IMPACT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN PRECAUTIONS ON AIR POLLUTANTS IN TURKEY

Yıl 2022, , 991 - 1002, 31.12.2022

Sevgi Güneş Durak

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1053184

Öz

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the precautions taken in the early period of the pandemic have had a significant impact on the reduction of air pollutants. In this research, the changes in the concentrations of some air pollutants (PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, O3) concentrations have been investigated and evaluated between March 15 - May 31, 2019 and March 15 - May 31, 2020 in Turkey. According to the results, PM10, NO2 and SO2 concentrations decreased by up to 75%, 80% and 77% respectively. However, there has been an increase in CO and O3 concentrations in many cities. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that there is a strong relevance between NO2 - CO and O3 - CO concentrations in the lockdown period. In addition, with the precautions, the positive correlation between PM10 and NO2 and between SO2 and CO increased, and the negative correlation between PM10 and O3 decreased.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Air pollution, COVID-19, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, PM10

Covid-19 Kapanma Önlemlerinin Türkiye’deki Hava Kirleticilerine Etkisi

Öz

COVID-19 nedeniyle pandeminin erken döneminde alınan önlemler, hava kirleticilerinin azaltılmasında önemli bir etki yaratmıştır. Bu araştırmada, Türkiye'de 15 Mart-31 Mayıs 2019 ve 15 Mart31 Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında bazı hava kirletici (PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, O3) konsantrasyonlarındaki değişimler araştırılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre PM10, NO2 ve SO2 konsantrasyonları sırasıyla
%75, %80 ve %77'ye kadar düşmüştür. Ancak birçok şehirde CO ve O3 konsantrasyonlarında artış tespit edilmiştir. Pearson korelasyon analizi, kapanma döneminde NO2-CO ve O3-CO konsantrasyonları arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca alınan önlemlerle PM10 ile NO2 ve SO2 ile CO arasındaki pozitif korelasyon artmış, PM10 ile O3 arasındaki negatif korelasyon azalmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, hava kirliliği, nitrojen dioksit, ozon, PM10

Kaynakça

• 1. Balamadeswaran, P., Karthik, J., Ramakrishnan, R., & Bharath, K. M. (2021) Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on tropospheric NO2 pollution assessed using Satellite-ground perspectives observations in India. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40808-021-01172-X
• 2. Barua, S., & Nath, S. D. (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on air pollution: Evidence from global data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, 126755. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2021.126755
• 3. Blumberg, S. (2020) Data Shows 30 Percent Drop In Air Pollution Over Northeast U.S. NASA.
• 4. Chen, R., Huang, W., Wong, C. M., Wang, Z., Quoc Thach, T., Chen, B., & Kan, H. (2012) Short-term exposure to sulfur dioxide and daily mortality in 17 Chinese cities: The China air pollution and health effects study (CAPES). Environmental Research, 118, 101–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.07.003
• 5. CMC (2020), https://sim.csb.gov.tr/, Access date: 20.05.2020, Subject: National Air Quality Monitoring Network.
• 6. EEA (2021), https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-and-covid19, Access date: 31.05.2020, Subject: Air quality and COVID-19.
• 7. ESA (2021a), https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2020/03/Coronavirus_nitrogen_dioxide_emissions_drop_over_Italy, Access date: 06.06.2020, Subject: Coronavirus: Nitrogen Dioxide Emissions Drop over Italy..
• 8. ESA (2021b), https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/04/Nitrogen_dioxide_concentrations_over_India, Access date: 16.06.2020, Subject: Nitrogen dioxide concentrations over India.
• 9. Google (2020), https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/, Access date: 21.06.2020, Subject: COVID-19 Community Mobility Report.
• 10. Google Earth Engine (2021), https://code.earthengine.google.com/, Access date: 12.09.2020, Subject: NO2 Concentrations of Turkey.
• 11. Hashim, B. M., Al-Naseri, S. K., Al-Maliki, A., & Al-Ansari, N. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on NO2, O3, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and assessing air quality changes in Baghdad, Iraq. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 141978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141978
• 12. IQAir (2019), https://www.iqair.com/world-most-polluted-cities/world-air-quality-report-2019-en.pdf, Access date: 25.06.2020, Subject: COVID-19 Air Quality Report.
• 13. Islam, M. S., Tusher, T. R., Roy, S., & Rahman, M. (2021). Impacts of nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19 outbreak on air quality in Bangladesh: a spatiotemporal analysis. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 14(3), 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00940-5
• 14. Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., & Lu, J. (2020). Exploring the relationship between air pollution and meteorological conditions in china under environmental governance. Nature, 10, 14518. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71338-7
• 15. Muhammad, S., Long, X., & Salman, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: A blessing in disguise? Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138820
• 16. Nakada, L. Y. K., & Urban, R. C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in São Paulo state, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 139087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139087
• 17. Nuvolone, D., Petri, D., & Voller, F. (2018). The effects of ozone on human health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(9), 8074–8088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9239-3
• 18. Ray, R. L., Singh, V. P., Singh, S. K., Acharya, B. S., & He, Y. (2022). What is the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global carbon emissions? Science of The Total Environment, 816, 151503. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.151503
• 19. Seinfeld, J. H., & Pandis, S. N. (2016). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change - John H. Seinfeld, Spyros N. Pandis - 3rd Editio, Wiley.
• 20. Shrestha, A. M., Shrestha, U. B., Sharma, R., Bhattarai, S., Tran, H. N. T., & Rupakheti, M. (2020). Lockdown caused by COVID-19 pandemic reduces air pollution in cities worldwide. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31223/OSF.IO/EDT4J
• 21. Tian, X., An, C., Chen, Z., & Tian, Z. (2021). Assessing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on urban transportation and air quality in Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 765, 144270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144270
• 22. TUIK (2019), https://www.tmmob.org.tr/sites/default/files/2019.pdf, Access date: 02.09.2020, Subject: Air Quality Monitoring Report.
• 23. TUIK (2020), https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20210614-19062485.pdf, Access date: 02.09.2020, Subject: Air Quality Monitoring Report.
• 24. Wang, P., Chen, K., Zhu, S., Wang, P., & Zhang, H. (2020). Severe air pollution events not avoided by reduced anthropogenic activities during COVID-19 outbreak. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 158, 104814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104814
• 25. Weather Spark. (2022), https://weatherspark.com/, Access date: 26.06.2020, Subject: The Weather Year Round Anywhere on Earth.
• 26. WHO (2000), https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/107335, Access date: 17.06.2020, Subject: Air Quality Guidelines.
• 27. WHO (2006), https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69477, Access date: 12.06.2020, Subject: Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
• 28. WHO (2019), https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-thailand-stateless/2020/02/91ab34b8-2019-world-air-report.pdf, Access date: 03.09.2020, Subject: Air pollution.
• 29. WHO (2022), https://covid19.who.int/, Access date: 03.06.2022, Subject: Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.
• 30. Zhang, X., Tang, M., Guo, F., Wei, F., Yu, Z., Gao, K., Jin, M., Wang, J., & Chen, K. (2021). Associations between air pollution and COVID-19 epidemic during quarantine period in China. Environmental Pollution, 268, 115897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115897