilerinin İncelenmesi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 11(3), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1747641