Göçmen Girişimcilik Teorilerinin Mülteci Girişimcilik Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 91 - 103, 16.07.2022

Behiye Körpe Abdullatif Muzaffer Koç

Öz

Mülteci girişimciliği küresel bir ilgi fenomeni haline geldi. Bu çalışma, mülteci girişimcilikte yaygın olarak kullanılan teorileri, yöntemleri ve bağlamları belirlemek için literatürdeki göçmen girişimcilik teorilerinden faydalanarak mülteci girişimciliğin açıklanmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu makale, sınırları aşan disiplinler arası yaklaşımlara olan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır. Mülteci girişimcilik için farklı teorik çerçevelerin geliştirilmesi ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için bir kaynak oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Mülteci bir girişimin kurulmasını etkileyen faktörler çok yönlüdür. Bu faktörler eğitim, nesil, yerel nüfus, ekonomik durum, iş fırsatları, konum, kültürel ve dini farklılıklar ve köken gibi çeşitli olabilir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, mülteci girişimciliğin boyutlarını anlamak için bir çerçeve geliştirmektir. Çalışma, girişimcilik konusunun kavramsal bir değerlendirmesiyle başlamaktadır. Daha sonra mülteci girişimciliğin tanımı ve gelişimi incelenmektedir. Son olarak, mülteci girişimciliği çerçevelemek için yararlanılabilecek farklı teorileri tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Girişimcilik, göçmen, mülteci

Kaynakça

• Bager, T., & Rezaei, S. (2001). Immigrant business in Denmark: Captured in marginal business fields? Working Paper, 1.
• Basu, A. & Altinay, E. (2002). The Interaction Between Culture And Entrepreneurship in London’s Immigrant Businesses. International Small Business Journal. 20(4), 371-393.
• Bohon, S. (2001). Immigrant Workers and the Competition for Jobs. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
• Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38(38), 583–594. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2094409
• Butler, J. S. and Greene, P. G. (1997). Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Continuous Rebirth of American Entrepreneurship. In:D. L. Sexton and R.W. Smilor (Eds.) Entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: Upstart Publishing, 267–289
• Cantillon, R. (1964). Essai sur la nature du commerce en général, ed. and trans. Henry Higgs (1931; New York: Augustus Kelley, 1964).
• Carree, M. & Thurik, R. (2010). The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth. 10.1007/978-1-4419-1191-9_20.
• Carroll, A., & Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder management. Nelson Education.
• Casson, M. (2006). Entrepreneurship, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Liberty Fund, Inc. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Entrepreneurship.html (Erişim 13 Nisan, 2020).
• Castles, S., Korac, M., Vasta, E. and Vertovec, S. (2002). Integration: Mapping the field.
• Carlos Teixeira, L. Lo. (2012). Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Kelowna, BC: Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved from http://mbc.metropolis.net/assets/uploads/files/wp/2012/WP12-11.pdf
• Chrysostome, E., & Lin, X. (2010). Immigrant entrepreneurship: Scrutinizing a promising type of business venture. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52(2), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20315
• Constant, A., Kahanec, M., Rinne, U., Zimmermann, K. (2009). Ethnicity, Job Search and Labor Market Reintegration of the Unemployed. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), IZA Discussion Papers. 32. 10.1108/01437721111174749.
• Deakins, D. and Freel, M. (2012). Entrepreneurship and Small Firms (6th ed.). London: McGraw-Hill.
• De Raijman, R. B. (1996). Pathways to self-employment and entrepreneurship in an immigrant community in Chicago. Illinois: The University of Chicago.
• Drucker, P.F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles. New York: HarperBusiness.
• Eryılmaz, M. (2019). Mülteci Girisimcilik. Karadal, H. (Ed.). Girisimcilik. Istanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
• Fernandez, M., & Kim, K. C. (1998). Self-Employment Rates of Asian Immigrant Groups: An Analysis of Intragroup and Intergroup Differences. International Migration Review, 32(3), 654–681. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200304
• Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91(3):481-510.
• Hebert, R. & Link, A. (1989). In Search of the Meaning of Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics. 1. 39-49. 10.1007/BF00389915.
• Hiebert, D. (2002). Economic associations of immigrant self-employment in Canada. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 8(12), 93–112. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552550210423741
• Ishaq, M., Hussain, A., and Whittam, G. (2010). 'Racism: A barrier to entry? Experiences of small ethnic minority retail businesses'. International Small Business Journal 28(4) 362–377. Erişim tarihi 14 Şubat 2020, http://isb.sagepub.com/content/28/4/362
• Kirchhoff, B. (1994). Entrepreneurship and dynamic capitalism: The economics of firm formation and growth. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
• Kirzner, I. (1979). Perception, Opportunity and Profit. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Kloosterman, R. C., & Van Ser Leun, J. (1999). Just for Starters: Commercial Gentrification by Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Amsterdam and Rotterdam Neighbourhoods. Housing Studies, 14(5), 659–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039982669
• Kloosterman, Robert Rath, J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830020041561
• Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2003). Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Venturing Abroad in the Age of Globalization. (J. Kloosterman, Robert Rath, Ed.) (1st ed.). New York: Berg, Oxford.
• Kloosterman, R. C. & Rath, J. C. (2010). Shifting landscapes of immigrant entrepreneurship. UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository), (3), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264095830-5-en
• Knight, J. (2015). Migrant Employment in the Ethnic Economy: Why Do Some Migrants Become Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Others Co-Ethnic Workers? International Migration & Integration, (16), 575–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0357-1
• Kuratko, D. F. & Hodgetts, R. M. (1998). Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Approach, Dryden Press, ISBN 0030196043, Orlando
• Lee, E. (2003). The making of immigrant entrepreneurs: gendered processes of Korean small business ownership. New York: State University of New York.
• Leung, M. (2002). From four-course Peking duck to take-away Singapore rice: an inquiry İnto the dynamics of the ethnic Chinese catering business in Germany. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 8(1/2), 134–147.
• Levie, J. (2007). Immigration, In-Migration, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. Small Bus Econ 28, 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9013-2
• Light, I. (1972). Ethnic enterprise in America: business and welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Light, I. (2005). The ethnic economy. In N. J. Smelser & R. Swedberg (Eds.), The Handbook of Economic Sociology, Second Edition (2nd ed., p. 736). Princeton University Press. Retrieved from https://is.muni.cz/el/1456/jaro2016/BKV_SOPE/um/Neil_J._Smelser__Richard_Swe dberg-The_Handbook_of_Economic_Sociology__Second_Edition__2005_.pdf
• Light, I., Zhou, M., & Kim, R. (2002). Transnationalism and American Exports in an English-Speaking World, 36(3), 702–725.
• Liu, C. Y. (2012). Intrametropolitan Opportunity Structure and the Self-Employment of Asian and Latino Immigrants. Economic Development Quarterly, 26(2), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891242412443126
• McKee, K. (2003). The “Black-Korean” conflict http://www.gwu.edu/~english/ccsc/2003/papers/mckee.pdf. Erişim tarihi: (17 Ocak 2021).
• Min, P.G., & Bozorgmehr, M. (2003). United States: The Entrepreneurial Cutting Edge.
• Nazareno, J., Zhou, M. & You, T. (2018). Global dynamics of immigrant entrepreneurship: Changing trends, ethnonational variations, and reconceptualizations. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. 25. 10.1108/IJEBR-03-2018-0141.
• Pang CL, Rath J (2007). The force of regulation in the land of the free: The persistence of Chinatown, Washington DC as a symbolic ethnic enclave. In Ruef M, Lounsbury M (eds) The sociology of entrepreneurship: Research in the sociology of organizations, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Amsterdam, 191-216
• Polanyi, K. (1944). The Great Transformation: Economic and Political Origins of Our Time. New York: Rinehart.
• Portes A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 24:1-24
• Portes, A., & Manning, R.D. (2008). “The Immigrant Enclave: Theory and Empirical Examples” Johns Hopkins University, 47–68. Retrieved from http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jackson/analysis.of.inequality/Readings/Portes- Immigrant Enclave-Theory and Empirical Examples- 86.pdf
• Portes, A., & Shafer, S. (2006). Revisiting the Enclave Hypothesis: Miami Twenty-Five Years Later, (CMD Working Paper No.06-10). New Jersey: The Center of Migration and Development, Princeton University. http://www.princeton.edu/cmd/working-papers/papers/wp0610.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart, 2022).
• Pütz, R. (2003). ‘Culture and entrepreneurship – remarks on transculturality as practice’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 94(5), 554–63.
• Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and Business Cycle. Cambridge: Harvard University.
• Schumpeter, J. A. (1949). Change and the Entrepreneur. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Skandalis, K. S., & Ghazzawi, I. A. (2014). Immigration and entrepreneurship in Greece: Factors influencing and shaping entrepreneurship establishments by immigrants. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 18, 77–100.
• Teixeira, C., Lo, L., & Truelove, M. (2007). Immigrant entrepreneurship, institutional discrimination, and implications for public policy: A case study in Toronto. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 25(2), 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1068/c18r
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2018.
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 'Refugees' and 'Migrants' – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), https://www.refworld.org/docid/56e81c0d4.html (erişim tarihi:21 Mart 2022)
• Valenzuela, A. J. (2000). Working on the margins: immigrant day labor characteristics and prospects. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Vertovec S (2003) Migration and other modes of transnationalism: Towards conceptual cross-fertilization. International Migration Review 37(3):641-665. doi: 10.2307/30037752
• Vertovec S (2009) Transnationalism. Routledge, London and New York.
• Vinogradov, E. (2008). Immigrant entrepreneurship in Norway. Bodø Graduate School of Business.
• Volery, T. (2007). Ethnic entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework. In L.-P. Dana (Ed.), Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship: A Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/39658/1/Volery_Chapter_03_Ethnic_Entrepreneurs hip.pdf
• Waldinger, R. (1995). The Outer Side of Embeddedness: A Case Study of the Interplay of Economy and Ethnicity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18(3), 555–590. Retrieved from http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/waldinger/pdf/The_A8.pdf
• Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., & Ward, R. (1990). Ethnic entrepreneurs: immigrant business in industrial societies. Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/waldinger/pdf/Ethnic_B8.pdf
• Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Small Business Economics. 13. 27-55. 10.1023/A:1008063200484.
• Wilson, K. L., & Portes, A. (1980). Immigrant Enclaves: An Analysis of the Labour Market Experiences of Cubans in Miami. American Journal of Sociology, 86(2), 295-319.
• Zhang, Z. (2010). The Home Country’s Role in Shaping Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurship. (Doctor of Philosophy in Social Sciences), Department of Social Sciences Auckland University of Technology, Auckland.