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Türkiye’de “Daha İyi Bir Yaşam” Peşinde: Türkiye’deki Afgan Mültecilerin Durumunun İnsan Hakları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 11, 245 - 274, 27.12.2020

Öz

Türkiye, dünya mültecilerinin önemli bir kısmına, dört milyondan fazla mülteciye ev sahipliği yapmaktadır ve Afganlar bu mülteci nüfusun ikinci en büyük grubunu oluşturmaktadırlar. Türkiye, coğrafî konumu sebebiyle mülteciler ve özellikle de Afganlar için hem Avrupa ülkelerine giden yolda geçit olan bir transit ülke, hem de bir varış noktası olan bir ülke olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Türkiye'deki sığınmacıların çoğu 2011'den itibaren gelmekte olan Suriyelilerdir. Yazar, Türkiye'nin ve uluslararası mülteci destekçilerinin Suriyeli mültecilerin yasal korumasına öncelik verdiklerini, ve bunun, Afganların Türkiye'ye yolculukları sırasında, vardıktan sonra ve Türkiye'de mülteci statüsü talep ettiklerinde büyük insan hakları ihlallerine maruz kalmalarına yol açtığını iddia ediyor. Bu makale, nihai hedef olarak Avrupa ülkelerine gitmeyi bekleyen Türkiye'deki Afgan sığınmacıların uluslararası insan hakları bağlamında mevcut şartlarını ele alıyor. Bu makale aynı zamanda, BMMYK'nın sistemine göre uygulanan en son stratejilerin insan hakları açısından Afgan mültecilerin şartları üzerindeki olası sonuçlarına dikkat çekiyor. Yazar, özellikle Afganlar olmak üzere mültecilerin insan hakları açısından şartlarını iyileştirmek üzere Türkiye ve de uluslararası toplum için pratik öneriler sunuyor, zira bu, yalnızca Türkiye'nin çabalarını değil, daha fazlasını, yani küresel işbirliğini gerektirmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrzej Bolesta, “The UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refuges: The Case for and Against Reform, Forced Migration and the Contemporary World: Challenges to the International System,” Bialystok: Libra, (2006): 17-35.
  • Angeliki Dimitriadi, “In Search of Asylum: Afghan Migrants in Greek,” European Journal of Migration and Law 19, (2017).
  • Antje Missbach, “Troubled Transit: Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia,” ISEAS- Yusof Ishaq Institute, (2015).
  • Antonio Donini and Alessandro Monsutti, and Giulia Scalettaris, “Afghans on the Move: Seeking Protection and Refuge in Europe,” Graduate Institute Geneva, (2016).
  • Amnesty International, Turkey: Thousands of Afghans Swept Up in Ruthless Deportation Drive. London: Amnesty International, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/turkey-thousands-of-afghans-swept-up-in-ruthless-deportation-drive/
  • Ayselin Gözde, “Integration of Refugees Students in European Higher Education Comparative Country Cases: Turkey,” Yasar University Publication, (2019).
  • Crawly, Heaven. and Skleparis, Dimitris, "Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘‘Migration Crisis’,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Advance Access, (2017).
  • European Council, Eu- Turkey Statement. Brussels: European Council, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/
  • European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Turkey Responds to Increasing Arrivals of Afghans with Mass Deportation. Brussels: European Council, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.ecre.org/turkey-responds-to-increasing-arrivals-of-afghans-with-mass-deportation/
  • European Council, Resolution 1994 on Refugees and the right to work. Geneva: The Parliamentary Assembly, 2014. Retrieved from http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=20893&lang=en
  • EUROSTAT, Asylum and Managed Migration Database. Geneva: European Commission, 2016. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/asylum-and-managed-migration/data/database
  • International Commission of Juris, The practitioners’ Guide: Migration and International Human Rights Law. Geneva, ICJ, 2014.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (1949). Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Fourth Geneva Convention, 75 UNTS 287;
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Geneva: 2009, Retrieved from https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Governance/Policies/migration-policy-en.pdf
  • Izza, Leghtas, Refugees International Reports: “Except god, we have no one”: Lack of durable solutions for non-Syrian refugees in Turkey. Istanbul: Refugees International 2017. Retrieved from https://www.refugeessinternational.org/reports/2017/2/turkey
  • Jenny Poon, “Legal Responses to the EU Migrant Crisis: Too Little, Too Late?” E-International Relations, (2018).
  • Katie Kuschminder, “Afghan Refugees Journeys: Onward migration Decision-Making in Greece and Turkey,” Journal of Refugees’ Studies, (2017). Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/31/4/566/4759452?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  • Leghtas, Izza. and Jessica Thea, Jessica “You Cannot Exist in This Place:” Lack of Registration Denies Afghan Refugees Protection in Turkey. Istanbul: Refugees International 2018. Retrieved from https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2018/12/13/you-cannot-exist-in-this-place-lack-of-registration-denies-afghan-refugees-protection-in-turkey
  • Meltem Ineli_Ciger, “Implications of the New Turkish Law on Foreigners and International Protection and Regulation no. 29153 on Temporary Protection for Syrians Seeking Protection in Turkey,” Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration 4(2), (2015).
  • Mujib Mashal, “Their Road to Turkey Was Long and Grueling, but the Short Flight Home Was Crueler.” New York Times, 16 June, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/
  • Orhan Coskun & Tuvan Gumrukcu, Turkey to Complete Wall on Iranian Border by Spring 2019. Ankara: Reuters, January 2018.
  • Rebecca Kilberg, “Turkeys Evolving Migration Identity,” Migration Policy Institute (2014). Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/turkeys-evolving-migration-identity
  • Roger Zetter, “Protection in Crisis: Forced Migration and Protection in a Global Era,” Migration Policy Institute, (2015): 7-22
  • Schuster, Liza. and Majidi, Nassim. “What Happens Post-Deportation? The Experience of Deported Afghans,” Migration studies, (2013). Retrieved from https://academic-oup-com.eres.qnl.qa/migration/article-abstract/1/2/221/990706
  • The International Organization for Migration. (2011). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law,25. 61–62. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_1_en.pdf
  • The Republic of Turkey. Principles Regarding Horizontal Transfer from Yemen. Ankara: The Ministry of Higher Education 2015. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/ogrenci/ek-madde-2-uyarinca-yemenden-yapilabilecek-yatay-gecis-islemlerine-iliskin-esaslar
  • The Republic of Turkey, Regulation on Work Permit of International Protection Applicants and International Protection Status Holders. Ankara: The Ministery of Labor Law, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/582c6ff54.html
  • The Republic of Turkey Law No 6458, Law on Foreigner and International Protection. Ankara: The Ministry of Labor, 2013.
  • United Nations Human Rights Committee, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Committee, General Comment No. 15: On discrimination based on sex, Aumeeruddy-Cziffra, S. & Others. Mauritian Women v. Mauritius, CCPR/C/12/D/35/1978. New York: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Committee, 1978.
  • United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Conclusion No. 112 (LXVII) on international cooperation from a protection and solutions perspective. New York: Executive Committee, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/57f7b5f74.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015, (New York: 2016).
  • United Nations, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. New York: General Assembly Treaty Series 189 ,1951.
  • United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights at International Borders. Geneva: UNHCR, 2001.
  • United Nation, Resolution on New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants A/RES/71/1, Annex I: Comprehensive refugees response framework. A/RES/71/1. New York: General Assembly, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_71_1.pdf
  • United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York: General Assembly Treaty Series vol. 999, 1996.
  • United Nation, The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York: General Assembly,1990.
  • Zeliha Kocak, Tufan, eds. Handbook for recognition of diplomas and equivalency. Ankara: Ankara University Publishing, 2018.

Seeking a “Better Life” in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 11, 245 - 274, 27.12.2020

Öz

Turkey hosts the vast majority, more than four million, of refugees in the world, and Afghans make up the second-largest group of this population. Turkey is considered both a transit, a gate toward European countries, and a destination country for refugees due to its geographical position. Nevertheless, the majority of asylum seekers in Turkey are Syrian who have moved into since 2011. The author claims that Turkey and international refugee supporters prefer Syrian refugees’ legal protection, which causes Afghans to suffer massive violations of basic human rights during their journey to Turkey, after arrival, and while seeking refugee status in Turkey. This paper considers current condition of Afghan asylum seekers’ international human rights in Turkey who are waiting for their final destination toward European countries. Similarly, this paper highlights the possible consequences of current strategies’ application on Afghan refugees’ human rights conditions based on UNHCR's most recent system. The author includes practical recommendations and suggestions for international society as well as Turkey to enhance the human rights condition of refugees, especially Afghans, since this concept requires global cooperation rather than only Turkey’s efforts.

Kaynakça

  • Andrzej Bolesta, “The UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refuges: The Case for and Against Reform, Forced Migration and the Contemporary World: Challenges to the International System,” Bialystok: Libra, (2006): 17-35.
  • Angeliki Dimitriadi, “In Search of Asylum: Afghan Migrants in Greek,” European Journal of Migration and Law 19, (2017).
  • Antje Missbach, “Troubled Transit: Asylum Seekers Stuck in Indonesia,” ISEAS- Yusof Ishaq Institute, (2015).
  • Antonio Donini and Alessandro Monsutti, and Giulia Scalettaris, “Afghans on the Move: Seeking Protection and Refuge in Europe,” Graduate Institute Geneva, (2016).
  • Amnesty International, Turkey: Thousands of Afghans Swept Up in Ruthless Deportation Drive. London: Amnesty International, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/turkey-thousands-of-afghans-swept-up-in-ruthless-deportation-drive/
  • Ayselin Gözde, “Integration of Refugees Students in European Higher Education Comparative Country Cases: Turkey,” Yasar University Publication, (2019).
  • Crawly, Heaven. and Skleparis, Dimitris, "Refugees, Migrants, Neither, Both: Categorical Fetishism and the Politics of Bounding in Europe’s ‘‘Migration Crisis’,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Advance Access, (2017).
  • European Council, Eu- Turkey Statement. Brussels: European Council, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/
  • European Council on Refugees and Exiles, Turkey Responds to Increasing Arrivals of Afghans with Mass Deportation. Brussels: European Council, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.ecre.org/turkey-responds-to-increasing-arrivals-of-afghans-with-mass-deportation/
  • European Council, Resolution 1994 on Refugees and the right to work. Geneva: The Parliamentary Assembly, 2014. Retrieved from http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=20893&lang=en
  • EUROSTAT, Asylum and Managed Migration Database. Geneva: European Commission, 2016. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/asylum-and-managed-migration/data/database
  • International Commission of Juris, The practitioners’ Guide: Migration and International Human Rights Law. Geneva, ICJ, 2014.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (1949). Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Fourth Geneva Convention, 75 UNTS 287;
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Geneva: 2009, Retrieved from https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Governance/Policies/migration-policy-en.pdf
  • Izza, Leghtas, Refugees International Reports: “Except god, we have no one”: Lack of durable solutions for non-Syrian refugees in Turkey. Istanbul: Refugees International 2017. Retrieved from https://www.refugeessinternational.org/reports/2017/2/turkey
  • Jenny Poon, “Legal Responses to the EU Migrant Crisis: Too Little, Too Late?” E-International Relations, (2018).
  • Katie Kuschminder, “Afghan Refugees Journeys: Onward migration Decision-Making in Greece and Turkey,” Journal of Refugees’ Studies, (2017). Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/jrs/article-abstract/31/4/566/4759452?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  • Leghtas, Izza. and Jessica Thea, Jessica “You Cannot Exist in This Place:” Lack of Registration Denies Afghan Refugees Protection in Turkey. Istanbul: Refugees International 2018. Retrieved from https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports/2018/12/13/you-cannot-exist-in-this-place-lack-of-registration-denies-afghan-refugees-protection-in-turkey
  • Meltem Ineli_Ciger, “Implications of the New Turkish Law on Foreigners and International Protection and Regulation no. 29153 on Temporary Protection for Syrians Seeking Protection in Turkey,” Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration 4(2), (2015).
  • Mujib Mashal, “Their Road to Turkey Was Long and Grueling, but the Short Flight Home Was Crueler.” New York Times, 16 June, 2018. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/
  • Orhan Coskun & Tuvan Gumrukcu, Turkey to Complete Wall on Iranian Border by Spring 2019. Ankara: Reuters, January 2018.
  • Rebecca Kilberg, “Turkeys Evolving Migration Identity,” Migration Policy Institute (2014). Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/turkeys-evolving-migration-identity
  • Roger Zetter, “Protection in Crisis: Forced Migration and Protection in a Global Era,” Migration Policy Institute, (2015): 7-22
  • Schuster, Liza. and Majidi, Nassim. “What Happens Post-Deportation? The Experience of Deported Afghans,” Migration studies, (2013). Retrieved from https://academic-oup-com.eres.qnl.qa/migration/article-abstract/1/2/221/990706
  • The International Organization for Migration. (2011). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law,25. 61–62. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_1_en.pdf
  • The Republic of Turkey. Principles Regarding Horizontal Transfer from Yemen. Ankara: The Ministry of Higher Education 2015. Retrieved from https://www.yok.gov.tr/ogrenci/ek-madde-2-uyarinca-yemenden-yapilabilecek-yatay-gecis-islemlerine-iliskin-esaslar
  • The Republic of Turkey, Regulation on Work Permit of International Protection Applicants and International Protection Status Holders. Ankara: The Ministery of Labor Law, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/582c6ff54.html
  • The Republic of Turkey Law No 6458, Law on Foreigner and International Protection. Ankara: The Ministry of Labor, 2013.
  • United Nations Human Rights Committee, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Committee, General Comment No. 15: On discrimination based on sex, Aumeeruddy-Cziffra, S. & Others. Mauritian Women v. Mauritius, CCPR/C/12/D/35/1978. New York: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Committee, 1978.
  • United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Conclusion No. 112 (LXVII) on international cooperation from a protection and solutions perspective. New York: Executive Committee, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/57f7b5f74.html
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015, (New York: 2016).
  • United Nations, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. New York: General Assembly Treaty Series 189 ,1951.
  • United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights at International Borders. Geneva: UNHCR, 2001.
  • United Nation, Resolution on New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants A/RES/71/1, Annex I: Comprehensive refugees response framework. A/RES/71/1. New York: General Assembly, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_71_1.pdf
  • United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York: General Assembly Treaty Series vol. 999, 1996.
  • United Nation, The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York: General Assembly,1990.
  • Zeliha Kocak, Tufan, eds. Handbook for recognition of diplomas and equivalency. Ankara: Ankara University Publishing, 2018.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sanaa Talwasa 0000-0002-6933-6632

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Talwasa, S. (2020). Seeking a “Better Life” in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(11), 245-274.
AMA Talwasa S. Seeking a “Better Life” in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey. ÜSBİD. Aralık 2020;(11):245-274.
Chicago Talwasa, Sanaa. “Seeking a ‘Better Life’ in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 11 (Aralık 2020): 245-74.
EndNote Talwasa S (01 Aralık 2020) Seeking a “Better Life” in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11 245–274.
IEEE S. Talwasa, “Seeking a ‘Better Life’ in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey”, ÜSBİD, sy. 11, ss. 245–274, Aralık 2020.
ISNAD Talwasa, Sanaa. “Seeking a ‘Better Life’ in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11 (Aralık 2020), 245-274.
JAMA Talwasa S. Seeking a “Better Life” in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey. ÜSBİD. 2020;:245–274.
MLA Talwasa, Sanaa. “Seeking a ‘Better Life’ in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 11, 2020, ss. 245-74.
Vancouver Talwasa S. Seeking a “Better Life” in Turkey: Afghan Refugees’ International Human Rights Condition in Turkey. ÜSBİD. 2020(11):245-74.

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