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The Most Comprehensive Cold Chain Application in History: Challenges in Logistics of Covid 19 Vaccine

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 12, 155 - 204, 29.06.2021

Öz

The coronavirus pandemic, one of the biggest pandemics of the last century, which emerged in Wuhan, China in the last months of 2019, continues to negatively affect life all over the world. The measures taken for the pandemic did not stop the spread of the disease and revealed medical requirements. Vaccines have been one of the most effective medical ways of preventing diseases. Vaccination studies for coronavirus disease started shortly after the emergence of the disease, and more than a hundred vaccine candidates were announced in about a year, and the distribution of those who passed the necessary stages was approved. However, the storage, transportation and distribution of some of these vaccines required very low temperatures below zero degrees, unlike the previous ones. The distribution and delivery of vaccines under these conditions has revealed the importance of cold chain logistics applications infrastructure. In this study, based on the priority issues of the World Health Organization in the logistics of vaccines, potential difficulties that will arise in the production, allocation and distribution processes of coronavirus vaccines were investigated. Secondary data previously revealed through primary research, guidelines of the World Health Organization and sector reports constituted the data source of the study. It has been revealed that the lack of cold chain infrastructure in storage and distribution activities, the limitations of dry ice transport in the aviation sector and the anti-vaccination movement are the biggest challenges of vaccination.

Kaynakça

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Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 12, 155 - 204, 29.06.2021

Öz

Çin’in Wuhan kentinde 2019 yılının son aylarında ortaya çıkan son yüzyılın en büyük salgınlarından biri olan Koronavirüs salgını tüm dünyada yaşamı olumsuz etkilemeye devam etmektedir. Salgın için alınan tedbirler hastalığın yayılımını durdurmamış ve tıbbi gereksinimleri ortaya çıkarmıştır. Hastalıklardan korunmanın en etkili tıbbi yollarından birisi aşılar olmuştur. Koronavirüs hastalığına yönelik aşı çalışmaları, hastalığın ortaya çıkışından kısa bir süre sonra başlamış yaklaşık bir yıllık süre içerisinde yüzden fazla aşı adayı duyurulmuş, gerekli aşamaları geçenlerin dağıtımına onay verilmiştir. Ancak bu aşılardan bazılarının saklanması, taşınması ve dağıtımı için daha öncekilerden farklı olarak sıfır derecenin altında oldukça düşük sıcaklıklara gerek duyulmuştur. Aşıların bu koşullarda dağıtımı ve teslimi soğuk zincir lojistik uygulamaları altyapısının önemini ortaya çıkartmıştır. Bu çalışmada Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün aşıların lojistiğindeki öncelikli konuları temel alınarak, Koronavirüs aşılarının üretimi, tahsisi ve dağıtım süreçlerinde ortaya çıkacak olan potansiyel zorluklar araştırılmıştır. Daha önce birincil araştırmalarla ortaya çıkarılmış ikincil veriler, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün yönergeleri ve sektör raporları çalışmanın veri kaynağını oluşturmuştur. Aşıların üretiminden başlayarak hastalara uygulanması sürecine kadar olan, saklama ve dağıtım faaliyetlerinde soğuk zincir altyapısının eksikliği, havacılık sektöründe kuru buz ile taşınma sınırlılıkları ve aşı karşıtlığının aşılama faaliyetlerinin önünde duran en büyük zorluklar olduğu ortaya çıkartılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, İbrahim, ve Soner Karagül. “Küresel Bir Tehdit (COVID-19 Salgını) ve Değişime Yolculuk”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sayı 10 (2020): 1–36.
  • Astrazeneca, “AZD1222 vaccine met primary efficacy endpoint in preventing COVID-19”, 4 Aralık 2020, https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/azd1222hlr.html.
  • Avac.org. “Time to Develop a Vaccine | AVAC”, 2 Aralık 2020.https://www.avac.org/infographic /time-develop-vaccine.
  • Balachandar, S, ve R Chinnaiyan. “Reliable pharma cold chain monitoring and analytics through Internet of Things Edge”. Emergence of Pharmaceutical Industry Growth with Industrial IoT Approach, 133–61. Elsevier, 2020.
  • BBC. “Covid-19: Milestones of the global pandemic”, 25 Kasım 2020. https:// www.bbc.com/ news/world-54337098.
  • ———. “Sinovac: Koronavirüs aşısı CoronaVac hakkında neler biliniyor”, 4 Aralık 2020. https:// www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55162850.
  • Belluz, Julia, ve Umair Irfan. “AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 vaccine: Why it’s different - Vox”, 14 Aralık 2020.https://www.vox.com/21590994/oxford-vaccine-results-covid-19-astrazeneca-trial-pfizer-moderna.
  • Biontech, “Press Releases | BioNTech”, 4 Aralık 2020, https://investors.biontech.de/press-releases.
  • CCDH. “The Anti-Vaxx Industry How Big Tech powers and profits from vaccine misinformation 2”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www.counterhate.co.uk/anti-vaxx-industry
  • Chance, Harjotsingh. “Cold Chain Logistics in Pharma”, 27 Kasım 2020. https://www.hcltech.com/ blogs/cold-chain-logistics-pharma.
  • Chen, Elaine. “From ‘Freezer Farms’ to Jets, Logistics Operators Prepare for a Covid-19 Vaccine”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/from-freezer-farms-to-jets-logistics-operators-prepare-for- a-covid-19-vaccine-11598639012.
  • DHL. “Delivery of COVID-19 vaccine: DHL study shows how public and private sector can partner for success”, 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.dpdhl.com/en/media-relations/press-releases/2020/ delivery-covid-19-vaccine-dhl-study-shows-how-public-and-private-sector-can-partner-for-success.html.
  • Eva Dou, “China coronavirus vaccine race is muddied by history of bribes at Sinovac”, 15 Aralık 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-vaccine-china-bribery-sinovac/ 2020/12 /04/7 c09ae68-28c6-11eb-9c21-3cc501d0981f_story.html.
  • Duijzer, Lotty Evertje, Willem van Jaarsveld, ve Rommert Dekker. “Literature review: The vaccine supply chain”. European Journal of Operational Research 268, sayı 1 (2018): 174–92.
  • EMA. “Cyberattack on the European Medicines Agency”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www. ema.europa.eu/en/news/cyberattack-european-medicines-agency.
  • Europhia Consulting. “Key Transport Challenges In Covid-19 Vaccine Distribution”, 12 Aralık 2020. https://europhia.com/covid-19-supply-chain
  • Facebook. “Keeping People Safe and Informed About the Coronavirus”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://about.fb.com/news/2020/12/coronavirus/.
  • Funk, Colin D, Craig Laferrière, ve Ali Ardakani. “A snapshot of the global race for vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic”. Frontiers in pharmacology 11 (2020): 937.
  • GHS Index. “The Global Health Security Index”, 31 Aralık 2020. https://www.ghsindex.org/about/.
  • Grady, Denise. “Moderna Is Applying for Emergency F.D.A. Approval for Its Coronavirus Vaccine - The New York Times”, 4 Aralık 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/30/health/covid-vaccine-moderna.html.
  • Gruber, Andrea. “Global Distribution and Flow of Vaccines Throughout the Supply Chain”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www.iata.org/contentassets/a80dd566681a4adfabccc43041abdcfb/transport-of-vaccines-webinar-2-slides.pdf
  • Güler, Savaş. “Gıdaların Muhafazasında Soğuk Zincir Süreci”, 27 Kasım 2020. www.essiad.org.tr.
  • Guterl, Fred. “Vaccines Won’t Stop the Pandemic Unless at Least 50 Million Skeptical Americans Change Their Minds”, 29 Kasım 2020. https://www.newsweek.com/2020/11/27/vaccines-wont-stop-pandemic-unless-least-50-million-skeptical-americans-change-their-minds-1549274.html.
  • IATA. “IATA - Home”, 25 Kasım 2020. https://www.iata.org/.
  • ———. “IATA - The Time to Prepare for COVID-19 Vaccine Transport is Now”, 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-09-09-01/.
  • IEA. “Oil Market Report - April 2020 – Analysis”, 26 Kasım 2020. https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-market-report-april-2020.
  • İngiltere Halk Sağlığı. “Why vaccinate?-Public health matters”, 27 Kasım 2020. https:// publichealth matters.blog.gov.uk/ 2014/05/01/why-vaccinate/.
  • IPSOS. “COVID-19 vaccination intent is decreasing globally”, 14 Aralık 2020. https://www.İpsos .com/en/global-attitudes-covid-19-vaccine-october-2020.
  • Keaten, Jamey. “WHO: 10% of world’s people may have been infected with virus”, 12 Aralık 2020. https://news.yahoo.com/10-worlds-people-may-infected-114759146.html
  • Korucuk, SELÇUK. “Soğuk zincir taşımacılığı yapan işletmelerde 3pl firma seçimi: İstanbul örneği”. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 16 (2018): 341–65.
  • Küçüktürkmen, Berrin, ve A Bozkır. “Özel saklama koşulu gerektiren veya soğuk zincire tabi ilaçlar ve uygulamalar açısından değerlendirmeler”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi. Interest Group, 2018.
  • Launchandscalefaster.org. “COVID-19 | Launch and Scale Speedometer”, 5 Aralık 2020. https://launc handscalefaster.org/COVID-19.
  • Lazarus, Jeffrey V, Scott C Ratzan, Adam Palayew, Lawrence O Gostin, Heidi J Larson, Kenneth Rabin, Spencer Kimball, ve Ayman El-Mohandes. “A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine”. Nature medicine, 2020, 1–4.
  • Lloyd, John, ve James Cheyne. “The origins of the vaccine cold chain and a glimpse of the future”. Vaccine 35, sayı 17 (19 Nisan 2017): 2115–20.
  • Mercier, Samuel, Martin Mondor, Ultan McCarthy, Sebastien Villeneuve, Graciela Alvarez, ve Ismail Uysal. “Optimized cold chain to save food”. Içinde Saving Food, 203–26. Elsevier, 2019.
  • Ndraha, Nodali, Hsin I. Hsiao, Jelena Vlajic, Ming Feng Yang, ve Hong Ting Victor Lin. “Time-temperature abuse in the food cold chain: Review of issues, challenges, and recommendations”. Food Control. Elsevier Ltd, 01 Temmuz 2018.
  • Nizamlıoğlu, Nizam Mustafa, ve Süleyman Gökmen. “Karaman ilindeki soğuk depolarının mevcut durumu, sorunları ve çözüm önerileri”, Derim Dergisi, Sayı 34, 2017.
  • Okyay, Pınar. “Covid-19 Aşı Çalışmaları”, 10 Aralık 2020, https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6/covid19-rapor_6_Part24.pdf.
  • Paris, Costas, ve Jared S. Hopkins. “Pfizer Sets Up Its ‘Biggest Ever’ Vaccination Distribution Campaign”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizer-sets-up-its-biggest-ever-vaccination-distrib ution- campaign-11603272614.
  • Pfizer. “COVID-19 Vaccine U.S. Distribution Fact Sheet”, 6 Aralık 2020. https:// www.pfizer.com/ news/hot-topics/covid_19_vaccine_u_s_distribution_fact_sheet.
  • Rodrigue, Jean-Paul, ve Theo Notteboom. “The cold chain and its logistics”. The geography of transport systems, 2014.
  • So, Anthony D, ve Joshua Woo. “Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis”. bmj 371 (2020).
  • Stirlingultracold.com. “Unmatched 80°C Storage Advantages Across the COVID-19 Vaccine Cold Chain”, 5 Aralık 2020. https://www.stirlingultracold.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/C-19_Vaccine-Distribution_ White-Paper_Stirling_Ultracold.pdf.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. “Aşının Yolculuğu”, 2 Aralık 2020. https://asi.saglik.gov.tr/asinin-yolculugu.
  • TAPA. “TAPA: €10 Mıllıon In Product Losses In October As Major Cargo Thefts In Emea Average €686,300”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www.tapa-global.org/information/latest-news-views/news-detail-view/EUR10-million-in-product-losses-in-october-as-major-cargo-thefts-in-emea-average-EUR686300.html.
  • The Economist. “Daily chart - Rich countries grab half of projected covid-19 vaccine supply | Graphic detail”, 29 Kasım 2020. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/11/12/rich-countries-grab-half-of- projected-covid-19-vaccine-supply.
  • ———. “The roar of the crowd - Nothing can beat a live event Special report ”, 3 Aralık 2020. https://www.economist.com/special-report/2017/02/09/nothing-can-beat-a-live-event.
  • UN.org. “With More Than 1.5 Million Lives Lost to COVID-19, World Leaders in General Assembly Demand Urgent Action to Guarantee Equitable Distribution of Life-Saving Vaccines | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases”, 5 Aralık 2020. https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ga12293.doc.htm.
  • UNCTAD. “Review of Maritime Transport 2020 ”, 25 Kasım 2020. https://unctad.org/webflyer/ review-maritime-transport-2020.
  • UNWTO. “Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism”, 25 Kasım 2020. https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism.
  • Wakefield, A. J., S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, J. Linnell, D. M. Casson, M. Malik, M. Berelowitz, vd. “Retracted: Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children”. Lancet 351, sayı 9103 (28 Şubat 1998): 637–41.
  • Weise, Elizabeth. “Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine is spiking sales of dry ice. Here’s why.”, 11 Aralık 2020. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/11/18/pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-dry-ice-sales-storage/6281859002/.
  • WHO. “Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines”, 24 Kasım 2020. https://www.who.int/ publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines.
  • ———. “Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines”, 24 Kasım 2020. https://www.who.int/ publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines.
  • ———. “Immunization Supply Chain And Logistics”, 6 Aralık 2020. https://www.who.int/ immunization/call-to-action_ipac-iscl.pdf.
  • ———. “Monitoring vaccine wastage at country level Guidelines for programme managers Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals”, 6 Aralık 2020. www.who.int/vaccines-documents/.
  • ———. “Qualification of temperature-controlled storage areas”, 6 Aralık 2020. https://www.who.int/biologicals/expert_committee/Supplement-7-TS-qualification-storage-areas
  • ———. “Vaccines and immunization”, 24 Kasım 2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1.
  • ———. “WHO Concept for fair access and equitable allocation of COVID-19 health products”, 24 Kasım 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-covid19-vaccine-allo cation - final-working-version-9sept.pdf?sfvrsn=e1d0376_6&download=true.
  • ———. “WHO Zaman Çizelgesi - COVID-19”, 24 Kasım 2020. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19. Worldometers.info. “Coronavirus Update (Live): 59,562,713 Cases and 1,402,934 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - Worldometer”, 24 Kasım 2020. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?
  • Yavuz, Fahri, Ayşe Sezgin, ve Okan Demir. “Erzurum Sütçülük Sektöründe Soğuk Zincir İyi Uygulama Örneklerinin Oluşturulması ve Yayınlaştırılması Üzerine Bir Çalışma”. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, sayı 1 (2016): 42–50. Yazıcı, Sabire. “Covid-19’un Soğuk Zincir Lojistiğine Etkisi”. Journal of Awareness 5, sayı 3 (2020): 391–400.
  • Zhou, Peng, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang, Ben Hu, Lei Zhang, Wei Zhang, Hao-Rui Si, Yan Zhu, Bei Li, ve Chao-Lin Huang. “A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin”. nature 579, sayı 7798 (2020): 270–73.
  • Zimmer, Carl, Jonathan Corum, ve Sui-Lee Wee. “Covid-19 Vaccine Tracker: Latest Updates - The New York Times”, 15 Aralık 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Veli Ahmet Çevik 0000-0003-1981-7275

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Çevik, V. A. (2021). Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(12), 155-204.
AMA Çevik VA. Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. ÜSBİD. Haziran 2021;(12):155-204.
Chicago Çevik, Veli Ahmet. “Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 12 (Haziran 2021): 155-204.
EndNote Çevik VA (01 Haziran 2021) Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12 155–204.
IEEE V. A. Çevik, “Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar”, ÜSBİD, sy. 12, ss. 155–204, Haziran 2021.
ISNAD Çevik, Veli Ahmet. “Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12 (Haziran 2021), 155-204.
JAMA Çevik VA. Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. ÜSBİD. 2021;:155–204.
MLA Çevik, Veli Ahmet. “Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 12, 2021, ss. 155-04.
Vancouver Çevik VA. Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar. ÜSBİD. 2021(12):155-204.

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