Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Tempel in Pre-Islamic Yemen In the Light of the Sabaic Inscriptions

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 42, 81 - 116, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.56361/usul.1473893

Öz

In the context of the debate on the origins of Islam, the pre-Islamic situation of the Arabian Peninsula has been studied by Orientalists and Late Antiquity scholars. One focus of these studies has been on the claims of interaction based on the thesis that the beliefs and traditions of the tribes migrating north from Yemen were carried with them. This study aims to examine the temple, which was seen as an axis connecting heaven and earth/human and God in the polytheistic period of pre-Islamic Yemen (VIII BC-IV AD) and implied to be an essential element of religion, in the light of the Sabaean inscriptions. The classification of the inscriptions shows that the temple was a harem where the servant met his god, a legal authority where divination attempts were made, and an economic center shaped around taxes and offerings. In another aspect, the temples served as an archive by carrying the inscriptions and the commodities of offerings within their structure and contributed to the transfer of the Sabaean civilization to the present day. Within this framework it will also provide a perspective on the traces of Islam’s revision and transformation of the previous temple tradition and will contribute to the evaluation of interaction theses.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, Yûsuf Muhammed. Evrâk fî târîhi’l-Yemen ve Âsârih. Beyrut: Dârü’l-fikr, 1990.
  • Ali, Cevâd. el-Mufassal fî târîhi’l-‘Arab kable’l-İslâm. 1-10. Bağdad: yy, 1993.
  • Arbach, Mounir - Audouın, Remy. San‘â’ Natıonal Museum Collection of Epigraphic and Archaeological Artifacts from al-Jawf Sites. San‘â’: Books House, 2007.
  • Avanzini, Alessandra. “The Sabaean Presence in Jawf in the Eighth-Seventh Centuries BC -Notes on the Oldest Phase of Ancient South Arabian Culture and Its Relationship with Mesopotamia”. Leggo!. ed. G. B. Lanfranchi vd. 37-52. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 2012.
  • Avanzini, Alessandra. By Land and By Sea. Roma: «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2016.
  • Beeston, A. F. L. “Theocracy in the Sayhad Culture”. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 7 (1976-1977), 5-10.
  • Beeston, A.F. L. vd. Sabaic Dictionary. Louvain-Beyrouth: Peeters, 1982.
  • Biella, Joan Copeland. Dictionary of Old South Sabaic-Sabaean Dialect. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.
  • Bowen, R. L. Archaelogical Discoveries in South Arabia. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
  • Cohn, Robert L. The Shape of Sacred Space: Four Biblical Studies. Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.
  • Demirci, Kürşat. Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş - Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak-. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Dost, Suleyman. “Language of Ritual Purity in the Qurʾān and Old South Arabian”. Scripts and Scripture: Writing and Religion in Arabia Circa 500-700 CE. ed. Fred M. Donner - Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee. Chicago: Oriental Institute, 2022.
  • Dugast, F. – Gajda, I. “Contacts between Ethiopia and South Arabia in the first millennium”. Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research. ed. Mounir Arbach - Jérémie Schiettecatte. 79-94. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2017.
  • el-Eğberî, Fehmî. “Nukûşu Sebeiyye cedîde tahtevî ‘alâ agdemi nakşi tevhîdî muarrah”. Reydân 8 (2013), 167-183.
  • Halberstam, Chava. “Law in Biblical Israel”. The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law. ed. C. Hayes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Hattâb, Bâsim Muhammed. “el-Vahyu’l-ilâhî ve delâletihî es-siyâsiyye fî cenûbi’l-Cezîrati’l-‘Arabiyye fî dav’i nukûşu’l-müsned”. Bulletin of the Center Papyrological Studies 38 (2021), 759-786.
  • Höfner, Maria. “Die vorislamischen Religionen Arabiens”. Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandaer. ed. H. Gese vd. 233-394. Stuttgart: Werlag W. Kohlhammer, 1970.
  • Hurowitz, V. A. I Have Built You an Exalted House: Temple Building in the Bible in Light of Mesopotamian and Northwest Semitic Writings. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
  • Irvine, A. K. “Homicide in Pre-Islamic South Arabia”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967), 277-291.
  • İbn Düreyd. el-İştikâk. thk. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Cîl, 1411/1991.
  • İbn Hişâm, Ebû Muhammed Cemaleddin Abdülmelik. es-Sîretü’n-Nebeviyye. thk. Mustafa es-Sekkâ vd. Kahire: Şirketü Mektebeti ve Matbaati Mustafa el-Bâbî el-Halebî ve Evlâdihî bi-Mısr, 1375/1955.
  • İbn Hişâm, Ebû Muhammed Cemaleddin Abdülmelik. Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mulûk-i Himyer. San‘â: yy, 1347.
  • Kelpetin, Mahmut. İslâm Öncesi Güney ve Kuzey Arabistan. İstanbul: Kuramer Yayınları, 2016.
  • Korotayev, Andrey. “The Sabaean Community (Sb’, ‘Sb’n) in the Political Structure of the Middle Sabaean Cultural Area”. Orientalia Nova Series 63/2 (1994), 68-83.
  • Leslau, Wolf. Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopics). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 1991.
  • Macdonald, D.B. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Sacred Spaces in Ancient Yemen-The Awam Temple-Maʾrib: A Case Study”. Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research. ed. Mounir Arbach - Jérémie Schiettecatte. 107-133. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Some Aspects of the Formation of the State in Ancient South Arabia”. Alternatives of Social Evolution. ed. N. Kradin vd. 309-333. Vladivostok: FEB RAS, 2000.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Typen altsüdarabischer Altäre”. Arabia Felix Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. ed. Norbert Nebes. 160-177. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 1994.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Das Alte Südarabien”. In Stein gemeisselte Geschichte(n): Nikolaus Rhodokanakis (1876‒1945), Pionier der Altsüdarabistiks. ed. Gertraud Sturm – Mohammed Maraqten. 57-71. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021.
  • Mehrân, M. Beyyûmî. Kitâbü dirâsât fî târîhi’l-Arabi’l-kadîm. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmam Muhammed b. Suud el-İslâmiyye, 1400/1980.
  • Montgomery, J. A. “An Enactment of Fundamental Constitutional Law in Old South Arabia”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 67/3 (1928), 207-213.
  • O’Leary, De Lacy. Arabic Thought and Its Place in History. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, 1922.
  • Ortakcı, Halil. “Güney Arabistan Yazıtlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Temel Özellikleri”. Rumeli İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (Ekim 2023), 159-177.
  • Palmer, M. J. Expressions of Sacred Space: Temple Architecture in the Ancient Near East. Pretoria: University of South Africa, Doktora tezi, 2012.
  • Prioletta, Alessia. “Evidence from a new inscription regarding the goddes ‘t(t)rm and some remarks on the gender of deities in South Arabia”. Proceedings of Seminar for Arabian Studies 42 (2012), 309-318.
  • Rahîm, Muhammed Rızâ. “Agriculture in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Introduction” Islamic Studies 10/1 (1971), 53-65.
  • Ricks, Stephen D. - John J. Sroka. “King, Coronation and Temple: Enthronement Ceremonies in History”. Temples of the Ancient World: Ritual and Symbolism. Editör eksik. 236-271. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1994.
  • Robin, C. J. Les Hautes-Terres du Nord-Yémen avant l'Islam. Istanbul: Publications de l’Institut Historique-Archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul, 1982.
  • Robin, C. J. “Antiquity”. Roads of Arabia -Archaeology and History of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-. ed. Ali İbrahim al-Ghabban vd. Paris: Musée du Louvre & Somogy, 2010.
  • Robin, C. J. - Breton, J. F. “Le sanctuaire préislamique du jabal al-Lawḏ (Nord-Yémen)”. Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 126/3 (1982), 590-629.
  • Röring, Nicole. Bauhistorische Untersuchungen Am Almaqah-Heiligtum Von Sirwah Vom Kultplatz Zum Heiligtum. Saarbrücken: Südwestdeutscher Verlag, 2013.
  • Ryckmans, G. “On Some Problems of South Arabian Epigraphy and Archaeology”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 14 (1952), 1-10.
  • Ryckmans, J. “Religion of South Arabia”. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. ed. D. N. Freedman. 6/171-176. New York: Anchor Bible, 1992.
  • Saîd, Saîd b. Fâyiz İbrâhim. “Nükûşu Sebeiyye cedîde fî zikri’l-marad”. el-Üsûr 12/3 (2002), 7-21.
  • Smith, T. M. Araplar-Kavimler, Kabileler ve Devletin Üç Bin Yıllık Tarihi, çev. Nurettin Elhüseyni. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2022.
  • Taberî, Ebu Cafer İbn Cerir Muhammed b. Cerir b. Yezid. Târîhü’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk. thk. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim. 1-11. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1967.
  • Wensinck, A.J. Studies of A. J. Wensinck. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
  • Ya‘kûbî, Târîhu’l-Ya‘kûbî, Beyrut: Dâru Sâdır, 1995.
  • Ben Ali, Zain Alaabdain. Inscriptions in Musnad, the Temple of Awwam (Fotoğraf, 2021). Arabia Felix. Erişim 24 Mayıs 2024. https://arabiafelix.social/palaces-temples-and-laws-coexistence-in-yemens-ancient-structures/
  • DASI, Digital Archive for the Study of Pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions. “al-Jawf 04.13” (Erişim 11.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=995539821&recId=4078
  • DASI, “al-Kaʿāb 29” (Erişim 02.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=701574029&recId=1060
  • DASI, “al-Saʿīd 2002a (2)” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=6714
  • DASI, “al-Saʿīd 2005” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=6722
  • DASI, “Antonini 1998, 10” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=9946
  • DASI, “as-Sawdāʾ 52 CIH 440” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=9
  • DASI, “al-Ṣilwī 1 Ṣilwī-wādī Shuḍayf 1” (Erişim 30.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=144685477&recId=6669
  • DASI, “al-Ṣilwī 3” (Erişim 30.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=144685477&recId=6671
  • DASI, “BR-M. Bayḥān 2 Ja 720; MaMB 180; MuB 2” (Erişim 17.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6211
  • DASI, “BR-M. Bayḥān 4 MuB 4” (Erişim 18.02.2023) http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6213
  • DASI, “BynM 1” (Erişim 18.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=424
  • DASI, “CIAS 32.21/r 1 Gar NIS 2” (Erişim 18.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=3709
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 2” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=5901
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 1 Fa 119” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=8452
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 10 Ja 731” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6302
  • DASI, “CIH 333” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3928
  • DASI, “CIH 336” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3931
  • DASI, “CIH 342 a” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3937
  • DASI, “CIH 366 b' Fa 17 + Fa 36 + Fa 19” (Erişim 11.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=1047
  • DASI, “CIH 373” (Erişim 12.11.2022). https://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=773412791&recId=3958
  • DASI, “CIH 398 Gl 891; A 90 a-c; Fa 33” (Erişim 08.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=137642197&recId=3965
  • DASI, “CIH 400 Ja 534” (Erişim 27.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3966
  • DASI, “CIH 429” (Erişim 02.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=580892464&recId=3979
  • DASI, “CIH 439” (Erişim 19.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=126
  • DASI, “CIH 567” (Erişim 04.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=953775005&recId=4027
  • DASI, “CIH 612+CIH 522 Ry 31; RES 850” (Erişim 04.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=953775005&recId=135
  • DASI, “CIH 657+MṢM 3641 Gl 1666(=CIH 657)” (Erişim 24.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=244155724&recId=1373
  • DASI, “Collection privée yéménite 2016-1” (Erişim 08.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9556
  • DASI, “DAI Ṣirwāḥ 2002-11” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7496
  • DASI, “DAI Sirwāḥ 2005-50” (Erişim 30.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=65652592&recId=9521
  • DASI, “Dostal 1” (Erişim 05.08.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=7&colId=0&navId=164209646&recId=2392
  • DASI, “Fa 71 (= Fa 11) MaN 26” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=8718
  • DASI, “FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 1” (Erişim 16.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=7369
  • DASI, “FB-wādī Shuḍayf 2” (Erişim 04.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=6851
  • DASI, “Gar Bayt al-Ashwal 2” (Erişim 06.08.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=7&colId=0&navId=631259524&recId=2396
  • DASI, “Gl A 710” (Erişim 01.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=577177388&recId=1161
  • DASI, “Gl 1218 A 241; Gr 201; Jabal Riyām 2006-25” (Erişim 06.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=137642197&recId=8769
  • DASI, “Gl 1520” (Erişim 26.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1119
  • DASI, “Gr 117 Ḥadaqān 5” (Erişim 21.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9496
  • DASI, “Haram 13 CIH 548” (Erişim 03.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4019
  • DASI, “Haram 33 CIH 532” (Erişim 02.02.2023) http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4012
  • DASI, “Haram 34 Gl 1054; CIH 533” (Erişim 02.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4013
  • DASI, “Haram 35 RES 3956” (Erişim 04.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=4088
  • DASI, “Ir 18” (Erişim 23.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5945
  • DASI, “Ir 21” (Erişim 15.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=91&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=323650059&recId=5948
  • DASI, “Ir 31” (Erişim 24.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5958
  • DASI, “Ir 5 JR 1; ZI 12; Condé 3” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5933
  • DASI, “Ir 69” (Erişim 26.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=6641
  • DASI, “Ist 7687” (Erişim 27.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9030
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 ad Gl 1691” (Erişim 28.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1195
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 ax Gl 1752; CIH 967” (Erişim 29.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1095
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 w Gl 1689 a” (Erişim 28.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1190
  • DASI, “Ja 2867 J. Maʿsâl 9; al-Miʿsāl 1” (Erişim 28.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=15&colId=0&navId=474311916&recId=9174
  • DASI, “Ja 417 RES 4727; Ry 198” (Erişim 15.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=726068103&recId=7387&mark=07387
  • DASI, “Ja 525” (Erişim 05.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=10094
  • DASI, “Ja 551 CIH 374; ZI 33” (Erişim 14.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=6273
  • DASI, “Ja 554 ZI 39” (Erişim 06.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=6275
  • DASI, “Ja 564 MaMB 314” (Erişim 02.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81118697&recId=5969
  • DASI, “Ja 575 Geukens 7; Ry 539; MaMB 224; ZI 55” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5979
  • DASI, “Ja 580 MaMB 184” (Erişim 02.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81118697&recId=5984
  • DASI, “Ja 592 MaMB 95” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=5994
  • DASI, “Ja 610 MaMB 208” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6010
  • DASI, “Ja 632 MaMB 301” (Erişim 10.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6029
  • DASI, “Ja 634 MaMB 273; ZI 31” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6031
  • DASI, “Ja 635 MaMB 270; ZI 16” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6032
  • DASI, “Ja 669 MaMB 183” (Erişim 17.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6065
  • DASI, “Ja 672 MaMB 92” (Erişim 06.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=6279
  • DASI, “Ja 704 MaMB 151” (Erişim 18.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6086
  • DASI, “Ja 730 MuB 11” (Erişim 21.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6219
  • DASI, “Ja 822” (Erişim 22.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6819
  • DASI, “Ja 832” (Erişim 15.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=1176
  • DASI, “Jabal Riyām 2006-6” (Erişim 18.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=843554261&recId=6867
  • DASI, “Kamna 33” (Erişim 20.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=843554261&recId=8986
  • DASI, “MAFRAY-ad-Durayb 5 A+B Gl 1565+Gl 1566; RES 4848+RES 4847” (Erişim 26.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1350
  • DASI, “MB 2001-101” (Erişim 01.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=7429
  • DASI, “MB 2004 I-113” (Erişim 03.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=6204
  • DASI, “MB 2005 I-88” (Erişim 04.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=9808
  • DASI, “Moussaieff 3” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=8923
  • DASI, “Moussaieff 30” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=8864
  • DASI, “MS Maḏbaḥ 1” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=9063
  • DASI, “MṢM 7250” (Erişim 05.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=7457
  • DASI, “MuB 9 Fa 8; Fa 102” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9475
  • DASI, “München 94-317880” (Erişim 05.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=6655
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 6 Ja 627; MaMB 210” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6024
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 9 Ja 645; MaMB 276” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6042
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 11 Ir 25” (Erişim 24.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5952
  • DASI, “Nihm/Barrān 5 Gl 1142” (Erişim 12.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7780
  • DASI, “RES 192 CIH 654” (Erişim 01.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=691819791&recId=1372
  • DASI, “RES 3096 C CIH 490” (Erişim 19.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=1071
  • DASI, “RES 3624 Gl 484; CIH 957; MB 2001 I-16” (Erişim 24.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=244155724&recId=1092
  • DASI, “RES 3902 bis N° 152 RES 3902 N° 152” (Erişim 10.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=98057110&recId=842
  • DASI, “RES 3945” (Erişim 04.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=691819791&recId=7349
  • DASI, “RES 3949 Gl 1108” (Erişim 23.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=851992102&recId=1220
  • DASI, “RES 4176 RES 3300; Gl 1210; Gr 174” (Erişim 15.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7497
  • DASI, “RES 4231 Gl 1215; Gr 167” (Erişim 18.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=8150
  • DASI, “RES 4371 Gl 428” (Erişim 30.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=8192
  • DASI, “RES 4677” (Erişim 15.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=726068103&recId=8469&mark=08469
  • DASI, “RES 4906” (Erişim 05.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=595321059&recId=1240
  • DASI, “Robin-Kāniṭ 4” (Erişim 18.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=6561
  • DASI, “Robin-Kāniṭ 17” (Erişim 18.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=6573
  • DASI, “Robin-Rayda 2A” (Erişim 19.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=4047
  • DASI, “Ry 541 Geukens 9” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=6256
  • DASI, “Ry 586” (Erişim 05.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=595321059&recId=1249
  • DASI, “Sanaa-Garbini 4 Ga 27(Av); Ga 62 (Ja); YM 6” (Erişim 17.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=851992102&recId=10035
  • DASI, “Schm/MA 97” (Erişim 22.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81392539&recId=9810
  • DASI, “Y.85.AQ/1 Eryani 61” (Erişim 10.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=1251
  • DASI, “YM 23206” (Erişim 11.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=78260820&recId=1309
  • DASI, “YM 29830” (Erişim 12.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=78260820&recId=1020

Sebe Yazıtları Işığında İslâm Öncesi Yemen'de Mabed

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 42, 81 - 116, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.56361/usul.1473893

Öz

İslâm’ın kökeni tartışmaları bağlamında Arap Yarımadası’nın İslâm öncesi durumu, oryantalistler ve Geç Antikçağ araştırmacıları tarafından incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmaların bir odağını Yemen’den kuzeye göç eden kabilelerin inanç ve geleneklerinin de taşındığı tezine dayalı etkileşim iddiaları oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırma, İslâm öncesi Yemen’in çoktanrılı döneminde (MÖ. VIII-MS. IV), yeri ve göğü/ insanı ve tanrıyı birbirine bağlayan bir eksen olarak görülen ve dinin aslî unsuru olduğu ima edilen mabedi Sebe yazıtları ışığında incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Yazıtların tasnifi mabedin kulun tanrısıyla buluştuğu harem bölgesi, kralın siyasî hamlelerinin hamisi olduğu kadar kulluğunu ikrar ettiği bir meşruiyet zemini, kehanet girişimlerinin yapıldığı bir hukuk mercii, vergiler ve takdimeler çevresinde şekillenen bir ekonomik merkez olduğunu göstermiştir. Bir diğer yönüyle mabedler yazıtları ve takdim emtiasını bünyesinde taşıyarak bir arşiv vazifesi üstlenmiş, Sebe medeniyetinin bugüne taşınmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Mabedlerin mekan olarak yüklendiği anlam çerçevesinin tespiti ayrıca İslâm’ın kendisinden önceki mabed geleneği üzerinde gerçekleştirdiği tashih ve dönüşümün izlerine dair bir perspektif imkanı sunacak, etkileşim tezlerinin değerlendirilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, Yûsuf Muhammed. Evrâk fî târîhi’l-Yemen ve Âsârih. Beyrut: Dârü’l-fikr, 1990.
  • Ali, Cevâd. el-Mufassal fî târîhi’l-‘Arab kable’l-İslâm. 1-10. Bağdad: yy, 1993.
  • Arbach, Mounir - Audouın, Remy. San‘â’ Natıonal Museum Collection of Epigraphic and Archaeological Artifacts from al-Jawf Sites. San‘â’: Books House, 2007.
  • Avanzini, Alessandra. “The Sabaean Presence in Jawf in the Eighth-Seventh Centuries BC -Notes on the Oldest Phase of Ancient South Arabian Culture and Its Relationship with Mesopotamia”. Leggo!. ed. G. B. Lanfranchi vd. 37-52. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 2012.
  • Avanzini, Alessandra. By Land and By Sea. Roma: «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2016.
  • Beeston, A. F. L. “Theocracy in the Sayhad Culture”. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 7 (1976-1977), 5-10.
  • Beeston, A.F. L. vd. Sabaic Dictionary. Louvain-Beyrouth: Peeters, 1982.
  • Biella, Joan Copeland. Dictionary of Old South Sabaic-Sabaean Dialect. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.
  • Bowen, R. L. Archaelogical Discoveries in South Arabia. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
  • Cohn, Robert L. The Shape of Sacred Space: Four Biblical Studies. Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.
  • Demirci, Kürşat. Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş - Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak-. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Dost, Suleyman. “Language of Ritual Purity in the Qurʾān and Old South Arabian”. Scripts and Scripture: Writing and Religion in Arabia Circa 500-700 CE. ed. Fred M. Donner - Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee. Chicago: Oriental Institute, 2022.
  • Dugast, F. – Gajda, I. “Contacts between Ethiopia and South Arabia in the first millennium”. Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research. ed. Mounir Arbach - Jérémie Schiettecatte. 79-94. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2017.
  • el-Eğberî, Fehmî. “Nukûşu Sebeiyye cedîde tahtevî ‘alâ agdemi nakşi tevhîdî muarrah”. Reydân 8 (2013), 167-183.
  • Halberstam, Chava. “Law in Biblical Israel”. The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law. ed. C. Hayes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Hattâb, Bâsim Muhammed. “el-Vahyu’l-ilâhî ve delâletihî es-siyâsiyye fî cenûbi’l-Cezîrati’l-‘Arabiyye fî dav’i nukûşu’l-müsned”. Bulletin of the Center Papyrological Studies 38 (2021), 759-786.
  • Höfner, Maria. “Die vorislamischen Religionen Arabiens”. Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandaer. ed. H. Gese vd. 233-394. Stuttgart: Werlag W. Kohlhammer, 1970.
  • Hurowitz, V. A. I Have Built You an Exalted House: Temple Building in the Bible in Light of Mesopotamian and Northwest Semitic Writings. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
  • Irvine, A. K. “Homicide in Pre-Islamic South Arabia”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967), 277-291.
  • İbn Düreyd. el-İştikâk. thk. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Cîl, 1411/1991.
  • İbn Hişâm, Ebû Muhammed Cemaleddin Abdülmelik. es-Sîretü’n-Nebeviyye. thk. Mustafa es-Sekkâ vd. Kahire: Şirketü Mektebeti ve Matbaati Mustafa el-Bâbî el-Halebî ve Evlâdihî bi-Mısr, 1375/1955.
  • İbn Hişâm, Ebû Muhammed Cemaleddin Abdülmelik. Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mulûk-i Himyer. San‘â: yy, 1347.
  • Kelpetin, Mahmut. İslâm Öncesi Güney ve Kuzey Arabistan. İstanbul: Kuramer Yayınları, 2016.
  • Korotayev, Andrey. “The Sabaean Community (Sb’, ‘Sb’n) in the Political Structure of the Middle Sabaean Cultural Area”. Orientalia Nova Series 63/2 (1994), 68-83.
  • Leslau, Wolf. Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopics). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 1991.
  • Macdonald, D.B. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Sacred Spaces in Ancient Yemen-The Awam Temple-Maʾrib: A Case Study”. Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research. ed. Mounir Arbach - Jérémie Schiettecatte. 107-133. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Some Aspects of the Formation of the State in Ancient South Arabia”. Alternatives of Social Evolution. ed. N. Kradin vd. 309-333. Vladivostok: FEB RAS, 2000.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Typen altsüdarabischer Altäre”. Arabia Felix Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. ed. Norbert Nebes. 160-177. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 1994.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Das Alte Südarabien”. In Stein gemeisselte Geschichte(n): Nikolaus Rhodokanakis (1876‒1945), Pionier der Altsüdarabistiks. ed. Gertraud Sturm – Mohammed Maraqten. 57-71. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021.
  • Mehrân, M. Beyyûmî. Kitâbü dirâsât fî târîhi’l-Arabi’l-kadîm. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmam Muhammed b. Suud el-İslâmiyye, 1400/1980.
  • Montgomery, J. A. “An Enactment of Fundamental Constitutional Law in Old South Arabia”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 67/3 (1928), 207-213.
  • O’Leary, De Lacy. Arabic Thought and Its Place in History. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, 1922.
  • Ortakcı, Halil. “Güney Arabistan Yazıtlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Temel Özellikleri”. Rumeli İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (Ekim 2023), 159-177.
  • Palmer, M. J. Expressions of Sacred Space: Temple Architecture in the Ancient Near East. Pretoria: University of South Africa, Doktora tezi, 2012.
  • Prioletta, Alessia. “Evidence from a new inscription regarding the goddes ‘t(t)rm and some remarks on the gender of deities in South Arabia”. Proceedings of Seminar for Arabian Studies 42 (2012), 309-318.
  • Rahîm, Muhammed Rızâ. “Agriculture in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Introduction” Islamic Studies 10/1 (1971), 53-65.
  • Ricks, Stephen D. - John J. Sroka. “King, Coronation and Temple: Enthronement Ceremonies in History”. Temples of the Ancient World: Ritual and Symbolism. Editör eksik. 236-271. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1994.
  • Robin, C. J. Les Hautes-Terres du Nord-Yémen avant l'Islam. Istanbul: Publications de l’Institut Historique-Archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul, 1982.
  • Robin, C. J. “Antiquity”. Roads of Arabia -Archaeology and History of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-. ed. Ali İbrahim al-Ghabban vd. Paris: Musée du Louvre & Somogy, 2010.
  • Robin, C. J. - Breton, J. F. “Le sanctuaire préislamique du jabal al-Lawḏ (Nord-Yémen)”. Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 126/3 (1982), 590-629.
  • Röring, Nicole. Bauhistorische Untersuchungen Am Almaqah-Heiligtum Von Sirwah Vom Kultplatz Zum Heiligtum. Saarbrücken: Südwestdeutscher Verlag, 2013.
  • Ryckmans, G. “On Some Problems of South Arabian Epigraphy and Archaeology”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 14 (1952), 1-10.
  • Ryckmans, J. “Religion of South Arabia”. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. ed. D. N. Freedman. 6/171-176. New York: Anchor Bible, 1992.
  • Saîd, Saîd b. Fâyiz İbrâhim. “Nükûşu Sebeiyye cedîde fî zikri’l-marad”. el-Üsûr 12/3 (2002), 7-21.
  • Smith, T. M. Araplar-Kavimler, Kabileler ve Devletin Üç Bin Yıllık Tarihi, çev. Nurettin Elhüseyni. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2022.
  • Taberî, Ebu Cafer İbn Cerir Muhammed b. Cerir b. Yezid. Târîhü’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk. thk. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim. 1-11. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1967.
  • Wensinck, A.J. Studies of A. J. Wensinck. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
  • Ya‘kûbî, Târîhu’l-Ya‘kûbî, Beyrut: Dâru Sâdır, 1995.
  • Ben Ali, Zain Alaabdain. Inscriptions in Musnad, the Temple of Awwam (Fotoğraf, 2021). Arabia Felix. Erişim 24 Mayıs 2024. https://arabiafelix.social/palaces-temples-and-laws-coexistence-in-yemens-ancient-structures/
  • DASI, Digital Archive for the Study of Pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions. “al-Jawf 04.13” (Erişim 11.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=995539821&recId=4078
  • DASI, “al-Kaʿāb 29” (Erişim 02.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=701574029&recId=1060
  • DASI, “al-Saʿīd 2002a (2)” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=6714
  • DASI, “al-Saʿīd 2005” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=6722
  • DASI, “Antonini 1998, 10” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=9946
  • DASI, “as-Sawdāʾ 52 CIH 440” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=9
  • DASI, “al-Ṣilwī 1 Ṣilwī-wādī Shuḍayf 1” (Erişim 30.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=144685477&recId=6669
  • DASI, “al-Ṣilwī 3” (Erişim 30.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=144685477&recId=6671
  • DASI, “BR-M. Bayḥān 2 Ja 720; MaMB 180; MuB 2” (Erişim 17.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6211
  • DASI, “BR-M. Bayḥān 4 MuB 4” (Erişim 18.02.2023) http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6213
  • DASI, “BynM 1” (Erişim 18.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=424
  • DASI, “CIAS 32.21/r 1 Gar NIS 2” (Erişim 18.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=3709
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 2” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=5901
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 1 Fa 119” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=8452
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 10 Ja 731” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6302
  • DASI, “CIH 333” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3928
  • DASI, “CIH 336” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3931
  • DASI, “CIH 342 a” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3937
  • DASI, “CIH 366 b' Fa 17 + Fa 36 + Fa 19” (Erişim 11.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=1047
  • DASI, “CIH 373” (Erişim 12.11.2022). https://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=773412791&recId=3958
  • DASI, “CIH 398 Gl 891; A 90 a-c; Fa 33” (Erişim 08.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=137642197&recId=3965
  • DASI, “CIH 400 Ja 534” (Erişim 27.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3966
  • DASI, “CIH 429” (Erişim 02.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=580892464&recId=3979
  • DASI, “CIH 439” (Erişim 19.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=126
  • DASI, “CIH 567” (Erişim 04.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=953775005&recId=4027
  • DASI, “CIH 612+CIH 522 Ry 31; RES 850” (Erişim 04.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=953775005&recId=135
  • DASI, “CIH 657+MṢM 3641 Gl 1666(=CIH 657)” (Erişim 24.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=244155724&recId=1373
  • DASI, “Collection privée yéménite 2016-1” (Erişim 08.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9556
  • DASI, “DAI Ṣirwāḥ 2002-11” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7496
  • DASI, “DAI Sirwāḥ 2005-50” (Erişim 30.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=65652592&recId=9521
  • DASI, “Dostal 1” (Erişim 05.08.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=7&colId=0&navId=164209646&recId=2392
  • DASI, “Fa 71 (= Fa 11) MaN 26” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=8718
  • DASI, “FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 1” (Erişim 16.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=7369
  • DASI, “FB-wādī Shuḍayf 2” (Erişim 04.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=6851
  • DASI, “Gar Bayt al-Ashwal 2” (Erişim 06.08.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=7&colId=0&navId=631259524&recId=2396
  • DASI, “Gl A 710” (Erişim 01.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=577177388&recId=1161
  • DASI, “Gl 1218 A 241; Gr 201; Jabal Riyām 2006-25” (Erişim 06.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=137642197&recId=8769
  • DASI, “Gl 1520” (Erişim 26.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1119
  • DASI, “Gr 117 Ḥadaqān 5” (Erişim 21.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9496
  • DASI, “Haram 13 CIH 548” (Erişim 03.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4019
  • DASI, “Haram 33 CIH 532” (Erişim 02.02.2023) http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4012
  • DASI, “Haram 34 Gl 1054; CIH 533” (Erişim 02.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4013
  • DASI, “Haram 35 RES 3956” (Erişim 04.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=4088
  • DASI, “Ir 18” (Erişim 23.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5945
  • DASI, “Ir 21” (Erişim 15.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=91&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=323650059&recId=5948
  • DASI, “Ir 31” (Erişim 24.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5958
  • DASI, “Ir 5 JR 1; ZI 12; Condé 3” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5933
  • DASI, “Ir 69” (Erişim 26.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=6641
  • DASI, “Ist 7687” (Erişim 27.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9030
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 ad Gl 1691” (Erişim 28.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1195
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 ax Gl 1752; CIH 967” (Erişim 29.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1095
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 w Gl 1689 a” (Erişim 28.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1190
  • DASI, “Ja 2867 J. Maʿsâl 9; al-Miʿsāl 1” (Erişim 28.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=15&colId=0&navId=474311916&recId=9174
  • DASI, “Ja 417 RES 4727; Ry 198” (Erişim 15.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=726068103&recId=7387&mark=07387
  • DASI, “Ja 525” (Erişim 05.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=10094
  • DASI, “Ja 551 CIH 374; ZI 33” (Erişim 14.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=6273
  • DASI, “Ja 554 ZI 39” (Erişim 06.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=6275
  • DASI, “Ja 564 MaMB 314” (Erişim 02.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81118697&recId=5969
  • DASI, “Ja 575 Geukens 7; Ry 539; MaMB 224; ZI 55” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5979
  • DASI, “Ja 580 MaMB 184” (Erişim 02.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81118697&recId=5984
  • DASI, “Ja 592 MaMB 95” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=5994
  • DASI, “Ja 610 MaMB 208” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6010
  • DASI, “Ja 632 MaMB 301” (Erişim 10.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6029
  • DASI, “Ja 634 MaMB 273; ZI 31” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6031
  • DASI, “Ja 635 MaMB 270; ZI 16” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6032
  • DASI, “Ja 669 MaMB 183” (Erişim 17.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6065
  • DASI, “Ja 672 MaMB 92” (Erişim 06.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=6279
  • DASI, “Ja 704 MaMB 151” (Erişim 18.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6086
  • DASI, “Ja 730 MuB 11” (Erişim 21.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6219
  • DASI, “Ja 822” (Erişim 22.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6819
  • DASI, “Ja 832” (Erişim 15.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=1176
  • DASI, “Jabal Riyām 2006-6” (Erişim 18.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=843554261&recId=6867
  • DASI, “Kamna 33” (Erişim 20.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=843554261&recId=8986
  • DASI, “MAFRAY-ad-Durayb 5 A+B Gl 1565+Gl 1566; RES 4848+RES 4847” (Erişim 26.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1350
  • DASI, “MB 2001-101” (Erişim 01.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=7429
  • DASI, “MB 2004 I-113” (Erişim 03.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=6204
  • DASI, “MB 2005 I-88” (Erişim 04.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=9808
  • DASI, “Moussaieff 3” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=8923
  • DASI, “Moussaieff 30” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=8864
  • DASI, “MS Maḏbaḥ 1” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=9063
  • DASI, “MṢM 7250” (Erişim 05.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=7457
  • DASI, “MuB 9 Fa 8; Fa 102” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9475
  • DASI, “München 94-317880” (Erişim 05.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=6655
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 6 Ja 627; MaMB 210” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6024
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 9 Ja 645; MaMB 276” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6042
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 11 Ir 25” (Erişim 24.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5952
  • DASI, “Nihm/Barrān 5 Gl 1142” (Erişim 12.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7780
  • DASI, “RES 192 CIH 654” (Erişim 01.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=691819791&recId=1372
  • DASI, “RES 3096 C CIH 490” (Erişim 19.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=1071
  • DASI, “RES 3624 Gl 484; CIH 957; MB 2001 I-16” (Erişim 24.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=244155724&recId=1092
  • DASI, “RES 3902 bis N° 152 RES 3902 N° 152” (Erişim 10.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=98057110&recId=842
  • DASI, “RES 3945” (Erişim 04.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=691819791&recId=7349
  • DASI, “RES 3949 Gl 1108” (Erişim 23.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=851992102&recId=1220
  • DASI, “RES 4176 RES 3300; Gl 1210; Gr 174” (Erişim 15.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7497
  • DASI, “RES 4231 Gl 1215; Gr 167” (Erişim 18.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=8150
  • DASI, “RES 4371 Gl 428” (Erişim 30.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=8192
  • DASI, “RES 4677” (Erişim 15.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=726068103&recId=8469&mark=08469
  • DASI, “RES 4906” (Erişim 05.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=595321059&recId=1240
  • DASI, “Robin-Kāniṭ 4” (Erişim 18.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=6561
  • DASI, “Robin-Kāniṭ 17” (Erişim 18.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=6573
  • DASI, “Robin-Rayda 2A” (Erişim 19.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=4047
  • DASI, “Ry 541 Geukens 9” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=6256
  • DASI, “Ry 586” (Erişim 05.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=595321059&recId=1249
  • DASI, “Sanaa-Garbini 4 Ga 27(Av); Ga 62 (Ja); YM 6” (Erişim 17.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=851992102&recId=10035
  • DASI, “Schm/MA 97” (Erişim 22.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81392539&recId=9810
  • DASI, “Y.85.AQ/1 Eryani 61” (Erişim 10.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=1251
  • DASI, “YM 23206” (Erişim 11.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=78260820&recId=1309
  • DASI, “YM 29830” (Erişim 12.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=78260820&recId=1020

المعبد في اليمن قبل الإسلام في ضوء النقوش السبئية

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 42, 81 - 116, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.56361/usul.1473893

Öz

في سياق الجدل الدائر حول أصل الإسلام، تم تحليل العصر الجاهلي لشبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الإسلام من قبل المستشرقين وعلماء العصور الكلاسيكية المتأخرة. وكان أحد محاور هذه الدراسات هو مزاعم التفاعل القائم على أطروحة أن معتقدات وتقاليد القبائل المهاجرة من اليمن إلى الشمال قد حملت معها. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل وضع اليمن في فترة تعدد الآلهة قبل الإسلام (القرن الثامن قبل الميلاد - القرن الرابع بعد الميلاد) من خلال النقوش السبيئة التي تشير إلى المعبد كمحور أساسي في الدين يربط بين السماء والأرض/ الإنسان والإله. ويظهر من تصنيف النقوش أن المعبد كان حرمًا يلتقي فيه العبد بإلهه، وأساسا يوفر المشروعية لتحركات الملك السياسية، ومكانا يؤكد فيه عبوديته للإله، وسلطة قانونية تجري فيها محاولات التكهن، ومركزًا اقتصاديًا يتشكل حول الضرائب والقرابين. وفي جانب آخر، كانت المعابد بمثابة أرشيف من خلال حملها للنقوش وسلع العرض داخل هيكلها، وساهمت في نقل الحضارة السبئية إلى يومنا هذا. كما أن تحديد معنى المعابد كمكان سيوفر أيضاً منظوراً لآثار التصحيح والتحول الذي أجراه الإسلام على تقاليد المعابد قبله، وسيساهم في تقييم أطروحات التفاعل والتأثير

Kaynakça

  • Abdullah, Yûsuf Muhammed. Evrâk fî târîhi’l-Yemen ve Âsârih. Beyrut: Dârü’l-fikr, 1990.
  • Ali, Cevâd. el-Mufassal fî târîhi’l-‘Arab kable’l-İslâm. 1-10. Bağdad: yy, 1993.
  • Arbach, Mounir - Audouın, Remy. San‘â’ Natıonal Museum Collection of Epigraphic and Archaeological Artifacts from al-Jawf Sites. San‘â’: Books House, 2007.
  • Avanzini, Alessandra. “The Sabaean Presence in Jawf in the Eighth-Seventh Centuries BC -Notes on the Oldest Phase of Ancient South Arabian Culture and Its Relationship with Mesopotamia”. Leggo!. ed. G. B. Lanfranchi vd. 37-52. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 2012.
  • Avanzini, Alessandra. By Land and By Sea. Roma: «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2016.
  • Beeston, A. F. L. “Theocracy in the Sayhad Culture”. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 7 (1976-1977), 5-10.
  • Beeston, A.F. L. vd. Sabaic Dictionary. Louvain-Beyrouth: Peeters, 1982.
  • Biella, Joan Copeland. Dictionary of Old South Sabaic-Sabaean Dialect. Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.
  • Bowen, R. L. Archaelogical Discoveries in South Arabia. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.
  • Cohn, Robert L. The Shape of Sacred Space: Four Biblical Studies. Chico: Scholars Press, 1981.
  • Demirci, Kürşat. Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş - Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak-. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2013.
  • Dost, Suleyman. “Language of Ritual Purity in the Qurʾān and Old South Arabian”. Scripts and Scripture: Writing and Religion in Arabia Circa 500-700 CE. ed. Fred M. Donner - Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee. Chicago: Oriental Institute, 2022.
  • Dugast, F. – Gajda, I. “Contacts between Ethiopia and South Arabia in the first millennium”. Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research. ed. Mounir Arbach - Jérémie Schiettecatte. 79-94. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2017.
  • el-Eğberî, Fehmî. “Nukûşu Sebeiyye cedîde tahtevî ‘alâ agdemi nakşi tevhîdî muarrah”. Reydân 8 (2013), 167-183.
  • Halberstam, Chava. “Law in Biblical Israel”. The Cambridge Companion to Judaism and Law. ed. C. Hayes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Hattâb, Bâsim Muhammed. “el-Vahyu’l-ilâhî ve delâletihî es-siyâsiyye fî cenûbi’l-Cezîrati’l-‘Arabiyye fî dav’i nukûşu’l-müsned”. Bulletin of the Center Papyrological Studies 38 (2021), 759-786.
  • Höfner, Maria. “Die vorislamischen Religionen Arabiens”. Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandaer. ed. H. Gese vd. 233-394. Stuttgart: Werlag W. Kohlhammer, 1970.
  • Hurowitz, V. A. I Have Built You an Exalted House: Temple Building in the Bible in Light of Mesopotamian and Northwest Semitic Writings. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
  • Irvine, A. K. “Homicide in Pre-Islamic South Arabia”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967), 277-291.
  • İbn Düreyd. el-İştikâk. thk. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn. Beyrut: Dârü’l-Cîl, 1411/1991.
  • İbn Hişâm, Ebû Muhammed Cemaleddin Abdülmelik. es-Sîretü’n-Nebeviyye. thk. Mustafa es-Sekkâ vd. Kahire: Şirketü Mektebeti ve Matbaati Mustafa el-Bâbî el-Halebî ve Evlâdihî bi-Mısr, 1375/1955.
  • İbn Hişâm, Ebû Muhammed Cemaleddin Abdülmelik. Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mulûk-i Himyer. San‘â: yy, 1347.
  • Kelpetin, Mahmut. İslâm Öncesi Güney ve Kuzey Arabistan. İstanbul: Kuramer Yayınları, 2016.
  • Korotayev, Andrey. “The Sabaean Community (Sb’, ‘Sb’n) in the Political Structure of the Middle Sabaean Cultural Area”. Orientalia Nova Series 63/2 (1994), 68-83.
  • Leslau, Wolf. Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopics). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 1991.
  • Macdonald, D.B. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Sacred Spaces in Ancient Yemen-The Awam Temple-Maʾrib: A Case Study”. Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research. ed. Mounir Arbach - Jérémie Schiettecatte. 107-133. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2015.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Some Aspects of the Formation of the State in Ancient South Arabia”. Alternatives of Social Evolution. ed. N. Kradin vd. 309-333. Vladivostok: FEB RAS, 2000.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Typen altsüdarabischer Altäre”. Arabia Felix Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. ed. Norbert Nebes. 160-177. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Werlag, 1994.
  • Maraqten, Mohammed. “Das Alte Südarabien”. In Stein gemeisselte Geschichte(n): Nikolaus Rhodokanakis (1876‒1945), Pionier der Altsüdarabistiks. ed. Gertraud Sturm – Mohammed Maraqten. 57-71. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021.
  • Mehrân, M. Beyyûmî. Kitâbü dirâsât fî târîhi’l-Arabi’l-kadîm. Riyad: Câmiatü’l-İmam Muhammed b. Suud el-İslâmiyye, 1400/1980.
  • Montgomery, J. A. “An Enactment of Fundamental Constitutional Law in Old South Arabia”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 67/3 (1928), 207-213.
  • O’Leary, De Lacy. Arabic Thought and Its Place in History. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, 1922.
  • Ortakcı, Halil. “Güney Arabistan Yazıtlarının Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Temel Özellikleri”. Rumeli İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi 12 (Ekim 2023), 159-177.
  • Palmer, M. J. Expressions of Sacred Space: Temple Architecture in the Ancient Near East. Pretoria: University of South Africa, Doktora tezi, 2012.
  • Prioletta, Alessia. “Evidence from a new inscription regarding the goddes ‘t(t)rm and some remarks on the gender of deities in South Arabia”. Proceedings of Seminar for Arabian Studies 42 (2012), 309-318.
  • Rahîm, Muhammed Rızâ. “Agriculture in Pre-Islamic Arabia: Introduction” Islamic Studies 10/1 (1971), 53-65.
  • Ricks, Stephen D. - John J. Sroka. “King, Coronation and Temple: Enthronement Ceremonies in History”. Temples of the Ancient World: Ritual and Symbolism. Editör eksik. 236-271. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1994.
  • Robin, C. J. Les Hautes-Terres du Nord-Yémen avant l'Islam. Istanbul: Publications de l’Institut Historique-Archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul, 1982.
  • Robin, C. J. “Antiquity”. Roads of Arabia -Archaeology and History of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-. ed. Ali İbrahim al-Ghabban vd. Paris: Musée du Louvre & Somogy, 2010.
  • Robin, C. J. - Breton, J. F. “Le sanctuaire préislamique du jabal al-Lawḏ (Nord-Yémen)”. Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 126/3 (1982), 590-629.
  • Röring, Nicole. Bauhistorische Untersuchungen Am Almaqah-Heiligtum Von Sirwah Vom Kultplatz Zum Heiligtum. Saarbrücken: Südwestdeutscher Verlag, 2013.
  • Ryckmans, G. “On Some Problems of South Arabian Epigraphy and Archaeology”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 14 (1952), 1-10.
  • Ryckmans, J. “Religion of South Arabia”. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. ed. D. N. Freedman. 6/171-176. New York: Anchor Bible, 1992.
  • Saîd, Saîd b. Fâyiz İbrâhim. “Nükûşu Sebeiyye cedîde fî zikri’l-marad”. el-Üsûr 12/3 (2002), 7-21.
  • Smith, T. M. Araplar-Kavimler, Kabileler ve Devletin Üç Bin Yıllık Tarihi, çev. Nurettin Elhüseyni. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2022.
  • Taberî, Ebu Cafer İbn Cerir Muhammed b. Cerir b. Yezid. Târîhü’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk. thk. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim. 1-11. Beyrut: Dâru’l-Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, 1967.
  • Wensinck, A.J. Studies of A. J. Wensinck. New York: Arno Press, 1978.
  • Ya‘kûbî, Târîhu’l-Ya‘kûbî, Beyrut: Dâru Sâdır, 1995.
  • Ben Ali, Zain Alaabdain. Inscriptions in Musnad, the Temple of Awwam (Fotoğraf, 2021). Arabia Felix. Erişim 24 Mayıs 2024. https://arabiafelix.social/palaces-temples-and-laws-coexistence-in-yemens-ancient-structures/
  • DASI, Digital Archive for the Study of Pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions. “al-Jawf 04.13” (Erişim 11.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=995539821&recId=4078
  • DASI, “al-Kaʿāb 29” (Erişim 02.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=701574029&recId=1060
  • DASI, “al-Saʿīd 2002a (2)” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=6714
  • DASI, “al-Saʿīd 2005” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=6722
  • DASI, “Antonini 1998, 10” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=9946
  • DASI, “as-Sawdāʾ 52 CIH 440” (Erişim 15.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=591955124&recId=9
  • DASI, “al-Ṣilwī 1 Ṣilwī-wādī Shuḍayf 1” (Erişim 30.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=144685477&recId=6669
  • DASI, “al-Ṣilwī 3” (Erişim 30.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=144685477&recId=6671
  • DASI, “BR-M. Bayḥān 2 Ja 720; MaMB 180; MuB 2” (Erişim 17.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6211
  • DASI, “BR-M. Bayḥān 4 MuB 4” (Erişim 18.02.2023) http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6213
  • DASI, “BynM 1” (Erişim 18.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=424
  • DASI, “CIAS 32.21/r 1 Gar NIS 2” (Erişim 18.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=3709
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 2” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=5901
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 1 Fa 119” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=8452
  • DASI, “CIAS 39.11/o 3 n° 10 Ja 731” (Erişim 20.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=108099953&recId=6302
  • DASI, “CIH 333” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3928
  • DASI, “CIH 336” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3931
  • DASI, “CIH 342 a” (Erişim 26.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3937
  • DASI, “CIH 366 b' Fa 17 + Fa 36 + Fa 19” (Erişim 11.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=1047
  • DASI, “CIH 373” (Erişim 12.11.2022). https://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=773412791&recId=3958
  • DASI, “CIH 398 Gl 891; A 90 a-c; Fa 33” (Erişim 08.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=137642197&recId=3965
  • DASI, “CIH 400 Ja 534” (Erişim 27.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=297651034&recId=3966
  • DASI, “CIH 429” (Erişim 02.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=580892464&recId=3979
  • DASI, “CIH 439” (Erişim 19.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=126
  • DASI, “CIH 567” (Erişim 04.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=953775005&recId=4027
  • DASI, “CIH 612+CIH 522 Ry 31; RES 850” (Erişim 04.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=953775005&recId=135
  • DASI, “CIH 657+MṢM 3641 Gl 1666(=CIH 657)” (Erişim 24.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=244155724&recId=1373
  • DASI, “Collection privée yéménite 2016-1” (Erişim 08.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9556
  • DASI, “DAI Ṣirwāḥ 2002-11” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7496
  • DASI, “DAI Sirwāḥ 2005-50” (Erişim 30.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=65652592&recId=9521
  • DASI, “Dostal 1” (Erişim 05.08.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=7&colId=0&navId=164209646&recId=2392
  • DASI, “Fa 71 (= Fa 11) MaN 26” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=8718
  • DASI, “FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 1” (Erişim 16.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=7369
  • DASI, “FB-wādī Shuḍayf 2” (Erişim 04.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=6851
  • DASI, “Gar Bayt al-Ashwal 2” (Erişim 06.08.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=7&colId=0&navId=631259524&recId=2396
  • DASI, “Gl A 710” (Erişim 01.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=577177388&recId=1161
  • DASI, “Gl 1218 A 241; Gr 201; Jabal Riyām 2006-25” (Erişim 06.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=137642197&recId=8769
  • DASI, “Gl 1520” (Erişim 26.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1119
  • DASI, “Gr 117 Ḥadaqān 5” (Erişim 21.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9496
  • DASI, “Haram 13 CIH 548” (Erişim 03.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4019
  • DASI, “Haram 33 CIH 532” (Erişim 02.02.2023) http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4012
  • DASI, “Haram 34 Gl 1054; CIH 533” (Erişim 02.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=717683321&recId=4013
  • DASI, “Haram 35 RES 3956” (Erişim 04.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=4088
  • DASI, “Ir 18” (Erişim 23.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5945
  • DASI, “Ir 21” (Erişim 15.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=91&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=323650059&recId=5948
  • DASI, “Ir 31” (Erişim 24.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5958
  • DASI, “Ir 5 JR 1; ZI 12; Condé 3” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5933
  • DASI, “Ir 69” (Erişim 26.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=6641
  • DASI, “Ist 7687” (Erişim 27.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9030
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 ad Gl 1691” (Erişim 28.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1195
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 ax Gl 1752; CIH 967” (Erişim 29.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1095
  • DASI, “Ja 2848 w Gl 1689 a” (Erişim 28.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1190
  • DASI, “Ja 2867 J. Maʿsâl 9; al-Miʿsāl 1” (Erişim 28.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=15&colId=0&navId=474311916&recId=9174
  • DASI, “Ja 417 RES 4727; Ry 198” (Erişim 15.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=726068103&recId=7387&mark=07387
  • DASI, “Ja 525” (Erişim 05.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=10094
  • DASI, “Ja 551 CIH 374; ZI 33” (Erişim 14.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=6273
  • DASI, “Ja 554 ZI 39” (Erişim 06.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=6275
  • DASI, “Ja 564 MaMB 314” (Erişim 02.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81118697&recId=5969
  • DASI, “Ja 575 Geukens 7; Ry 539; MaMB 224; ZI 55” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5979
  • DASI, “Ja 580 MaMB 184” (Erişim 02.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81118697&recId=5984
  • DASI, “Ja 592 MaMB 95” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=5994
  • DASI, “Ja 610 MaMB 208” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6010
  • DASI, “Ja 632 MaMB 301” (Erişim 10.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6029
  • DASI, “Ja 634 MaMB 273; ZI 31” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6031
  • DASI, “Ja 635 MaMB 270; ZI 16” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6032
  • DASI, “Ja 669 MaMB 183” (Erişim 17.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6065
  • DASI, “Ja 672 MaMB 92” (Erişim 06.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=6279
  • DASI, “Ja 704 MaMB 151” (Erişim 18.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6086
  • DASI, “Ja 730 MuB 11” (Erişim 21.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6219
  • DASI, “Ja 822” (Erişim 22.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=143661613&recId=6819
  • DASI, “Ja 832” (Erişim 15.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=949315991&recId=1176
  • DASI, “Jabal Riyām 2006-6” (Erişim 18.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=843554261&recId=6867
  • DASI, “Kamna 33” (Erişim 20.12.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=843554261&recId=8986
  • DASI, “MAFRAY-ad-Durayb 5 A+B Gl 1565+Gl 1566; RES 4848+RES 4847” (Erişim 26.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=1350
  • DASI, “MB 2001-101” (Erişim 01.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=7429
  • DASI, “MB 2004 I-113” (Erişim 03.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=6204
  • DASI, “MB 2005 I-88” (Erişim 04.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=26240549&recId=9808
  • DASI, “Moussaieff 3” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=8923
  • DASI, “Moussaieff 30” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=8864
  • DASI, “MS Maḏbaḥ 1” (Erişim 05.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=839480447&recId=9063
  • DASI, “MṢM 7250” (Erişim 05.02.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=7457
  • DASI, “MuB 9 Fa 8; Fa 102” (Erişim 09.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=9475
  • DASI, “München 94-317880” (Erişim 05.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=51&colId=0&navId=690536339&recId=6655
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 6 Ja 627; MaMB 210” (Erişim 05.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6024
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 9 Ja 645; MaMB 276” (Erişim 12.04.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=716186984&recId=6042
  • DASI, “Nāmī NAG 11 Ir 25” (Erişim 24.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=5952
  • DASI, “Nihm/Barrān 5 Gl 1142” (Erişim 12.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7780
  • DASI, “RES 192 CIH 654” (Erişim 01.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=691819791&recId=1372
  • DASI, “RES 3096 C CIH 490” (Erişim 19.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=92964721&recId=1071
  • DASI, “RES 3624 Gl 484; CIH 957; MB 2001 I-16” (Erişim 24.10.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=244155724&recId=1092
  • DASI, “RES 3902 bis N° 152 RES 3902 N° 152” (Erişim 10.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=98057110&recId=842
  • DASI, “RES 3945” (Erişim 04.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=691819791&recId=7349
  • DASI, “RES 3949 Gl 1108” (Erişim 23.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=851992102&recId=1220
  • DASI, “RES 4176 RES 3300; Gl 1210; Gr 174” (Erişim 15.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=7497
  • DASI, “RES 4231 Gl 1215; Gr 167” (Erişim 18.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=8150
  • DASI, “RES 4371 Gl 428” (Erişim 30.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=887714072&recId=8192
  • DASI, “RES 4677” (Erişim 15.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=726068103&recId=8469&mark=08469
  • DASI, “RES 4906” (Erişim 05.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=595321059&recId=1240
  • DASI, “Robin-Kāniṭ 4” (Erişim 18.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=6561
  • DASI, “Robin-Kāniṭ 17” (Erişim 18.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=6573
  • DASI, “Robin-Rayda 2A” (Erişim 19.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=494969884&recId=4047
  • DASI, “Ry 541 Geukens 9” (Erişim 11.03.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=699166108&recId=6256
  • DASI, “Ry 586” (Erişim 05.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=595321059&recId=1249
  • DASI, “Sanaa-Garbini 4 Ga 27(Av); Ga 62 (Ja); YM 6” (Erişim 17.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=851992102&recId=10035
  • DASI, “Schm/MA 97” (Erişim 22.06.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=10&colId=0&navId=81392539&recId=9810
  • DASI, “Y.85.AQ/1 Eryani 61” (Erişim 10.11.2022). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=407521406&recId=1251
  • DASI, “YM 23206” (Erişim 11.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=78260820&recId=1309
  • DASI, “YM 29830” (Erişim 12.01.2023). http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=79&prjId=1&corId=3&colId=0&navId=78260820&recId=1020
Toplam 158 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İslam Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Büşra Nur Güler 0009-0008-9850-0324

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 22 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 42

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Güler, Büşra Nur. “Sebe Yazıtları Işığında İslâm Öncesi Yemen’de Mabed”. Usul İslam Araştırmaları 42 (Aralık 2024), 81-116. https://doi.org/10.56361/usul.1473893.
Usul İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.