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İnsanlık Suçu Katyn Katliamı’nın Nazi Almanya’sının Görsel Propagandasına Yansıması

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 26, 97 - 128, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1463578

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği lideri Joseph Stalin, Polonya’yı işgal etmesinden sonra 1940 yılında Katyn Katliamı olarak bilinen katliamda binlerce Polonyalının öldürülmesi emrini vermiştir. Sovyetler Birliği’ni işgalinden sonra ise Nazi Almanya’sı, Katyn Ormanı’nda cesetleri keşfetmiş ve 20. yüzyılın en büyük insanlık suçlarından biri olan Katyn Katliamı’nı tüm dünyaya duyurmuştur. Nazi rejimi, uluslararası kamuoyunda Sovyetler Birliği’ni yalnızlaştırabilmek ve kendi lehine olumlu bir algı oluşturabilmek amacıyla Katyn Katliamı’nı propaganda amaçlı kullanmıştır. Bu amaçla Naziler, UFA film tarafından Fritz Hippler yönetiminde Im Wald von Katyn (Katyn Ormanı’nda) adlı propaganda filmini çekmiştir. Filmde propaganda amaçlı katliamın boyutları katliamla ilgili çeşitli detaylara odaklanılarak büyük bir insanlık suçu olarak sunulmuştur. Çalışmada Nazi Almanya’sının propaganda amaçlı hazırladığı Im Wald von Katyn adlı propaganda filmi özelinde Nazi Almanya’sının Katyn Katliamı’nı propaganda amaçlı ne şekilde yansıttığının ve filmin hangi propaganda amaçlarına hizmet ettiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada propaganda filmindeki görsel ve sözel göstergeler, Karl Bühler’in Organon Modeli ışığında kapsamlı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Film üzerinde yapılan analiz neticesinde Almanların, katliamın Sovyetler Birliği tarafından gerçekleştirildiğini bilimsel ve farklı gözlemciler üzerinden kanıtlama çabası içerisinde olduğu, bunun yanında duygusal mesajlara odaklanılarak yaşanan katliamın trajik yönünün vurgulanmasına çalışıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada Katyn Katliamı üzerinden Nazi Almanya’sının Sovyetler Birliği’nin işgalini meşrulaştırmaya aynı zamanda Bolşevizm’in insanlık açısından büyük bir tehdit oluşturduğuna yönelik algı oluşturmaya çalıştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Bakar, Bülent. “Türk Basınında Katyn Olayı: İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Kayıp Polonyalı Subaylar.” Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no.1 (2015): 37-60.
  • Behnke, John W. “Katyń and Post-World War II Polish National Identity.” The Idea of an Essay 1, no. 1 (2014): 124-132.
  • Blacker, Uilleam. “The Wood Comes to Dunsinane Hill: Representations of the Katyn Massacre in Polish Literature.” Central Europe 10, no. 2 (2012): 108-123.
  • Dineva, Detelina. “The Taboo Subject: The Problem of Katyn in the People's Republic of Poland.” Bulgarian Historical Review/Revue Bulgare d'Histoire, no. 3-4 (2010): 151-166.
  • Fox, Frank. “Jewish Victims of the Katyn Massacre.” East European Jewish Affairs 23, no. 1 (1993): 49-55.
  • Fredericks, Vanessa. “Remembering Katyn: Mourning, Memory, and National Identity.” Memory Connection 1, no. 1 (2011): 197-210.
  • Fredericks, Vanessa. “Decapitating and Debraining the Nation: Katyń and the Body Politics of Martyrdom.” Култура/Culture 6, no. 13 (2016): 68-78.
  • Fredheim, Rolf. “The Memory of Katyn in Polish Political Discourse: A Quantitative Study.” Europe-Asia Studies 66, no. 7 (2014): 1165-1187.
  • Furr, Grover. “The Katyn Massacre: A Re-examination in the Light of Recent Evidence.” Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice 24, (2020): 37-49.
  • Gibas-Krzak, Danuta. “The Croatian View of the Katyn Crime.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 34, no. 1 (2021): 159-163.
  • Gleason, Timothy Roy. “Decade of Deceit: English-Language Press Coverage of the Katyn Massacre in the 1940s.” Journalism History 43, no. 3 (2017): 132-142.
  • IMDB. “Der ewige Jude Filmi.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156524/.
  • IMDB. “Feldzug in Polen Filmi.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0199517/.
  • IMDB. “Im Wald von Katyn.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13364232/releaseinfo/.
  • Jażborowska, Inessa. “Russian Historical Writing about the Crime of Katyn.” The Polish Review 53, no. 2 (2008): 139-157.
  • JBC. “Almanların Katyn Katliamı Propaganda Posteri.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024.
  • https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/564219/edition/630713/content.
  • Kaminski, Ireneusz C. “The Katyń Massacre before the European Court of Human Rights: A Personal Account.” Polish Yearbook of International Law, no. 33 (2013): 205-226.
  • Karski, Karol. “The Katyn Massacre as a Crime of Genocide in International Law.” The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs 20, no. 4 (2011): 5-37.
  • Kieżun, Witold. “The International Significance of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.” Dialogue and Universalism 16, no. 7/9 (2006): 35-43. Matz, Johan. “‘All Signs Indicate that Gestapo Agents Murdered Him’: Soviet Disinformation, the Katyn massacre and the Raoul Wallenberg Case, 1945–7.” The International History Review 38, no. 1 (2016): 148-173.
  • Meis, Morgan. “A Monument to Forgetting: How One Disaster At Katyn Helped Us To Move Past Another.” The Virginia Quarterly Review 87, no. 4 (2011): 238-245.
  • Ost, David. “Class, Nation, and the Katyn Massacre.” Telos 2011, no. 156 (2011): 183-192.
  • Poster Plakat. “Almanların Katyn Katliamı Propaganda Posteri.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.posterplakat.com/the-collection/posters/katyn-pp-030.
  • Sağ, Armand. “Rewriting History And Passing Blame: A Comparative Study Between The Katyń Massacres (1940) And The Armenian Relocation (1915).” Review of Armenian Studies no. 39 (2019): 37-68.
  • Sanford, George. “The Katyn Massacre and Polish-Soviet Relations, 1941-43.” Journal of Contemporary History 41, no. 1 (2006): 95-111.
  • Szymczak, Robert. “A Matter of Honor: Polonia and the Congressional Investigation of the Katyn Forest Massacre.” Polish American Studies 41, no. 1 (1984): 25-65.
  • Szymczak, Robert. “The Vindication of Memory: The Katyn Case in the West, Poland, and Russia, 1952-2008.” The Polish Review 53, no. 4 (2008): 419-443.
  • Tołczyk, Dariusz. “Introduction: Katyń: An Inconvenient Truth.” East European Politics and Societies 29, no. 4 (2015): 723-729.
  • Turan, Gözde. “Katyn: Politics of the Dead Pows at A Dead End?.” Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, no. 20 (2019): 95-119.
  • Yapıcı, Utku. “Gorbaçov, Yeltsin ve Putin/Medvedev Yönetimlerinin Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Katın Katliamı Söylemi.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, no. 59 (2018): 1-33.

Reflection of the Katyn Massacre, a Crime Against Humanity, in Visual Propaganda of Nazi Germany

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 26, 97 - 128, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1463578

Öz

After invading Poland, Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin ordered the killing of thousands of Poles in the massacre known as the Katyn Massacre in 1940. After the invasion of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany discovered the bodies in the Katyn Forest and announced the Katyn Massacre, one of the greatest crimes against humanity of the 20th century, to the whole world. The Nazi regime used the Katyn Massacre for propaganda purposes in order to isolate the Soviet Union and form a positive perception in its favor in the international public opinion. For this purpose, the Nazis shot the propaganda film Im Wald von Katyn (In the Katyn Forest) by UFA film under the direction of Fritz Hippler. In the film, the extent of the massacre for propaganda purposes was presented as a great crime against humanity by focusing on various details about the massacre. The study aims to reveal how Nazi Germany reflected the Katyn Massacre for propaganda purposes, specifically in the propaganda film Im Wald von Katyn, prepared by Nazi Germany for propaganda purposes, and what propaganda purposes the film served. For this purpose, in the study, the visual and verbal indicators in the propaganda film were comprehensively analyzed in the light of Karl Bühler's Organon Model. As a result of the analysis of the film, it was determined that the Germans sought to prove scientifically and through different observers that the massacre was carried out by the Soviet Union, and that they sought to emphasize the tragic aspect of the massacre by focusing on emotional messages. The study concluded that through the Katyn Massacre, Nazi Germany sought to legitimize the occupation of the Soviet Union and at the same time form a perception that Bolshevism posed a great threat to humanity.

Kaynakça

  • Bakar, Bülent. “Türk Basınında Katyn Olayı: İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Kayıp Polonyalı Subaylar.” Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no.1 (2015): 37-60.
  • Behnke, John W. “Katyń and Post-World War II Polish National Identity.” The Idea of an Essay 1, no. 1 (2014): 124-132.
  • Blacker, Uilleam. “The Wood Comes to Dunsinane Hill: Representations of the Katyn Massacre in Polish Literature.” Central Europe 10, no. 2 (2012): 108-123.
  • Dineva, Detelina. “The Taboo Subject: The Problem of Katyn in the People's Republic of Poland.” Bulgarian Historical Review/Revue Bulgare d'Histoire, no. 3-4 (2010): 151-166.
  • Fox, Frank. “Jewish Victims of the Katyn Massacre.” East European Jewish Affairs 23, no. 1 (1993): 49-55.
  • Fredericks, Vanessa. “Remembering Katyn: Mourning, Memory, and National Identity.” Memory Connection 1, no. 1 (2011): 197-210.
  • Fredericks, Vanessa. “Decapitating and Debraining the Nation: Katyń and the Body Politics of Martyrdom.” Култура/Culture 6, no. 13 (2016): 68-78.
  • Fredheim, Rolf. “The Memory of Katyn in Polish Political Discourse: A Quantitative Study.” Europe-Asia Studies 66, no. 7 (2014): 1165-1187.
  • Furr, Grover. “The Katyn Massacre: A Re-examination in the Light of Recent Evidence.” Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice 24, (2020): 37-49.
  • Gibas-Krzak, Danuta. “The Croatian View of the Katyn Crime.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 34, no. 1 (2021): 159-163.
  • Gleason, Timothy Roy. “Decade of Deceit: English-Language Press Coverage of the Katyn Massacre in the 1940s.” Journalism History 43, no. 3 (2017): 132-142.
  • IMDB. “Der ewige Jude Filmi.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0156524/.
  • IMDB. “Feldzug in Polen Filmi.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0199517/.
  • IMDB. “Im Wald von Katyn.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13364232/releaseinfo/.
  • Jażborowska, Inessa. “Russian Historical Writing about the Crime of Katyn.” The Polish Review 53, no. 2 (2008): 139-157.
  • JBC. “Almanların Katyn Katliamı Propaganda Posteri.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024.
  • https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/564219/edition/630713/content.
  • Kaminski, Ireneusz C. “The Katyń Massacre before the European Court of Human Rights: A Personal Account.” Polish Yearbook of International Law, no. 33 (2013): 205-226.
  • Karski, Karol. “The Katyn Massacre as a Crime of Genocide in International Law.” The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs 20, no. 4 (2011): 5-37.
  • Kieżun, Witold. “The International Significance of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.” Dialogue and Universalism 16, no. 7/9 (2006): 35-43. Matz, Johan. “‘All Signs Indicate that Gestapo Agents Murdered Him’: Soviet Disinformation, the Katyn massacre and the Raoul Wallenberg Case, 1945–7.” The International History Review 38, no. 1 (2016): 148-173.
  • Meis, Morgan. “A Monument to Forgetting: How One Disaster At Katyn Helped Us To Move Past Another.” The Virginia Quarterly Review 87, no. 4 (2011): 238-245.
  • Ost, David. “Class, Nation, and the Katyn Massacre.” Telos 2011, no. 156 (2011): 183-192.
  • Poster Plakat. “Almanların Katyn Katliamı Propaganda Posteri.” Erişim 30 Mart 2024. https://www.posterplakat.com/the-collection/posters/katyn-pp-030.
  • Sağ, Armand. “Rewriting History And Passing Blame: A Comparative Study Between The Katyń Massacres (1940) And The Armenian Relocation (1915).” Review of Armenian Studies no. 39 (2019): 37-68.
  • Sanford, George. “The Katyn Massacre and Polish-Soviet Relations, 1941-43.” Journal of Contemporary History 41, no. 1 (2006): 95-111.
  • Szymczak, Robert. “A Matter of Honor: Polonia and the Congressional Investigation of the Katyn Forest Massacre.” Polish American Studies 41, no. 1 (1984): 25-65.
  • Szymczak, Robert. “The Vindication of Memory: The Katyn Case in the West, Poland, and Russia, 1952-2008.” The Polish Review 53, no. 4 (2008): 419-443.
  • Tołczyk, Dariusz. “Introduction: Katyń: An Inconvenient Truth.” East European Politics and Societies 29, no. 4 (2015): 723-729.
  • Turan, Gözde. “Katyn: Politics of the Dead Pows at A Dead End?.” Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, no. 20 (2019): 95-119.
  • Yapıcı, Utku. “Gorbaçov, Yeltsin ve Putin/Medvedev Yönetimlerinin Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Katın Katliamı Söylemi.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, no. 59 (2018): 1-33.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Özel Bölüm: Devlet Suçu, Propaganda ve Kültürel Yıkım
Yazarlar

Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çakı, Caner. “İnsanlık Suçu Katyn Katliamı’nın Nazi Almanya’sının Görsel Propagandasına Yansıması”. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, sy. 26 (Eylül 2025): 97-128. https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1463578.