Canidae Taksonlarının Karyotip Simetri/Asimetri İndeksi (S/AI) ile Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2023, , 30 - 39, 30.06.2023

Halil Erhan Eroğlu

https://doi.org/10.47137/usufedbid.1245229

Öz

Canidae familyası, Carnivora takımının Caniformia alt takımında yer almaktadır. Canidae familyasında hem evcil hem de yabani türler bulunmaktadır. Familya, 13 cins içerisnde yer alan en az 35 yabani türden oluşur. Canidae familyasında kromozom sayısı 2 gruba ayrılır. (i) Çoğunlukla akrosentrik otozomlardan oluşan kromozom sayıları 2n = 54, 66, 74, 76 ve 78'dir. (ii) Çoğunlukla metasentrik ve submetasentrik otozomlardan oluşan kromozom sayıları, 2n = 34, 36, 38 ve 50'dir. S/AI formülü, yüksek hayvanlarda ve insanlarda karyotip simetrisini veya asimetrisini ölçer. Bu çalışmada, formül Canidae türlerine uygulanmıştır. Detaylı literatür taraması ile karyotip formülleri elde edildikten sonra 25 dişi ve 17 erkek taksonun S/AI verileri ve karyotip tipleri belirlenmiştir. S/AI değerlerine göre taksonlar arasındaki karyolojik varyasyonları gösteren bir dendrogram çizilmiştir. Sonuçlar, memelilerin filogenisine katkıda bulunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

canidae, carnivora, karyotype, phylogeny, symmetry/asymmetry index

The Comparison of the Canidae Taxa with Karyotype Symmetry/Asymmetry Index (S/AI)

Öz

The family Canidae is placed in the suborder Caniformia in the order Carnivora. There are both domestic and wild species in Canidae. The family consists of at least 35 wild species in 13 genera. The number of chromosomes in Canidae is divided into 2 groups. (i) The chromosome numbers are 2n = 54, 66, 74, 76, and 78 with mostly acrocentric autosomes. (ii) The chromosome numbers are 2n = 34, 36, 38, and 50 with mostly metacentric and submetacentric autosomes. The formula S/AI measure the symmetry or asymmetry of karyotype in higher animals and humans. In this study, the formula was applied to the Canidae species. After obtaining karyotype formulae with a detailed literature review, S/AI data and karyotype types of 25 female taxa and 17 male taxa were determined. According to the S/AI values, a dendrogram was drawn showing karyological variations among the taxa. The results will contribute to the phylogeny of mammals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

canidae, carnivora, karyotype, phylogeny, symmetry/asymmetry index

Kaynakça

• 1. Peruzzi L and Eroğlu HE. Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? Comparative Cytogenetics, 2013; 7(1): 1-9.
• 2. Altay D, Eroğlu HE, Hamzaoğlu E and Koç M. Karyotype analysis of some taxa of Dianthus section Verruculosi (Caryophyllaceae, Sileneae). Turkish Journal of Botany, 2017; 41: 367-374.
• 3. Martin E, Kahraman A, Dirmenci T, Bozkurt H and Eroğlu HE. New chromosomal data and karyological relationships in Geranium: basic number alterations, dysploidy, polyploidy, and karyotype asymmetry. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 2022a; 65: e22210354.
• 4. Martin E, Celep F and Eroğlu HE. Comparative chromosomal features and new karyological data in Salvia: B‑chromosomes, polyploidy, dysploidy and symmetric karyotypes. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 2022b; 45: 625-634.
• 5. Sillero-Zubiri C, Hoffmann M and Macdonald DW. Status survey and conservation action plan. Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. In: Sillero-Zubiri C and Macdonald DW. Introduction (Chapter 1). Oxford: Information Press; 2004. p. 2-3.
• 6. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, [cited 2023 January 30]. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/.
• 7. Wayne RK, Nash WG and O'Brien SJ. Chromosomal evolution of the Canidae. I. Species with high diploid numbers. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 1987a; 44(2-3): 123-133.
• 8. Wayne RK, Nash WG and O'Brien SJ. Chromosomal evolution of the Canidae. II Divergence from the primitive carnivore karyotype. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 1987b; 44(2-3): 134-141.
• 9. Palestis BG, Trivers R, Burt A and Jones RN. The distribution of B chromosomes across species. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 2004; 106(2-4): 151-158.
• 10. Eroğlu HE. Which chromosomes are subtelocentric or acrocentric? A new karyotype symmetry/asymmetry index. Caryologia, 2015; 68(3): 239-245.
• 11. Farias AA, Sepúlveda MA, Silva-Rodríguez EA, Eguren A, González D, Jordán NI, Ovando E, Stowhas P and Svensson GL. A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 2014; 87(3): 1-3.
• 12. Jiménez JE. Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile. Journal of Zoology, 2007; 271(1): 63-77.
• 13. Wurster-Hill D and Benirschke K. Comparative cytogenetic studies in the order carnivora. Chromosoma, 1968; 24(3): 336-382.
• 14. Wayne RK. Molecular evolution of the dog family. Trends in Genetics, 1993; 9(6): 218-224.
• 15. Benirschke K and Low RJ. Chromosome complement of the coyote. Mammalian Chromosomes Newsletter, 1965; 15: 102-102.
• 16. Xu K and Gao X. The karyotypes of the Tibetan fox, tiger stoat and musked polecat. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 1986; 61: 7-12.
• 17. Wayne RK, George SB, Gilbert D and Collins PW. The Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) as a model of genetic change in small populations. In: Dudley EC. The Unity of Evolutionary Biology: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Vol. II. Portland: Dioscorides Press; 1991. p. 639-649.
• 18. Wada MY, Suzuki T and Tsuchiya K. Re-examination of the chromosome homology between two subspecies of Japanese raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides albus and N. p. viverrinus). Caryologia, 1998; 51(1): 13-18.
• 19. Graphodatsky AS, Perelman PL, Sokolovskaya NV, Beklemisheva VR, Serdukova NA, Dobigny G, O’Brien SJ, Ferguson-Smith MA and Yang F. Phylogenomics of the dog and fox family (Canidae, Carnivora) revealed by chromosome painting. Chromosome Research, 2008; 16(1): 129-143.
• 20. Hungerford DA and Snyder RL. Chromosomes of a European wolf (Canis lupus) and of a bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter, 1966; 20: 72-72.
• 21. Selden JR, Moorhead PS, Oehlert ML and Patterson DF. The giemsa banding pattern of the canine karyotype. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 1975; 15(6): 380-387.
• 22. Breen M, Bullerdiek J and Langford CF. The DAPI banded karyotype of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) generated using chromosome–specific paint probes. Chromosome Research, 1999; 7(5): 401-406.
• 23. Hassan HA. G–banded karyotypes of four Egyptian species of order carnivora. Cytologia (Tokyo), 1999; 64(4): 343-356.
• 24. Park CE. Study on chromosomes survey of Korea native dogs. Korean Journal of Veterinary Service, 2011; 34(3): 291-296.
• 25. Wallace C. Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park - the chromosomes of the saddle–backed jackal (Canis mesomelas). Koedoe, 1977; 20(1): 193-195.
• 26. Wurster DH. Cytogenetic and phylogenetic studies in Carnivora. In: Benirschke K. Comparative Mammalian Cytogenetics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1969. p. 310-329.
• 27. Hatanaka T and Galetti Jr PM. Chromosome banding of Chrysocyon brachyurus (Mammalia, Canidae). Cytologia, 1999; 64(2): 159-163.
• 28. Zurano JP, Ojeda DS, Bidau CJ, Molina WF, Ledesma MA and Martinez PA. A comparison of heterochromatic regions in three species of neotropical canids. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2015; 254(1): 1-7.
• 29. Carvalho TL, Curi RA, Santiloni V, Chieregatto CAF, Rocha GT and da Mota LSLS. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of Speothos venaticus specimens. Acta Scientiarum - Biological Sciences, 2010; 32(4): 397-402.
• 30. Tedford RH, Taylor BE and Wang X. Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae): the living taxa. American Museum Novitates, 1995; 3146: 1-37.
• 31. Gallardo M and Formas JR. The karyotypes of Dusicyon griseus (Carnivora: Canidae). Experientia, 1975; 31(6): 639-640.
• 32. Hatanaka T, Tambasco AJ and Galetti Jr PM. Heterochromatin heterogeneity and chromosome heteromorphism in Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia, Canidae). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 1998; 21(2): 227-231.
• 33. Mäkinen A, Kuokkanen MT and Valtonen M. A chromosome banding study in the Finnish and Japanese raccoon dog. Hereditas, 1986; 105(1): 97-105.
• 34. Ward OG, Wurster-Hill DH, Ratty FJ and Song Y. Comparative cytogenetics of Chinese and Japanese raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 1987; 45(3-4): 177-186.
• 35. Pienkowska A, Szczerbal I, Mäkinen A and Switonski M. G/Q–banded chromosome nomenclature of the Chinese raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides). Hereditas, 2002; 137(1): 75-78.
• 36. Thornton WA and Creel GC. The taxonomic status of kit foxes. Texas Journal of Science, 1975; 26(1-2): 127-136.
• 37. Mäkinen A. The standard karyotype of the blue fox (Alopex lagopus L.). Committee for the standard karyotype of Alopex lagopus L. Hereditas, 1985a; 103(1): 33-38.
• 38. Mäkinen A. The standard karyotype of the silver fox (Vulpes fulvus Desm.). Committee for the standard karyotype of Vulpes fulvus Desm. Hereditas, 1985b; 103(2): 171-176.
• 39. Rausch VR and Rausch RL. Karyotype of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes L., in Alaska. Northwest Science, 1979; 53(1): 54-57.
• 40. Demirbaş Y and Baydemir NA. Karyotype and presence of B–chromosomes in red fox from Central Anatolia. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 2014; 42(3): 383-386.
• 41. Bininda-Emonds ORP, Gittleman JL and Purvis A. Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical, 1999; 74(2): 143-175.
• 42. Vilà C and Wayne RK. Hybridization between wolves and dogs. Conservation Biology, 1999; 13(1): 195-198.
• 43. Kopaliani N, Shakarashvili M, Gurielidze Z, Qurkhuli T and Tarkhnishvili D. Gene flow between wolf and shepherd dog populations in Georgia (Caucasus). Journal of Heredity, 2014; 105(3): 345-353.
• 44. Wayne RK and Jenks SM. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 1991; 351(6327): 565-568.
• 45. Lehman N, Eisenhawer A, Hansen K, Mech LD, Peterson RO, Googan P and Wayne RK. Introgression of coyote mitochondrial DNA into sympatric North American gray wolf populations. Evolution, 1991; 45(1): 104-119.
• 46. Gottelli D, Sillero-Zubiri C, Applebaum GD, Roy MS, Girman DJ, Garcia Moreno J, Ostrander EA and Wayne RK. Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: The Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology, 1994; 3(4): 301-312.
• 47. Buckton KE and Cunningham C. Variations of the chromosome number in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Chromosoma, 1971; 33(3): 268-272.
• 48. Ellenton JA and Basrur PK. Microchromosomes of the Ontario red fox (Vulpes vulpes): Distribution of chromosome numbers and relationship with physical characteristics. Genetica, 1981; 57(1): 13-19.
• 49. Gustavsson I and Sundt CO. Chromosome elimination in the evolution of the silver fox. Journal of Heredity, 1967; 58(2): 75-78.
• 50. Yang F, O’Brien PC, Milne BS, Graphodatsky AS, Solanky N, Trifonov V, Rens W, Sargan D and Ferguson-Smith MA. A complete comparative chromosome map for the dog, red fox, and human and its integration with canine genetic maps. Genomics, 1999; 62(2): 189-202.