BİREY-ÇEVRE UYUMUNUN İŞE YÖNELİK TUTUMLARA ETKİSİNDE KÜLTÜREL ADAPTASYONUN ROLÜ: YABANCI UYRUKLU AKADEMİSYENLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA*

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı birey-çevre uyumu, kültürel adaptasyon iş tatmini, yaşam tatmini ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki doğrudan ve dolaylı ilişkileri ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye’deki kamu ve vakıf üniversitelerinde görev yapan 415 yabancı uyruklu akademisyene anket uygulanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucu elde edilen bulgular birey-çevre uyumuyla kültürel adaptasyon, iş tatmini, yaşam tatmini ve işten ayrılma niyeti gibi çalışan tutumları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunduğu ve bu ilişkilerde kültürel adaptasyonun aracılık rolünün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak, elde edilen bu sonuçlar konu ile ilgili literatürde yer alan çalışmalar bağlamında tartışılarak, gerek örgütler gerekse gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalar için bir takım öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Birey-Çevre Uyumu,Yabancı Uyruklu Akademisyen,Kültürel Adaptasyon,İş Tatmini,Yaşam Tatmini,İşten Ayrılma Niyeti

THE ROLE OF CROSS-CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ON THE INFLUENCE OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT FIT TOWARDS JOB ATTITUDES: A STUDY ON SELF-INITIATED ACADEMIC EXPATRIATES

Öz

This study aims to reveal the direct and indirect relationships between person-environment fit, cross-cultural adjustment, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and intention to leave. For this purpose, a questionnaire has been applied to 415 foreign academics working in public and foundation universities in Turkey. Findings obtained as a result of the analyses, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between person-environment fit and employee attitudes such as cross-cultural adjustment, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, intention to leave and cross-cultural adjustment has a mediating effect on this relationship. Finally, these results were discussed in the context of the studies in the relevant literature and several suggestions were made for both organizations and future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Person-Environment Fit,Self-Initiated Academic Expatriates,Cross-Cultural Adjustment,Job Satisfaction,Life Satisfaction,Intention to Leave

Kaynakça

1. Ahmad, K. Z., Veerapandian, K. & Ghee, W. Y. (2011). Person-environment fit: The missing link in the organisational culture-commitment relationship. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(11), 11-20.
2. Aletraris, L. (2010). How satisfied are they and why? A study of job satisfaction, job rewards, gender and temporary agency workers in Australia. Human Relations, 63(8), 1129-1155.
3. Ames, S. C., Jones, G. N., Howe, J. T. & Brantley, P. J. (2001). A prospective study of the impact of stress on quality of life: An investigation of low-income individuals with hypertension. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23(2), 112-119.
4. Arthur, W. Jr., Bell, S. T., Villado, A. J. & Doverspike, D. (2006). The sue of person-organization fit in employment decision making: An assessment of its criterionrelated validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 786-801.
5. Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986), The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6): 1173-1182.
6. Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A. & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 257-281.
7. Black, J. S. & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: a review and a theoretical framework for future research. The Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113-136.
8. Black, J. S. & Stephens, G. K. (1989). The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15, 529-544.

9. Cable, D. M. & DeRue, D. S. (2002). The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 875–884.
10. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D. & Klesh, J. (1979). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
11. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, G. D. & Klesh, J. (1983). Michigan organizational assessment questionnaire. In S.E. Seashore, E. E. Lawler, P. H. Mirvis & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing organizational change: A guide to methods, measures, and practices (pp. 71-138). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
12. Carless, S.A. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction and job acceptance intentions: a longitudinal study, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78 (3): 411–429.
13. Deniz, N. ve Noyan, N. (2014). Yabancı çalışanların bulundukları örgüte uyumları ile kültürel deneyimlerinin ilişkisine yönelik bir araştırma. 2. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi, 6-8 Kasım 2014, Kayseri, 1-7.
14. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Grifin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
15. Edwards, J. R. (1996). An Examination of competing versions of the person-environment fit approach to stress. The Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 292-339.
16. Froese, F. J. & Peltokorpi, V. (2013). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(10), 1953-1967.
17. Furnham, A. & Schaeffer, R. (1984). Person-environment fit, job satisfaction and mental health. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 57(4), 295-307.
18. Halim, H., Abu Bakar, H. ve Mohamad, B. (2014). Expatriate adjustment: validating multicultural personality trait among self-initiated academic expatriates. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 155, 123-129.
19. Hechanova, R., Beehr, T. A. & Christiansen, N. D. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of employees’ adjustment to overseas assignment: A meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(2), 213-236.
20. Huff, K. C., Song, P. ve Gresch, E. B. (2014). Cultural intelligence, personality, and cross-cultural adjustment: A study of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 151-157.
21. Jansen, K. J. & Kristof-Brown, A. L. (2006). Toward a multidimensional theory of person-environment fit. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(2), 193-212.
22. Karaeminoğulları, A., Doğan, A. ve Bozkurt, S. (2009). Kültürlerarası adaptasyon envanteri (Cross Cultural Adaptability Inventory-CCAI) üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 331-349.
23. Kraimer, M. L. & Wayne, S. J. (2004). An Examination of perceived organizational support as a multidimensional construct in the context of an expatriate assignment. Journal of Management, 30(2), 209-237.
24. Kurtuluş, K. (1998). Pazarlama Arastırmaları (6. Baskı), Avcıol Basım-Yayın, İstanbul.
25. Kutcher, , E. J., Bragger, J. D. & Masco, J. L. (2013). How ınterviewees consider content and context cues to person–organization fit. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(3), 294-308.
26. Lee, L. Y. & Kartika, N. (2014). The influence of individual, family, and social capital factors on expatriate adjustment and performance: The moderating effect of psychology contract and organizational support. Expert Systems with Applications, 41, 5483-5494.
27. Maertz, C. P., Hassan, A. & Magnusson, P. (2009). When learning is not enough: A process model of expatriate adjustment as cultural cognitive dissonance reduction. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 66-78.
28. Nolan, E. M. & Morlay, M. J. (2014). A test of the relationship between person-environment fit and cross-cultural adjustment among self-initiated expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(11), 1631-1649.
29. Oh, I., Guay, R. P., Kim, K. Harold, C. M., Lee, J. H., Heo, C. G. vd. (2014). Fit happens globally: a meta-analytic comparison of the relationships of person-environment fit dimensions with work attitudes and performance across East Asia, Europe and North America. Personnel Psychology, 67, 99-152.
30. Okpara, J. O. (2016). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates: Exploring factors influencing adjustment of expatriates in Nigeria. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(3), 259-280.
31. Özdemir, Y. ve Ergun, S. (2015). The relationship between organizational socialization and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating role of person-environment fit. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences (11th International Strategic Management Conference, 432-443.
32. Pervin, L. A. (1968). Performance and satisfaction as a function of individual-environment fit. Psychological Bulletin, 69(1), 56-68.
33. Redelinghuys, K. & Botha, E. (2016). Person-environment fit, job satisfaction and intentions to leave: The moderating effect of leader empowering behaviour. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26(1), 11-21.
34. Rujiprak, V. (2016). Cultural and psychological adjustment of ınternational students in Thailand. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 11(2), 127-142.
35. Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). A longitudinal investigation of the relationships between job information sources, applicant perceptions of fit, and work outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 50, 395–426.
36. Shaffer, M. A. & Harrison, D. A. (1998). Expatriates’ psychological withdrawal from international assignments: Work, nonwork, and family influences. Personnel Psychology. 51, 87-118.
37. Selmer, J. & Fenner, C. R. (2009). Job factors and work outcomes of public sector expatriates. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(1), 75-90.
38. Shipp, A. J. (2006). The moving window of fit: Extending person-environment fit research with time. PhD Thesis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
39. Turban, D. B. & Jones, A. P. (1988). Supervisor-subordinate similarity: Types, effects, and mechanisms. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 228-234.
40. Uysal Irak, D. & Mantler, J. (2010). The role of affectivity in perceptions of person-environment fit. 4th Global e-Conference on Fit 8-9 December 2010. http://www.conference.fit/images/2009arch/thu09.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2017.
41. Van Rensburg, C. J., Rothmann, S. I. & Diedericks, E. (2017). Person-environment fit, flourishing and intention to leave in universities of technology in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43, 1-10.
42. Van Vianen, A. E. M., De Pater, I. E., Kristof-Brown A. L. ve Johnson E. C. (2004). Fitting in: Surface- and Deep-Level Cultural Differences and Expatriates' Adjustment. The Academy of Management Journal, 47(5), 697-709.
43. Vogel, R. M. & Feldman, D. C. (2009). Integrating the levels of person-environment fit: The roles of vocational fit and group fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 68-81.
44. Williams M. E. (2008). Individual Differences and Cross-Cultural Adaptation: A study of cultural intelligence, psychological adjustment, and sociocultural adjustment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Touro University, California.