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William James: Hümanizmi ve Din Felsefesi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 16, 191 - 208, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125

Öz

Hümanizm düşünce tarihinin kilit kavramlarından biridir. Kavramın çeşitli dönemlerde, farklı amaçlarla kullanıldığı gözlenmektedir. Sofistlerin retorik düzeyindeki hümanizminden, orta çağın Hristiyan hümanizmine, Rönesans’ın yazınsal hümanizminden Comte’un hümanizmine kadar birbirinden farklı hümanizm türleri mevcuttur. Başka bir deyişle, yekpare bir hümanizmden bahsedilemez. Bu yaklaşım çeşitliliğinde karşımıza çıkan problemlerden biri, hümanizm ile din arasındaki ilişkidir. Kimi hümanist yorumlar din dışı ve hatta din karşıtı bir yaklaşımı ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Peki, hümanizmi din karşıtı bir öğreti olarak görmek zorunlu mudur? James’in hümanizmi bu soruyu cevaplamak bakımından önemli veriler sunmaktadır. Bir ucunda radikal bir ampirist epistemolojinin, diğer ucundaysa anti-teistik bir paradigmanın egemen olduğu James’in hümanizmi dinî inancı dışlamamaktadır. Aksine, hem dinin pratik açıdan verimli yönlerini özenle korumakta, hem de insanı merkeze alan bir din felsefesi geliştirmektedir. Başta Tanrı’nın varlığı, Tanrı-evren ilişkisi, kötülük problemi ve dinî tecrübe olmak üzere, klasik din felsefesinin çeşitli problemleri James tarafından hümanistik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmamız, James’in zikredilen din felsefesi problemlerine verdiği cevapları kendi özgün hümanizmi çerçevesinde irdelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, Gay Wilson. William James. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970.
  • American Humanist Association. “Definition of Humanism.” American Humanist Association, February 23, 2023. https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/definition-of-humanism/.
  • Barzun, Jacques. A Stroll with William James. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.
  • Comte, Auguste. A General View of Positivism. Translated by John Henry Bridges. London: Trübner and Co., 1865.
  • ———. The Catechism of Positive Religion. Translated by Richard Congreve. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd., 1891.
  • Copleston, Frederick S. J. A History of Philosophy. Vol. 8. New York: Image Books, 1994.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. “Hümanizmin Radikalleşmesi Olarak Transhümanizm.” Felsefi Düşün-Akademik Felsefe Dergisi 0, no. 9 (2017): 46–68.
  • Funkenstein, Amos. “The Polytheism of William James.” Journal of the History of Ideas 55, no. 1 (1994): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709955
  • Hall, Richard A. S. “The Polytheism of William James.” The Pluralist 4, no. 1 (2009): 18–32. https://doi. org/10.1353/plu.0.0009
  • Hankins, James. “Religion and the Modernity of Renaissance Humanism.” In Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism, edited by Angelo Mazzocco, 137–53. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
  • • Üsküdar University Journal of Social Sciences Fatih TAŞTAN
  • Hartshorne, Charles, and William L. Reese. Philosophers Speak of God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.
  • Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Edited by Peter Millican. 1748. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm. Humanism and Theology. Aquinas Lecture. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1943.
  • James, Henry, ed. The Letters of William James. Vol. 2. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1920.
  • James, William. A Pluralistic Universe. New York: Longmans, Green, 1920.
  • ———. Essays in Radical Empiricism. Edited by Ralph Barton Perry. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1912.
  • ———. Pragmatism, and Other Essays. New York: Washington Square Press, 1968.
  • ———. Some Problems of Philosophy: A Beginning of an Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1921.
  • ———. The Meaning of Truth a Sequel to “Pragmatism.” London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909.
  • ———. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. Edited by Eugene Taylor and Jeremy Carrette. 1902. Reprint, London: Routledge, 2002.
  • ———. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green, 1897. Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language. 6th ed. Vol. 1. 2 vols. London: J. F. and C. Rivington, 1785.
  • Kilborne, Benjamin. “Positivism and Its Vicissitudes: The Role of Faith in the Social Sciences.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 28, no. 4 (1992): 352–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520- 6696(199210)28:4<352::AID-JHBS2300280404>3.0.CO;2-2
  • Lamberth, David C. William James and the Metaphysics of Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Moore, A. W. “Humanism.” The Monist 14, no. 5 (1904): 747–52.
  • Roden, David. Posthuman Life: Philosophy at the Edge of the Human. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
  • Rorty, Richard. Philosophy as Cultural Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott. Studies in Humanism. London: Macmillan and Co., 1907.
  • Türer, Celal. William James’in Ahlak Anlayışı. Ankara: Elis, 2005.
  • Whitehead, Alfred North. Religion in the Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927.
  • Zimmermann, Jens. “Introduction.” In Re-Envisioning Christian Humanism: Education and the Restoration of Humanity, edited by Jens Zimmermann, 1–15. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.

William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 16, 191 - 208, 29.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125

Öz

Humanism is one of the key concepts of the history of thought. It is employed for different purposes in different eras. There are various types of it, ranging from the rhetorical humanism of Sophists to the Christian humanism of middle ages, and from literary humanism of Renaissance to the humanism of Comte. In other words, there is not a monolithic humanism. One of the problems encountered within this diversity of approaches is the relationship between humanism and religion. Some humanistic interpretations foreground an anti-religious approach. Is it necessary to regard humanism as anti-religious? James’s humanism provides important data to answer this question. His humanism, at one end of which there is a radical empiricist epistemology while at the other end there lies an anti-theistic paradigm, does not exclude religious belief. Rather, it both carefully preserves the practically productive aspects of religion and develops a philosophy of religion that puts human being in the center. Several problems of classical philosophy of religion, particularly the existence of God, His relationship with universe, the problem of evil and religious experience, are handled with a humanistic approach by James. And this study examines James’s answers to those problems of philosophy of religion within the framework of his genuine humanism.

Kaynakça

  • Allen, Gay Wilson. William James. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970.
  • American Humanist Association. “Definition of Humanism.” American Humanist Association, February 23, 2023. https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/definition-of-humanism/.
  • Barzun, Jacques. A Stroll with William James. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.
  • Comte, Auguste. A General View of Positivism. Translated by John Henry Bridges. London: Trübner and Co., 1865.
  • ———. The Catechism of Positive Religion. Translated by Richard Congreve. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd., 1891.
  • Copleston, Frederick S. J. A History of Philosophy. Vol. 8. New York: Image Books, 1994.
  • Dağ, Ahmet. “Hümanizmin Radikalleşmesi Olarak Transhümanizm.” Felsefi Düşün-Akademik Felsefe Dergisi 0, no. 9 (2017): 46–68.
  • Funkenstein, Amos. “The Polytheism of William James.” Journal of the History of Ideas 55, no. 1 (1994): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/2709955
  • Hall, Richard A. S. “The Polytheism of William James.” The Pluralist 4, no. 1 (2009): 18–32. https://doi. org/10.1353/plu.0.0009
  • Hankins, James. “Religion and the Modernity of Renaissance Humanism.” In Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism, edited by Angelo Mazzocco, 137–53. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
  • • Üsküdar University Journal of Social Sciences Fatih TAŞTAN
  • Hartshorne, Charles, and William L. Reese. Philosophers Speak of God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.
  • Hume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Edited by Peter Millican. 1748. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm. Humanism and Theology. Aquinas Lecture. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1943.
  • James, Henry, ed. The Letters of William James. Vol. 2. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1920.
  • James, William. A Pluralistic Universe. New York: Longmans, Green, 1920.
  • ———. Essays in Radical Empiricism. Edited by Ralph Barton Perry. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1912.
  • ———. Pragmatism, and Other Essays. New York: Washington Square Press, 1968.
  • ———. Some Problems of Philosophy: A Beginning of an Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1921.
  • ———. The Meaning of Truth a Sequel to “Pragmatism.” London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909.
  • ———. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. Edited by Eugene Taylor and Jeremy Carrette. 1902. Reprint, London: Routledge, 2002.
  • ———. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green, 1897. Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language. 6th ed. Vol. 1. 2 vols. London: J. F. and C. Rivington, 1785.
  • Kilborne, Benjamin. “Positivism and Its Vicissitudes: The Role of Faith in the Social Sciences.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 28, no. 4 (1992): 352–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520- 6696(199210)28:4<352::AID-JHBS2300280404>3.0.CO;2-2
  • Lamberth, David C. William James and the Metaphysics of Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Moore, A. W. “Humanism.” The Monist 14, no. 5 (1904): 747–52.
  • Roden, David. Posthuman Life: Philosophy at the Edge of the Human. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
  • Rorty, Richard. Philosophy as Cultural Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott. Studies in Humanism. London: Macmillan and Co., 1907.
  • Türer, Celal. William James’in Ahlak Anlayışı. Ankara: Elis, 2005.
  • Whitehead, Alfred North. Religion in the Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927.
  • Zimmermann, Jens. “Introduction.” In Re-Envisioning Christian Humanism: Education and the Restoration of Humanity, edited by Jens Zimmermann, 1–15. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Felsefe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatih Taştan 0000-0003-0985-8815

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA Taştan, F. (2023). William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(16), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125
AMA Taştan F. William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion. ÜSBİD. Haziran 2023;(16):191-208. doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125
Chicago Taştan, Fatih. “William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 16 (Haziran 2023): 191-208. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125.
EndNote Taştan F (01 Haziran 2023) William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16 191–208.
IEEE F. Taştan, “William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion”, ÜSBİD, sy. 16, ss. 191–208, Haziran 2023, doi: 10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125.
ISNAD Taştan, Fatih. “William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16 (Haziran 2023), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125.
JAMA Taştan F. William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion. ÜSBİD. 2023;:191–208.
MLA Taştan, Fatih. “William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 16, 2023, ss. 191-08, doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.9.16.125.
Vancouver Taştan F. William James: His Humanism and Philosophy of Religion. ÜSBİD. 2023(16):191-208.

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