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From Hate Crime to Terror Threat: The Case of 'Incel' A Review on

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 21, 1 - 25, 30.12.2025

Öz

Today, the use of the internet, with the opportunities it provides, not only transforms many types of crimes, but also serves as a facilitator for the spread and even legitimisation of various extremist ideologies. In this context, online platforms, which offer an ideal environment for the spread of the mizojinist worldview, pose a new and serious threat, and the formation of ‘incel’, which has recently become the centre of attention and shifted from online forum discussions to real-world crimes with mass acts of violence, is particularly dangerous in terms of its accessibility. In many countries, the awareness of the online misogynistic threat is gradually increasing and even incel violence is discussed as a form of terrorism, but there is a very limited number of studies on this issue in Turkey. In this study, the phenomenon of incel is examined within the framework of the literature. Its formation, belief system, online radicalisation and transformation process into real life crimes are discussed and it is aimed to discuss the dimensions of the danger together with suggestions for effective prevention strategies.

Kaynakça

  • Agerschou, Toke. “Preventing Radicalization and Discrimination in Aarhus.”  Journal for Deradicalization 1, (2014): 5-22, https://jd.journals.publicknowledgeproject.org/ index.php/jd/article/view/2
  • Agoston, Dorottya. L. “Involuntary Celibates or Voluntary Terrorists? The Media Coverage of Misogynistic Incel Mass Violence in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom (2014-2021). A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Pompeu Fabra, Spain, 2022.
  • Aiolfi, Irene, Nicola Palena, Caoilte O. Ciardha, ve Letizia Caso. “The Incel Phenomenon: A Systematic Scoping Review.” Current Psychology  43, sayı:32 (Temmuz 2024): 26264-78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06236-6
  • Anastasio, Natalie. “Exploring the Manosphere: Incel Proclivity to Violence and Evolution in the Discourse.” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2024.
  • Baele, Stephane J., Lewys Brace, ve Travis G. Coan. “From Incel to Saint: Analyzing the Violent Worldview Behind the 2018 Toronto Attack.” Terrorism and Political Violence 33, sayı:8 (Ağustos 2019): 1667-91, https://doi.org/10.1080/09536553.2019.1638256
  • Bloom, Mia M. “The First Incel? The Legacy of Marc Lepine.” The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 5, sayı:1 (Mayıs 2022): 39-74, https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v5i1.4214
  • Botto, Matteo ve Lucas Gottzen. “Swallowing and Spitting out the Red Pill: Young Men, Vulnerability, and Radicalization Pathways in the Manosphere.” Journal of Gender Studies 33, sayı:5 (Eylül 2023): 596-608, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2023.2260318
  • Brunt, Brian V. ve Chris Taylor. Understanding and Treating Incels: Case Studies, Guidance, and Treatment of Violence Risk in the Involuntary Celibate Community. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Brzuszkiewicz, Sara. “Incel Radical Milieu and External Locus of Control.” The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism–The Hague (ICCT) Evolutions in Counter-Terrorism, sayı: 2 (Kasım 2020): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.19165/2020.5.21Champion, Amanda ve Richard Frank.
  • “Exploring the Radicalization Pipeline on YouTube.” Journal of Intelligence, Conflict and Warfare 4, sayı:2 (2021):122–126, https://doi. org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.3754
  • Chan, Esli. “Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada.” Violence Against Women 29, sayı:9 (Temmuz 2023): 1687-1718, https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221125495
  • Collins, Christopher J., Melissa G. Murphy, Katherine Reid, ve James J. Clark. “Incel Perpetrated Violence: Distal and Proximal Risk Factors and Pathways.” Deviant Behavior, (Ekim 2024):1-19, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2024.2417824
  • Coppola Joseph, “Radical Incels: A Threat Relevant to Emergency Managers Preventing Targeted Violence.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (Ocak 2023): 1-12, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4328841
  • Cornish, Derek. B., “The Procedural Analysis of Offending and Its Relevance for Situational Prevention.” Crime Prevention Studies 3, sayı: 1 (1994): 151-196, https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/g/files/litvpz3631/files/problems/stolen_goods/PDFs/Cornish1994.pdf
  • Costello, William, Joe Whittaker, ve Andrew G. Thomas, “The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates.” Archives of Sexual Behavior, sayı:54 (Mayıs 2025): 1815-1836, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y
  • Costello, William, Vania Rolon, Andrew G. Thomas ve David Schmitt. “Levels of Well-Being Among Men Who Are Incel (Involuntarily Celibate).” Evolutionary Psychological Science 8, sayı:4 (Eylül 2022):375-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00336-x
  • Cottee, Simon. “Incel (E)motives: Resentment, Shame and Revenge.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 44, sayı:2 (2021): 93-114, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589
  • Czerwinsky, Allysa. “Misogynist Incels Gone Mainstream: A Critical Review of the Current Directions in Incel-Focused Research.” Crime, Media, Culture 20, sayı: 2 (Nisan 2024): 196-217, https://doi.org/10.1177/17416590231196125
  • Daly, Sarah E. ve Albina Laskovtsov. “Goodbye, My friendcels: An Analysis of Incel Suicide Posts.” Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice and Criminology 11, sayı:1 (2022):1-33, https://doi.org/10.21428/88de04a1.b7b8b295
  • De Roos, Melissa. S., Laura Veldhuizen-Ochodnicanova, ve Alexis Hanna. “The Angry Echo Chamber: A Study of Extremist and Emotional Language Changes in Incel Communities Over Time.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 39,  sayı:21-22 (2024): 4573-4597, https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241239451
  • DeCook, Julia R. ve Megan Kelly. “Interrogating the Incel Menace: Assessing the Threat of Male Supremacy in Terrorism Studies.” Gender and the Governance of Terrorism and Violent Extremism içinde, Editörler: Ann-Kathrin Rothermel ve Laura J. Shepherd, 206-226. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2023.
  • Değirmenci, Nigar ve İhsan G. İçirgen. “Bir Manosfer Kaynağı Olarak Reddit: Anti-Feminist Söylemin Normalleştirilmesine Yönelik Bir İnceleme.” Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi 9, sayı:1 (Ocak 2025): 88-134, https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.EJNM.25480200.2025/ejnm_v9i1004
  • Dupre, Juliette K., Camille A. Tastenhoye, Nina E. Ross, Tetyana V. Bodnar, ve Susan Hatters Friedman. “From Reddit to Manifestos: Forensic Evaluation of Incel Online Activity.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 42, sayı:2 (Mart/Nisan 2024): 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2648
  • Ebbrecht, Christopher K. “Systematic Review: Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Radicalization in Lone-Actor Grievance-Fueled Violence.” Nordic Psychology 75, sayı:2 (2023): 150-184, https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2074524
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  • Ellenberg, Molly, Anne Speckhard, ve Arie W. Kruglanski. “Beyond Violent Extremism: A 3N Perspective of Inceldom.” Psychology of Men and Masculinities, (Haziran 2023): 1-10, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/men0000439
  • Fox, Bryanna. H., Nicholas Perez, Elizabeth Cass, Michael T. Baglivio, ve Nathan Epps. “Trauma Changes Everything: Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders.” Child Abuse and Neglect, sayı:46 (Şubat 2015):163-173, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.011
  • Gill, Paul, John Horgan, ve Paige Deckert. “Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone‐Actor Terrorists.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, sayı:2 (Mart 2014): 425-435, https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12312
  • Glancy, Graham D., Peter Ash, Erica P. Bath, Alec Buchanan, Paul Fedoroff, Richard L. Frierson, Victoria L. Harris, Susan J. Hatters Friedman, Mark J. Hauser, James Knoll, Mike Norko, Debra Pinals, Marilyn Price, Patricia Recupero, Charles L. Scott, Howard V. Zonana. “AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Assessment.” The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 43, sayı: 2 (Haziran 2015): 3-53, https://jaapl.org/content/43/2_Supplement/S3.long
  • Gosse, Meghan, Michael Halpin, ve Finlay Maguire. “Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women.” Violence Against Women 31, sayı:12-13 (2025): 3261-88, https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241279816
  • Hart, Gavin ve Antoinette R. Huber. “Five Things We Need to Learn About Incel Extremism: Issues, Challenges and Avenues for Fresh Research.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, (Nisan 2023): 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2195067
  • Hoffman, Bruce, Jacob Ware, ve Ezra Shapiro. “Assessing the Threat of Incel Violence.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 43, sayı:7 (Nisan 2020): 565-587, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459
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  • Johansson, Wilen, E., Maria Wemrell, ve Lena Gunnarsson. “Gender Knowledge Production and Epistemology in the Incelosphere.” Journal of Gender Studies, (Kasım 2024): 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2024.2427192
  • Kaplan, Şeyma O. ve Gülistan Avşar. “İncel Kültürü: Toksik Maskülenitenin Dijital Yüzü.” International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities and Social Sciences 8, sayı:2 (Bahar 2025): 107-123, https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1614175
  • Karakuş, Melis. “Misogyny in the Digital Sphere: The Manosphere’s Response to Femicide News in Türkiye on X.” Journal of Gender Studies, (Haziran 2025):1-13, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2025.2514225
  • Keatley, David A., Sarah Knight ve Abbie Marono. “A Crime Script Analysis of Violent and Nonviolent Extremists.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 46, sayı: 11 (2023): 2285-2302, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1917651
  • Keatley, David. A., Michael Arntfield ve D.D. Clarke. “Crime Script Sequencing: An Optimal Forensic Combination for Cold Case Analysis.”  Forensic Science International: Synergy 5, 100278 (Ağustos 2022):1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100278
  • Kruglanski, Aria W., Michele J. Gelfand, Jocelyn J. Belanger, Anna Sheveland, Malkanthi Hetiarachchi, Rohan Gunaratna. “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism.” Advences in Political Psychology 35, sayı:1 (Ocak 2014): 69-93, https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163
  • Lockyer, Demeter, Michael Halpin, ve Finlay Maguire. “The Emergence of the Incel Community as a Misogyny-Motivated Terrorist Threat.” Terrorism and Political Violence 37, sayı:3 (2025): 369-85, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2296515
  • Maxwell, December, Sarah R. Robinson, Jessica R. Williams, ve Craig Keaton. “A Short Story of a Lonely Guy: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Involuntary Celibacy Using Reddit.” Sexuality and Culture 24, sayı:6 (Mart 2020): 1852-1874, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09724-6
  • Menzie, Lauren. “Stacys, Beckys, and Chads: The Construction of Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity within Incel Rhetoric.” Psychology and Sexuality 13, sayı:1, (Mart-Haziran 2020):69-85, https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1806915
  • Meuller, Bengtsson E. “The Misogynist Incel in the News: Analysing Representations of Gender-Based Violence in Britain.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 26, sayı:4 (Kasım 2024):1121-1143, https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481231224275
  • Milla, Mirra N., Whinda Yustisia, Muhammad A. Shadiqi, ve Haykal H. Arifin. “Mechanisms of 3N Model on Radicalization: Testing the Mediation by Group Identity and Ideology of the Relationship Between Need for Significance and Violent Extremism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 47, sayı: 11 (Mart 2022): 1388-1402, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2034231
  • Miller, Samuel. “Supreme Gentlemen: The Path of Radicalization for the Incel Community’s Lone Wolves.” Terrorism and Political Violence 36, sayı:6 (2024): 818-833, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2202779
  • Moskalenko, Sophia, Naama Kates, Juncal Fernandez-Garayzabal Gonzalez, ve Mia Bloom. “Predictors of Radical Intentions Among Incels: A Survey of 54 Self-Identified Incels.” Journal of Online Trust and Safety 1, sayı:3 (Ağustos 2022): 1-21, https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i3.57
  • Moskalenko, Sophia, Juncal Fernandez-Garayzabal Gonzalez, Naama Kates, ve Jesse Morton. “Incel Ideology, Radicalization and Mental Health: A Survey Study.” The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 4, sayı:3 (Ocak 2022): 1-29, https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i3.3817
  • O’Donnell, Catharina ve Eran Shor. “This is a Political Movement, Friend: Why Incels Support Violence.”  The British Journal of Sociology 73, sayı:2  (2022): 336-351, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12923
  • Öztürk, Fatma E. “İnternet Alt Kültürü Bağlamında Hegemonik Erkelik Söyleminin Dijital Dönüşümü:#erkekyerinibilsin Hastag Örneği.” Global Media Journal TR Edition  11, sayı: 22 (Bahar 2021): 101-123, https://research-ebsco-com.proxy.uskudar.edu.tr/c/wadocp/viewer/pdf/nccec634gr
  • Papadamou, Konstantinos, Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, ve Michael Sirivianos. “How Over is It? Understanding the Incel Community on Youtube.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, sayı: CSCW2 (Ekim 2021): 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1145/3479556
  • Papatheodorou, Katerina. “How Incels Who Carried Out Violence Use Neutralization Techniques to Justify and Sanitize Their Actions: An Exploratory Study.” Psychology, Crime and Law, (Temmuz 2025):1-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2025.2528084
  • Pfaffendorf, Jessica, Andrew P. Davis, ve Alexander B. Kinney. “Masculinity, Ritual, and Racialized Status Threat: Examining Mass Shooter Manifestos Using Structural Topic Models.” Sociological Inquiry 91, sayı:2 (Mayıs 2021): 287-312, https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12409
  • Rothermel, Ann K., Megan Kelly, ve Greta Jasser. “Of Victims, Mass Murder and Real Men: The Masculinities of the Manosphere.”Male Supremacism in the United States içinde, Editörler: Emily K. Carian, Alex DiBranco ve Chelsea Ebin, 117-141. London: Routledge, 2022
  • Schlaerth, Christian A. I., Aaron Puhrmann, Elaine Bossard, ve Rachel Setting. “Subcultural Hierarchy and Policing amongst Incels in Online Forums.” Qualitative Sociology Review 20, sayı:2 (Nisan 2024): 6-28, https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.20.2.01
  • Sparks, Brandon, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, ve Mark E. Olver. “An Exploratory Study of Incels’ Dating App Experiences, Mental Health, and Relational Well-Being.” The Journal of Sex Research 61, sayı:7 (2024): 1001-1012, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2023.2249775
  • Sparks, Brandon, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, ve Mark E. Olver, “Involuntary Celibacy: A Review of Incel Ideology and Experiences with Dating, Rejection, and Associated Mental Health and Emotional Sequelae.” Current Psychiatry Reports 24, sayı: 12 (Kasım 2022):731-740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01382-9
  • Speckhard, Anne, Molly Ellenberg, Jesse Morton ve Alexander Ash. “Involuntary Celibates’ Experiences of and Grievance Over Sexual Exclusion and the Potential Threat of Violence Among Those Active in an Online Incel Forum.” Journal of Strategic Security 14,  sayı:2 (2021): 89-121, https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.2.1910
  • Speckhard, Anne ve Molly Ellenberg. “Self-Reported Psychiatric Disorder and Perceived Psychological Symptom Rates Among Involuntary Celibates (Incels) and Their Perceptions of Mental Health Treatment.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, (Şubat 2022):1-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2022.2029933
  • Stijelja, Stefan ve Brian L. Mishara. “Psychosocial Characteristics of Involuntary Celibates (Incels): A Review of Empirical Research and Assessment of the Potential Implications of Research on Adult Virginity and Late Sexual Onset.” Sexuality and Culture 27, (2023): 715-734, https://doi.org/10.1145/347955610.1007/s12119-022-10031-5
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  • Temelli, Ecenur. “İncel Örneği Üzerinden Çevrim İçi Mizojinist Gruplar ve Şiddet Eylemleri.” International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 6, sayı:1 (Temmuz 2022): 11-30, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2549458
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  • Vink, Dominique, Tahir Abbas, Yannick Veilleux-Lepage, ve Richard McNeil-Wilson. “Because They Are Women in a Man’s World: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Incel Violent Extremists and the Stories They Tell.” Terrorism and Political Violence 36, sayı:6 (Mart 2023):732-739, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2189970
  • West, J.J. “Analyzing the Interaction Between Posting Behaviors on Incels.is and Violent Events Perpetrated by Members of the Community.” Deviant Behavior 45, sayı:1 (2024): 15-25, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2023.2236758
  • Whittaker, Joe, William Costello, ve Andrew G. Thomas. “Predicting Harm Among Incels (Involuntary Celibates): The Roles of Mental Health, Ideological Belief and Social Networking.” UK Government Commission for Countering Extremism, (2024): 1-49, https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa65641
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NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: "İNCEL" OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 21, 1 - 25, 30.12.2025

Öz

Günümüzde internet kullanımı, sağladığı olanaklarla birlikte birçok suç türünü dönüştürmesinin yanı sıra çeşitli aşırılıkçı ideolojilerin yayılması ve hatta meşrulaştırılması açısından kolaylaştırıcı bir işlev görmektedir. Bu bağlamda mizojinist dünya görüşünün yaygınlaşması için ideal bir ortam sunan çevrimiçi platformlar yeni ve ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmakta, kitlesel şiddet eylemleriyle çevrimiçi forum tartışmalarından gerçek dünyadaki suçlara geçiş yapan ve son zamanlarda ilgi odağı haline gelen ‘incel’ oluşumu ulaşılabilirliği açısından özellikle tehlike arz etmektedir. Birçok ülkede çevrimiçi mizojinist tehdite yönelik farkındalık giderek artmakta, hatta incel şiddeti bir terörizm formu olarak tartışılmakta, ancak Türkiye’de bu konuda oldukça sınırlı sayıda çalışma olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada incel olgusu alanyazın çerçevesinde incelenerek oluşumu, inanç sistemi, çevrimiçi radikalizasyon ve gerçek yaşam suçlarına dönüşüm süreci ele alınmış, tehlikenin boyutlarını etkin önleme stratejilerine yönelik önerilerle birlikte tartışmak amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Agerschou, Toke. “Preventing Radicalization and Discrimination in Aarhus.”  Journal for Deradicalization 1, (2014): 5-22, https://jd.journals.publicknowledgeproject.org/ index.php/jd/article/view/2
  • Agoston, Dorottya. L. “Involuntary Celibates or Voluntary Terrorists? The Media Coverage of Misogynistic Incel Mass Violence in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom (2014-2021). A Critical Discourse Analysis.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Pompeu Fabra, Spain, 2022.
  • Aiolfi, Irene, Nicola Palena, Caoilte O. Ciardha, ve Letizia Caso. “The Incel Phenomenon: A Systematic Scoping Review.” Current Psychology  43, sayı:32 (Temmuz 2024): 26264-78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06236-6
  • Anastasio, Natalie. “Exploring the Manosphere: Incel Proclivity to Violence and Evolution in the Discourse.” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2024.
  • Baele, Stephane J., Lewys Brace, ve Travis G. Coan. “From Incel to Saint: Analyzing the Violent Worldview Behind the 2018 Toronto Attack.” Terrorism and Political Violence 33, sayı:8 (Ağustos 2019): 1667-91, https://doi.org/10.1080/09536553.2019.1638256
  • Bloom, Mia M. “The First Incel? The Legacy of Marc Lepine.” The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 5, sayı:1 (Mayıs 2022): 39-74, https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v5i1.4214
  • Botto, Matteo ve Lucas Gottzen. “Swallowing and Spitting out the Red Pill: Young Men, Vulnerability, and Radicalization Pathways in the Manosphere.” Journal of Gender Studies 33, sayı:5 (Eylül 2023): 596-608, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2023.2260318
  • Brunt, Brian V. ve Chris Taylor. Understanding and Treating Incels: Case Studies, Guidance, and Treatment of Violence Risk in the Involuntary Celibate Community. New York: Routledge, 2020.
  • Brzuszkiewicz, Sara. “Incel Radical Milieu and External Locus of Control.” The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism–The Hague (ICCT) Evolutions in Counter-Terrorism, sayı: 2 (Kasım 2020): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.19165/2020.5.21Champion, Amanda ve Richard Frank.
  • “Exploring the Radicalization Pipeline on YouTube.” Journal of Intelligence, Conflict and Warfare 4, sayı:2 (2021):122–126, https://doi. org/10.21810/jicw.v4i2.3754
  • Chan, Esli. “Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence, Hate Speech and Terrorism: A Risk Assessment on the Rise of the Incel Rebellion in Canada.” Violence Against Women 29, sayı:9 (Temmuz 2023): 1687-1718, https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221125495
  • Collins, Christopher J., Melissa G. Murphy, Katherine Reid, ve James J. Clark. “Incel Perpetrated Violence: Distal and Proximal Risk Factors and Pathways.” Deviant Behavior, (Ekim 2024):1-19, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2024.2417824
  • Coppola Joseph, “Radical Incels: A Threat Relevant to Emergency Managers Preventing Targeted Violence.” SSRN Electronic Journal, (Ocak 2023): 1-12, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4328841
  • Cornish, Derek. B., “The Procedural Analysis of Offending and Its Relevance for Situational Prevention.” Crime Prevention Studies 3, sayı: 1 (1994): 151-196, https://popcenter.asu.edu/sites/g/files/litvpz3631/files/problems/stolen_goods/PDFs/Cornish1994.pdf
  • Costello, William, Joe Whittaker, ve Andrew G. Thomas, “The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates.” Archives of Sexual Behavior, sayı:54 (Mayıs 2025): 1815-1836, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y
  • Costello, William, Vania Rolon, Andrew G. Thomas ve David Schmitt. “Levels of Well-Being Among Men Who Are Incel (Involuntarily Celibate).” Evolutionary Psychological Science 8, sayı:4 (Eylül 2022):375-90, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-022-00336-x
  • Cottee, Simon. “Incel (E)motives: Resentment, Shame and Revenge.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 44, sayı:2 (2021): 93-114, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1822589
  • Czerwinsky, Allysa. “Misogynist Incels Gone Mainstream: A Critical Review of the Current Directions in Incel-Focused Research.” Crime, Media, Culture 20, sayı: 2 (Nisan 2024): 196-217, https://doi.org/10.1177/17416590231196125
  • Daly, Sarah E. ve Albina Laskovtsov. “Goodbye, My friendcels: An Analysis of Incel Suicide Posts.” Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice and Criminology 11, sayı:1 (2022):1-33, https://doi.org/10.21428/88de04a1.b7b8b295
  • De Roos, Melissa. S., Laura Veldhuizen-Ochodnicanova, ve Alexis Hanna. “The Angry Echo Chamber: A Study of Extremist and Emotional Language Changes in Incel Communities Over Time.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 39,  sayı:21-22 (2024): 4573-4597, https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605241239451
  • DeCook, Julia R. ve Megan Kelly. “Interrogating the Incel Menace: Assessing the Threat of Male Supremacy in Terrorism Studies.” Gender and the Governance of Terrorism and Violent Extremism içinde, Editörler: Ann-Kathrin Rothermel ve Laura J. Shepherd, 206-226. Oxfordshire: Routledge, 2023.
  • Değirmenci, Nigar ve İhsan G. İçirgen. “Bir Manosfer Kaynağı Olarak Reddit: Anti-Feminist Söylemin Normalleştirilmesine Yönelik Bir İnceleme.” Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi 9, sayı:1 (Ocak 2025): 88-134, https://doi.org/10.17932/IAU.EJNM.25480200.2025/ejnm_v9i1004
  • Dupre, Juliette K., Camille A. Tastenhoye, Nina E. Ross, Tetyana V. Bodnar, ve Susan Hatters Friedman. “From Reddit to Manifestos: Forensic Evaluation of Incel Online Activity.” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 42, sayı:2 (Mart/Nisan 2024): 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2648
  • Ebbrecht, Christopher K. “Systematic Review: Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Radicalization in Lone-Actor Grievance-Fueled Violence.” Nordic Psychology 75, sayı:2 (2023): 150-184, https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2022.2074524
  • Elgün, Aslı. “Erkek Evreninde Erkeklik Biçimlerinin Temsili: www.erkekadam.org Üzerine Nitel Bir Analiz.” Erciyes İletişim Dergisi 7, sayı:2 (Temmuz 2020): 871-894, https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.713519
  • Ellenberg, Molly, Anne Speckhard, ve Arie W. Kruglanski. “Beyond Violent Extremism: A 3N Perspective of Inceldom.” Psychology of Men and Masculinities, (Haziran 2023): 1-10, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/men0000439
  • Fox, Bryanna. H., Nicholas Perez, Elizabeth Cass, Michael T. Baglivio, ve Nathan Epps. “Trauma Changes Everything: Examining the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders.” Child Abuse and Neglect, sayı:46 (Şubat 2015):163-173, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.011
  • Gill, Paul, John Horgan, ve Paige Deckert. “Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone‐Actor Terrorists.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 59, sayı:2 (Mart 2014): 425-435, https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12312
  • Glancy, Graham D., Peter Ash, Erica P. Bath, Alec Buchanan, Paul Fedoroff, Richard L. Frierson, Victoria L. Harris, Susan J. Hatters Friedman, Mark J. Hauser, James Knoll, Mike Norko, Debra Pinals, Marilyn Price, Patricia Recupero, Charles L. Scott, Howard V. Zonana. “AAPL Practice Guideline for the Forensic Assessment.” The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 43, sayı: 2 (Haziran 2015): 3-53, https://jaapl.org/content/43/2_Supplement/S3.long
  • Gosse, Meghan, Michael Halpin, ve Finlay Maguire. “Stochastic Gender-Based Violence: How Incels Justify and Encourage Sexualized Violence Against Women.” Violence Against Women 31, sayı:12-13 (2025): 3261-88, https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012241279816
  • Hart, Gavin ve Antoinette R. Huber. “Five Things We Need to Learn About Incel Extremism: Issues, Challenges and Avenues for Fresh Research.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, (Nisan 2023): 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2195067
  • Hoffman, Bruce, Jacob Ware, ve Ezra Shapiro. “Assessing the Threat of Incel Violence.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 43, sayı:7 (Nisan 2020): 565-587, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1751459
  • İnternet Ortamında Yapılan Yayınların Düzenlenmesi ve Bu Yayınlar Yoluyla İşlenen Suçlarla Mücadele Edilmesi Hakkında Kanun. T.C. Resmi Gazete, sayı:26530 (23 Mayıs 2007), https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/05/20070523-1.htm
  • Johansson, Wilen, E., Maria Wemrell, ve Lena Gunnarsson. “Gender Knowledge Production and Epistemology in the Incelosphere.” Journal of Gender Studies, (Kasım 2024): 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2024.2427192
  • Kaplan, Şeyma O. ve Gülistan Avşar. “İncel Kültürü: Toksik Maskülenitenin Dijital Yüzü.” International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities and Social Sciences 8, sayı:2 (Bahar 2025): 107-123, https://doi.org/10.59445/ijephss.1614175
  • Karakuş, Melis. “Misogyny in the Digital Sphere: The Manosphere’s Response to Femicide News in Türkiye on X.” Journal of Gender Studies, (Haziran 2025):1-13, https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2025.2514225
  • Keatley, David A., Sarah Knight ve Abbie Marono. “A Crime Script Analysis of Violent and Nonviolent Extremists.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 46, sayı: 11 (2023): 2285-2302, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2021.1917651
  • Keatley, David. A., Michael Arntfield ve D.D. Clarke. “Crime Script Sequencing: An Optimal Forensic Combination for Cold Case Analysis.”  Forensic Science International: Synergy 5, 100278 (Ağustos 2022):1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100278
  • Kruglanski, Aria W., Michele J. Gelfand, Jocelyn J. Belanger, Anna Sheveland, Malkanthi Hetiarachchi, Rohan Gunaratna. “The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism.” Advences in Political Psychology 35, sayı:1 (Ocak 2014): 69-93, https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163
  • Lockyer, Demeter, Michael Halpin, ve Finlay Maguire. “The Emergence of the Incel Community as a Misogyny-Motivated Terrorist Threat.” Terrorism and Political Violence 37, sayı:3 (2025): 369-85, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2296515
  • Maxwell, December, Sarah R. Robinson, Jessica R. Williams, ve Craig Keaton. “A Short Story of a Lonely Guy: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Involuntary Celibacy Using Reddit.” Sexuality and Culture 24, sayı:6 (Mart 2020): 1852-1874, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09724-6
  • Menzie, Lauren. “Stacys, Beckys, and Chads: The Construction of Femininity and Hegemonic Masculinity within Incel Rhetoric.” Psychology and Sexuality 13, sayı:1, (Mart-Haziran 2020):69-85, https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1806915
  • Meuller, Bengtsson E. “The Misogynist Incel in the News: Analysing Representations of Gender-Based Violence in Britain.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 26, sayı:4 (Kasım 2024):1121-1143, https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481231224275
  • Milla, Mirra N., Whinda Yustisia, Muhammad A. Shadiqi, ve Haykal H. Arifin. “Mechanisms of 3N Model on Radicalization: Testing the Mediation by Group Identity and Ideology of the Relationship Between Need for Significance and Violent Extremism.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 47, sayı: 11 (Mart 2022): 1388-1402, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2034231
  • Miller, Samuel. “Supreme Gentlemen: The Path of Radicalization for the Incel Community’s Lone Wolves.” Terrorism and Political Violence 36, sayı:6 (2024): 818-833, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2202779
  • Moskalenko, Sophia, Naama Kates, Juncal Fernandez-Garayzabal Gonzalez, ve Mia Bloom. “Predictors of Radical Intentions Among Incels: A Survey of 54 Self-Identified Incels.” Journal of Online Trust and Safety 1, sayı:3 (Ağustos 2022): 1-21, https://doi.org/10.54501/jots.v1i3.57
  • Moskalenko, Sophia, Juncal Fernandez-Garayzabal Gonzalez, Naama Kates, ve Jesse Morton. “Incel Ideology, Radicalization and Mental Health: A Survey Study.” The Journal of Intelligence, Conflict, and Warfare 4, sayı:3 (Ocak 2022): 1-29, https://doi.org/10.21810/jicw.v4i3.3817
  • O’Donnell, Catharina ve Eran Shor. “This is a Political Movement, Friend: Why Incels Support Violence.”  The British Journal of Sociology 73, sayı:2  (2022): 336-351, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12923
  • Öztürk, Fatma E. “İnternet Alt Kültürü Bağlamında Hegemonik Erkelik Söyleminin Dijital Dönüşümü:#erkekyerinibilsin Hastag Örneği.” Global Media Journal TR Edition  11, sayı: 22 (Bahar 2021): 101-123, https://research-ebsco-com.proxy.uskudar.edu.tr/c/wadocp/viewer/pdf/nccec634gr
  • Papadamou, Konstantinos, Savvas Zannettou, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, ve Michael Sirivianos. “How Over is It? Understanding the Incel Community on Youtube.” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, sayı: CSCW2 (Ekim 2021): 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1145/3479556
  • Papatheodorou, Katerina. “How Incels Who Carried Out Violence Use Neutralization Techniques to Justify and Sanitize Their Actions: An Exploratory Study.” Psychology, Crime and Law, (Temmuz 2025):1-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2025.2528084
  • Pfaffendorf, Jessica, Andrew P. Davis, ve Alexander B. Kinney. “Masculinity, Ritual, and Racialized Status Threat: Examining Mass Shooter Manifestos Using Structural Topic Models.” Sociological Inquiry 91, sayı:2 (Mayıs 2021): 287-312, https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12409
  • Rothermel, Ann K., Megan Kelly, ve Greta Jasser. “Of Victims, Mass Murder and Real Men: The Masculinities of the Manosphere.”Male Supremacism in the United States içinde, Editörler: Emily K. Carian, Alex DiBranco ve Chelsea Ebin, 117-141. London: Routledge, 2022
  • Schlaerth, Christian A. I., Aaron Puhrmann, Elaine Bossard, ve Rachel Setting. “Subcultural Hierarchy and Policing amongst Incels in Online Forums.” Qualitative Sociology Review 20, sayı:2 (Nisan 2024): 6-28, https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.20.2.01
  • Sparks, Brandon, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, ve Mark E. Olver. “An Exploratory Study of Incels’ Dating App Experiences, Mental Health, and Relational Well-Being.” The Journal of Sex Research 61, sayı:7 (2024): 1001-1012, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2023.2249775
  • Sparks, Brandon, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, ve Mark E. Olver, “Involuntary Celibacy: A Review of Incel Ideology and Experiences with Dating, Rejection, and Associated Mental Health and Emotional Sequelae.” Current Psychiatry Reports 24, sayı: 12 (Kasım 2022):731-740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01382-9
  • Speckhard, Anne, Molly Ellenberg, Jesse Morton ve Alexander Ash. “Involuntary Celibates’ Experiences of and Grievance Over Sexual Exclusion and the Potential Threat of Violence Among Those Active in an Online Incel Forum.” Journal of Strategic Security 14,  sayı:2 (2021): 89-121, https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.14.2.1910
  • Speckhard, Anne ve Molly Ellenberg. “Self-Reported Psychiatric Disorder and Perceived Psychological Symptom Rates Among Involuntary Celibates (Incels) and Their Perceptions of Mental Health Treatment.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, (Şubat 2022):1-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2022.2029933
  • Stijelja, Stefan ve Brian L. Mishara. “Psychosocial Characteristics of Involuntary Celibates (Incels): A Review of Empirical Research and Assessment of the Potential Implications of Research on Adult Virginity and Late Sexual Onset.” Sexuality and Culture 27, (2023): 715-734, https://doi.org/10.1145/347955610.1007/s12119-022-10031-5
  • Sykes, Gresham. M. ve David Matza. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22, sayı:6 (Aralık 1957): 664-670, https://www-jstor-org.proxy.uskudar.edu.tr/stable/2089195?orig=
  • Temelli, Ecenur. “İncel Örneği Üzerinden Çevrim İçi Mizojinist Gruplar ve Şiddet Eylemleri.” International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 6, sayı:1 (Temmuz 2022): 11-30, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2549458
  • Uzun, Bünyamin ve Salih Tiryaki. “The Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity and Misogyny by Turkish Incels on Youtube.” Gender, Technology and Development 28, sayı:3 (Eylül 2024): 428-445, https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2024.2393988
  • Vink, Dominique, Tahir Abbas, Yannick Veilleux-Lepage, ve Richard McNeil-Wilson. “Because They Are Women in a Man’s World: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Incel Violent Extremists and the Stories They Tell.” Terrorism and Political Violence 36, sayı:6 (Mart 2023):732-739, https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2189970
  • West, J.J. “Analyzing the Interaction Between Posting Behaviors on Incels.is and Violent Events Perpetrated by Members of the Community.” Deviant Behavior 45, sayı:1 (2024): 15-25, https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2023.2236758
  • Whittaker, Joe, William Costello, ve Andrew G. Thomas. “Predicting Harm Among Incels (Involuntary Celibates): The Roles of Mental Health, Ideological Belief and Social Networking.” UK Government Commission for Countering Extremism, (2024): 1-49, https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa65641
  • Wood, Alecia T., P. Tanteckchi, ve David A. Keatley. “A Crime Script Analysis of Involuntary Celibate (INCEL) Mass Murderers.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 47, sayı:10 (2024): 1329-41, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2022.2037630
  • Wortley, Richard. “Situational Precipitators of Crime” Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis içinde, Editörler: Richard Wortley ve Michael Townsley, 62-86. London:Routledge, 2016.
  • Zimmerman, Shannon. “The Ideology of Incels: Misogyny and Victimhood as Justification for Political Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 36, sayı:2 (Ekim 2024): 166-179, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09546553.2022.2129014
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Adli Sosyal Bilimler
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Aylin Yalçın Sarıbey 0000-0002-0975-8630

Ulviye Duyguner 0000-0003-2247-9668

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Eylül 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 21

Kaynak Göster

APA Yalçın Sarıbey, A., & Duyguner, U. (2025). NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: "İNCEL" OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(21), 1-25.
AMA Yalçın Sarıbey A, Duyguner U. NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: "İNCEL" OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. ÜSBİD. Aralık 2025;(21):1-25.
Chicago Yalçın Sarıbey, Aylin, ve Ulviye Duyguner. “NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: ‘İNCEL’ OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 21 (Aralık 2025): 1-25.
EndNote Yalçın Sarıbey A, Duyguner U (01 Aralık 2025) NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: "İNCEL" OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21 1–25.
IEEE A. Yalçın Sarıbey ve U. Duyguner, “NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: ‘İNCEL’ OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”, ÜSBİD, sy. 21, ss. 1–25, Aralık2025.
ISNAD Yalçın Sarıbey, Aylin - Duyguner, Ulviye. “NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: ‘İNCEL’ OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21 (Aralık2025), 1-25.
JAMA Yalçın Sarıbey A, Duyguner U. NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: "İNCEL" OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. ÜSBİD. 2025;:1–25.
MLA Yalçın Sarıbey, Aylin ve Ulviye Duyguner. “NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: ‘İNCEL’ OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 21, 2025, ss. 1-25.
Vancouver Yalçın Sarıbey A, Duyguner U. NEFRET SUÇUNDAN TERÖR TEHDİDİNE: "İNCEL" OLGUSU ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. ÜSBİD. 2025(21):1-25.

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