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Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamaları ile Yoksulluk İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 80 - 101, 24.12.2022

Öz

Sağlık hizmetlerinin eşit, adil, ulaşılabilir ve optimum seviyede sunulması bir taraftan insan hayatını kurtarıp toplumsal refahı artırırken; diğer taraftan da maliyetleri yukarı çekmekte ve etkinlikten uzaklaşılmasına sebep olabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla sağlık harcamaları gereksiz ve verimsiz alanlara yöneliyorsa ya da sağlık gelirleri öngörülen harcamaları finanse edemiyorsa artan sağlık harcamalarının finansmanı için cepten katkı paylarının artırılması gereksinimi doğmaktadır. Bu durum bir yönden yoksulların daha da yoksullaşmasına sebep olabilmekte, diğer yönden ise yoksulluk sınırının az da olsa üzerinde olanların aşağıya çekilerek yoksulluk seviyesine inmesine neden olabilmektedir. Ayrıca sağlık harcamalarının yüksek miktarlara ulaşması, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin ve kullanımın önünde engeller oluşturabilmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmada literatür taraması kapsamında cepten sağlık harcamalarının yoksulluk üzerinde meydana getirdiği etkiler birçok ülke uygulaması ele alınarak incelenmiş ve söz konusu sorunun önlenmesi noktasında mali yönden dezavantajlı kesimlere fayda sağlayan politikalara odaklanılması, maliyet etkin hizmetlerin finansmanına ağırlık verilmesi ve cepten yapılan ödemelerde hastaların yanı sıra ailelerini de mali yükten koruyacak nitelikte olması gerektiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahid, S. (2022). Impact of Out-of-Pocket Costs on Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditures, Value in Health Regional Issues, 30, 170-171.
  • Alan, S., Crossley, T.F., Grootendorst, P. and Veall, M.R. (2002). The Effects of Drug Subsidies on Out-of-Pocket Prescription Drug Expenditures by Seniors: Regional Evidence from Canada, Journal of Health Economics, 21(5), 805-826.
  • Arı, H.O. (2018). Türkiye'de Sağlık Harcamaları: Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları Sonuçlarının Genel Değerlendirmesi 1999-2016. TÜSPE Analiz 2018/4, TÜSPE Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Asian Development Bank (2012). The Impact of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Poverty and Inequalities in Use of Maternal and Child Health Services in Bangladesh. ADB RETA 6515 Country Brief Series, December.
  • Atasever, M., Karaca, Z., Sanisoğlu, S.Y., Alkan, A. ve Bağcı, H. (2018). Türkiye’de Katastrofik Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sağlık Hizmetlerinden Memnuniyet Oranı ile İlişkisi. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(1), 22-30.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2022a). Health Expenditure. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-welfare-expenditure/health-expenditure Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2022b). Health & Welfare Expenditure. Overwiew. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/health-welfare-overview/health-welfare-expenditure/overview
  • Aydın, M. ve Şiriner, İ. (2022). “Kamu Ekonomisi Perspektifinden Sağlık Okuryazarlığı”. M. Aydın, İ. Şiriner ve Ş.A. Koç (eds.). Global Agenda in Social Sciences Global Studies Vol.9. (s. 459-492). 1. Baskı, IJOPEC Publication: London.
  • Aydın, M. ve Türgay, T. (2011). Yoksullukla Mücadelede Vergi Politikası ve Türkiye. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1). 249-274.
  • Bashir, S., Kishwar, S. and Salman. (2021). Incidence and Determinants of Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Impoverishment in Pakistan. Public Health, 197, 42-47.
  • Bedado, D., Kaso, A.W. and Hailu, A. (2022). Magnitude and Determinants of Out of Pocket Health Expenditure among Patients Visiting Outpatients in Public Hospitals in East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 15, 1-6.
  • Bellù, L.G. and Liberati, P. (2005). Impacts of Policies on Poverty The Definition of Poverty. Easypol, Module 004, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Bijlmakers, L., Wientjes, M., Mwapasa, G., Cornelissen, D., Borgstein, E., Broekhuizen, H., Brugha, R. and Gajewski, J. (2019). Out-of-pocket Payments and Catastrophic Household Expenditure to Access Essential Surgery in Malawi - A Cross-sectional Patient Survey. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 43, 85-90.
  • Bora Başara, B. ve Şahin, İ. (2008). Türkı̇ye’de Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamalarını Etkı̇leyen Etmenler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 319-340.
  • Boratav, K. (2017). Emperyalizm, Sosyalizm ve Türkiye. Dördüncü Basım, Yordam Kitap: İstanbul.
  • Brown, S., Hole, A.R. and Kilic, D. (2014). Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure in Turkey: Analysis of the 2003-2008 Household Budget Surveys. Economic Modelling, 41, 211-218.
  • Bulutoğlu, K. (2008). Kamu Ekonomisine Giriş. 7. Baskı, Maliye ve Hukuk Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Concern. (2022, February 3). The Top 11 Causes of Poverty Around the World. Retrieved 24 October 2022, from https://www.concernusa.org/story/causes-of-poverty/
  • Çınaroğlu, S. (2018). Cepten Sağlık Harcamalarının Finansmanında Eşitsizlik ve Hakkaniyet: Uygulamalı Bir Ekonometrik Yaklaşım. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 876-897.
  • Development Initiatives. (2016). Definitions and Measures of Poverty. Briefing. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Definitions-and-measures-of-poverty.pdf
  • Doğan, E. (2020). Cepten Sağlık Harcaması Yapılmasını Belı̇rleyen Faktörler: Mı̇kro Verı̇ler ile Türkı̇ye Örneğı̇. Sosyal Polı̇tı̇ka Çalışmaları Dergı̇sı̇, 20(48), 569-600.
  • Dumfries & Galloway. (2020). Causes and Effects of Poverty. Challenge Poverty Week, 5th-11th October. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.dumgal.gov.uk/media/ 23593/Factsheet-Causes-and-Effects-of-Poverty/pdf/0125-20_Causes_and_Effects_ of_poverty.pdf?m=637775983227400000
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  • Friedman, M. (2011). Kapitalizm ve Özgürlük. 2. Baskı, Plato: İstanbul.
  • Garcia-Diaz, R. and Sosa-Rub, S.G. (2011). Analysis of the Distributional Impact of Out-of-Pocket Health Payments: Evidence From A Public Health Insurance Program for the Poor in Mexico. Journal of Health Economics, 30(4), 707-718.
  • Gunarathne, S.P., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Agampodi, T.C., Prasanna, R.P.I.R. and Agampodi, S.B. (2022). Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Magnitude, Reasons, Associated Factors, and Implications of the Out-of-Pocket Expenditure During Pregnancy. Public Health, 206, 33-37.
  • Hayat, E., Ertekin, Ş. (2020). OECD Ülkelerinde Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(4), 2739-2757.
  • Ismaïl, S. and Arfa, C. (2022). Effects of Out-of-Pocket Medicine’s Spending on Catastrophic Expenditure and Impoverishment in Tunisia. Value in Health Regional Issues, 30, 109-118.
  • İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14 (2), 409-420.
  • Keane, M. and Thakur, R. (2018). Health Care Spending and Hidden Poverty in India. Research in Economics, 72(4), 435-451.
  • Kim, H. and Mitra, S. (2022). Dynamics of Health and Labor Income in Korea, The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 21, 1-16.
  • Koch, K.J., Pedraza, C.C. and Schmid, A. (2017). Out-of-Pocket Expenditure and Financial Protection in the Chilean Health Care System - A Systematic Review. Health Policy, 121(5), 481-494.
  • Lara, J. L. A., & Gómez, F. R. (2011). Determining factors of catastrophic health spending in Bogota, Colombia. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 11(2), 83–100.
  • Lu, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Xu, C. and Cheng, B. (2021). Can Health Poverty Alleviation Project Reduce the Economic Vulnerability of Poor Households? Evidence from Chifeng City, China. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 162, 1-9.
  • Ludi, E. (2016). Poverty Brief - Understanding Poverty. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC. Retrieved 20 October 2022, from https://www.shareweb.ch/site/ Poverty-Wellbeing/Documents/SDC%20Poverty%20Brief%20160413%20Web.pdf
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AN EVALUATION ON RELATION OF OUT-OF-POCKET HEALTH EXPENDITURES AND POVERTY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 80 - 101, 24.12.2022

Öz

While providing health services at an equal, fair, accessible, and optimum grade saves human lives and increases social welfare, on the other hand, it increases costs and decreases efficiency. Therefore, if health expenditures are directed towards unnecessary and inefficient areas, or health revenues cannot finance the foreseen expenses, the need to increase the out-of-pocket contributions to fund the increased health expenditures arises. On the one hand, this situation may cause the poor to become poorer, and on the other hand, it may cause those who are slightly above the poverty line to be brought down to the poverty level. Additively, high health expenditures can create barriers to access and use of health services. For this reason, the effects of out-of-pocket health expenses on poverty have been examined within the scope of the literature review, considering the practices of many countries. To prevent this problem, it was concluded that focusing on policies that benefit the financially disadvantaged, financing cost-effective services, and out-of-pocket payments should be such to protect the patients and their families from the financial burden.

Kaynakça

  • Ahid, S. (2022). Impact of Out-of-Pocket Costs on Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditures, Value in Health Regional Issues, 30, 170-171.
  • Alan, S., Crossley, T.F., Grootendorst, P. and Veall, M.R. (2002). The Effects of Drug Subsidies on Out-of-Pocket Prescription Drug Expenditures by Seniors: Regional Evidence from Canada, Journal of Health Economics, 21(5), 805-826.
  • Arı, H.O. (2018). Türkiye'de Sağlık Harcamaları: Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları Sonuçlarının Genel Değerlendirmesi 1999-2016. TÜSPE Analiz 2018/4, TÜSPE Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Asian Development Bank (2012). The Impact of Out-of-Pocket Expenditures on Poverty and Inequalities in Use of Maternal and Child Health Services in Bangladesh. ADB RETA 6515 Country Brief Series, December.
  • Atasever, M., Karaca, Z., Sanisoğlu, S.Y., Alkan, A. ve Bağcı, H. (2018). Türkiye’de Katastrofik Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sağlık Hizmetlerinden Memnuniyet Oranı ile İlişkisi. Ankara Medical Journal, 18(1), 22-30.
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2022a). Health Expenditure. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/health-welfare-expenditure/health-expenditure Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2022b). Health & Welfare Expenditure. Overwiew. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/health-welfare-overview/health-welfare-expenditure/overview
  • Aydın, M. ve Şiriner, İ. (2022). “Kamu Ekonomisi Perspektifinden Sağlık Okuryazarlığı”. M. Aydın, İ. Şiriner ve Ş.A. Koç (eds.). Global Agenda in Social Sciences Global Studies Vol.9. (s. 459-492). 1. Baskı, IJOPEC Publication: London.
  • Aydın, M. ve Türgay, T. (2011). Yoksullukla Mücadelede Vergi Politikası ve Türkiye. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1). 249-274.
  • Bashir, S., Kishwar, S. and Salman. (2021). Incidence and Determinants of Catastrophic Health Expenditures and Impoverishment in Pakistan. Public Health, 197, 42-47.
  • Bedado, D., Kaso, A.W. and Hailu, A. (2022). Magnitude and Determinants of Out of Pocket Health Expenditure among Patients Visiting Outpatients in Public Hospitals in East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 15, 1-6.
  • Bellù, L.G. and Liberati, P. (2005). Impacts of Policies on Poverty The Definition of Poverty. Easypol, Module 004, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Bijlmakers, L., Wientjes, M., Mwapasa, G., Cornelissen, D., Borgstein, E., Broekhuizen, H., Brugha, R. and Gajewski, J. (2019). Out-of-pocket Payments and Catastrophic Household Expenditure to Access Essential Surgery in Malawi - A Cross-sectional Patient Survey. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 43, 85-90.
  • Bora Başara, B. ve Şahin, İ. (2008). Türkı̇ye’de Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamalarını Etkı̇leyen Etmenler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 319-340.
  • Boratav, K. (2017). Emperyalizm, Sosyalizm ve Türkiye. Dördüncü Basım, Yordam Kitap: İstanbul.
  • Brown, S., Hole, A.R. and Kilic, D. (2014). Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure in Turkey: Analysis of the 2003-2008 Household Budget Surveys. Economic Modelling, 41, 211-218.
  • Bulutoğlu, K. (2008). Kamu Ekonomisine Giriş. 7. Baskı, Maliye ve Hukuk Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Concern. (2022, February 3). The Top 11 Causes of Poverty Around the World. Retrieved 24 October 2022, from https://www.concernusa.org/story/causes-of-poverty/
  • Çınaroğlu, S. (2018). Cepten Sağlık Harcamalarının Finansmanında Eşitsizlik ve Hakkaniyet: Uygulamalı Bir Ekonometrik Yaklaşım. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 876-897.
  • Development Initiatives. (2016). Definitions and Measures of Poverty. Briefing. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://devinit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Definitions-and-measures-of-poverty.pdf
  • Doğan, E. (2020). Cepten Sağlık Harcaması Yapılmasını Belı̇rleyen Faktörler: Mı̇kro Verı̇ler ile Türkı̇ye Örneğı̇. Sosyal Polı̇tı̇ka Çalışmaları Dergı̇sı̇, 20(48), 569-600.
  • Dumfries & Galloway. (2020). Causes and Effects of Poverty. Challenge Poverty Week, 5th-11th October. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.dumgal.gov.uk/media/ 23593/Factsheet-Causes-and-Effects-of-Poverty/pdf/0125-20_Causes_and_Effects_ of_poverty.pdf?m=637775983227400000
  • Fan, V.Y. and Savedoff, W.D. (2014). The Health Financing Transition: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 105, 112-121.
  • Friedman, M. (2011). Kapitalizm ve Özgürlük. 2. Baskı, Plato: İstanbul.
  • Garcia-Diaz, R. and Sosa-Rub, S.G. (2011). Analysis of the Distributional Impact of Out-of-Pocket Health Payments: Evidence From A Public Health Insurance Program for the Poor in Mexico. Journal of Health Economics, 30(4), 707-718.
  • Gunarathne, S.P., Wickramasinghe, N.D., Agampodi, T.C., Prasanna, R.P.I.R. and Agampodi, S.B. (2022). Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Magnitude, Reasons, Associated Factors, and Implications of the Out-of-Pocket Expenditure During Pregnancy. Public Health, 206, 33-37.
  • Hayat, E., Ertekin, Ş. (2020). OECD Ülkelerinde Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(4), 2739-2757.
  • Ismaïl, S. and Arfa, C. (2022). Effects of Out-of-Pocket Medicine’s Spending on Catastrophic Expenditure and Impoverishment in Tunisia. Value in Health Regional Issues, 30, 109-118.
  • İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Koşulsuz Kantil Regresyon. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14 (2), 409-420.
  • Keane, M. and Thakur, R. (2018). Health Care Spending and Hidden Poverty in India. Research in Economics, 72(4), 435-451.
  • Kim, H. and Mitra, S. (2022). Dynamics of Health and Labor Income in Korea, The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 21, 1-16.
  • Koch, K.J., Pedraza, C.C. and Schmid, A. (2017). Out-of-Pocket Expenditure and Financial Protection in the Chilean Health Care System - A Systematic Review. Health Policy, 121(5), 481-494.
  • Lara, J. L. A., & Gómez, F. R. (2011). Determining factors of catastrophic health spending in Bogota, Colombia. International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 11(2), 83–100.
  • Lu, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Xu, C. and Cheng, B. (2021). Can Health Poverty Alleviation Project Reduce the Economic Vulnerability of Poor Households? Evidence from Chifeng City, China. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 162, 1-9.
  • Ludi, E. (2016). Poverty Brief - Understanding Poverty. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC. Retrieved 20 October 2022, from https://www.shareweb.ch/site/ Poverty-Wellbeing/Documents/SDC%20Poverty%20Brief%20160413%20Web.pdf
  • Oğuzhan, G. Ve Kurnaz, M. (2018). Katastrofı̇k Sağlık Harcamaları: Düşük Gelı̇rlı̇ Ülke Örneklerı̇. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2): 25-32.
  • Oladosu, A.O., Chanimbe, T. and Anaduaka, U.S. (2022). Effect of Public Health Expenditure on Health Outcomes in Nigeria and Ghana. Health Policy OPEN, 3, 1-7.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2022). Health Spending. Retrieved 9 October 2022, from https://data.oecd.org/healthres/health-spending.htm
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Out-of-Pocket Spending: Access to Care and Financial Protection. Focus On, April. Retrieved 24 October 2022, from https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/OECD-Focus-on-Out-of-Pocket-Spending-April-2019.pdf
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2015). “7. Access to Care: Out-of-pocket medical expenditure”. Health At A Glance 2015, Retrieved 20 October 2022, from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/health_glance-2015-41-en.pdf?expires=1666509434&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2BF4E72713169FC67E61E0E9AB0A145D
  • Özgen Narcı, H. (2017). Cepten Sağlık Harcamaları: Dünden Geleceğe Projeksiyon. Sağlık Düşüncesi ve Tıp Kültürü Platformu.
  • Özgen, H. (2007). Sağlık Hizmetleri Finansmanında Cepten Harcama: Nedir? Neden Önemlidir?. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 10(2), 201-228.
  • Plümper, T. and Neumayer, E. (2013). Health Spending, Out-of-Pocket Contributions, and Mortality Rates. Public Administration, 91(2), 403-418.
  • Rashad A, and Sharaf M. (2015). Catastrophic and Impoverishing Effects of Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure: New Evidence from Egypt. Working Paper 974, Economic Research Forum.
  • Sachs, J. (2005). The End of Poverty. First Edition, The Penguin Press: USA.
  • Sağlık Ekonomisi ve Politikası Derneği. (SEPD). (2021). Nadir Hastalıklarla Yaşayan Hanelerin Cepten Yaptıkları Sağlık Harcamaları. Şubat.
  • Sarlo, C.A. (2019). The Causes of Poverty. Fraser Institute. Retrieved October 22, 2022, from https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/causes-of-poverty.pdf
  • Shahrawat, R. and Rao, K.D. (2012). Insured yet Vulnerable: Out-of-Pocket Payments and India’s Poor, Health Policy and Planning, 27(3), 213-221.
  • Shen, Y.-C., & McFeeters, J. (2006). Out-of-Pocket Health Spending between Low- and Higher-Income Populations: Who Is at Risk of Having High Expenses and High Burdens? Medical Care, 44(3), 200–209.
  • Standing, G. (2020). Temel Gelir. C. Demirdöğdü (çev.). 1. Baskı, Tellekt: İstanbul.
  • Sullivan, S. (2018). Reel Sosyalizm Sonrası Marx: Yoksulluk, Yolsuzluk ve Bayağılık Üzerine. K. İnal (çev.). 1. Baskı, Yeni İnsan Yayınevi: İstanbul.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2021, 8 Aralık). Sağlık Harcamaları İstatistikleri, 2020: Toplam Sağlık Harcaması 249 Milyar 932 Milyon TL Olarak Gerçekleşti. Erişim: 9 Ekim 2021, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Saglik-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2020-37192#:~:text=Hanehalklar%C4%B1%20taraf%C4%B1ndan%20tedavi%2C%20ila%C3%A7%20vb,%16%2C0%20olarak%20ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Fti.
  • Uğurluoğlu, E. ve Özgen H. (2010). Cepten Sağlık Harcamalarının Hakkanı̇yet Açısından Değerlendı̇rmesı̇. Ankara Üniversitesi Dikimevi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 9(1), 53-65.
  • Uzun, H. (2018). “Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Yansımaları”. G. Cerev ve B. Yenihan (ed.). içinde Yoksulluk Farklı Boyutlarıyla. (s. 83-98). 1. Baskı, Dora Yayınevi: Bursa.
  • Üzümcü, A. & Söğüt, Y. (2020). Kamu Sağlık Harcamaları - İktisadi Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme (1983-2019). Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 6(2), 275-295.
  • Verguet, S., Olson, Z.D., Babigumira, J.B., Desalegn, D., Johansson, K.A., Kruk, M.E., Levin, C.E., Nugent, R.A., Pecenka, C., Shrime, M.G., Memirie, S.T., Watkins, D.A. and Jamison, D.T. (2015). Health Gains and Financial Risk Protection Afforded by Public Financing of Selected Interventions in Ethiopia: An Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 3(5), e288-e296.
  • Weltgesundheitsorganisation Reginolbüro für Europa. (2019). Können sich die Menschen ihre Gesundheitsversorgung leisten?. Neue Erkenntnisse über finanzielle Absicherung in der Europäischen Region. Zusammenfassung. Kopenhagen: WHO Regionalbüro für Europa; 2019. Lizenz: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • World Health Organisation and The World Bank. (2022). Global Monitoring Report on Financial Protection in Health 2021: Executive Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank.
  • World Health Organisation. (2022). Constitution. Retrieved October 12, 2022, from https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution
  • Xu K., Evans, D.B., Carrin G. and Aguilar-Rivera A.M. (2005). Designing Health Financing Systems to Reduce Catastrophic Health Expenditure. Technical Briefs for Policy-Makers, Number: 2, WHO/EIP/HSF/PB/05.02, World Health Organization Department of Health Systems Financing Health Financing Policy, Geneva, 1-5.
  • Xu, K., Evans, D.B., Kawabata, K., Zeramdini, R., Klavus, J. and Murray, C.J.L. (2003) Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure: A Multicountry Analysis. The Lancet, 362(9378), 111-117.
  • Yap, A., Cheung, M., Kakembo, N., Kisa, P., Muzira, A., Sekabira, J. and Ozgediz, D. (2018). From Procedure to Poverty: Out-of-Pocket and Catastrophic Expenditure for Pediatric Surgery in Uganda. Journal of Surgical Research, 232, 484-491.
  • Yardım, M.S., Çilingiroğlu, N. and Yardım, N. (2010). Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment in Turkey. Health Policy, 94(1), 26-33.
  • Yılmaz, G.S. ve Akdede, S.H. (2016). Kamu Sağlık Harcamalarının Etkililiği: Panel Veri Analizi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3(2), 85-110.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Emin Kenanoğlu 0000-0003-1044-6674

Murat Aydın Bu kişi benim

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kenanoğlu, M. E., & Aydın, M. (2022). Cepten Yapılan Sağlık Harcamaları ile Yoksulluk İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Siyasal Ve Mali Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 80-101.