Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX)

Öz

The nitrogen element, which constitutes 75.5% by weight and 78.06% by volume of the Earth's atmosphere, participates in the structure of many important biomolecules such as ATP, chlorophyll, nucleic acids and vitamins. However, this element found as a form of dinitrogen gas (N2) is not suitable form to use for living organisms, especially primary producers. Therefore, the nitrogen cycle is one of the most important biological processes that ensure the continuity of life. At the end of the 1990’s, findings on the nitrogen cycle were updated along with the discovery of anammox bacteria, and anammox applications have now become an alternative technology to conventional nitrification/denitrification processes used in wastewater treatment plants. This process can be explained as a conversion of ammonium into the dinitrogen gas in anoxic environment by anamox bacteria using nitrite as an electron acceptor. Although seven anammox genera have been discovered up to now, all of them are named by the status of Candidatus since their pure cultures cannot be obtained. Furthermore, these bacteria have been a scientific turning point in the fields of ecological research and molecular biology due to their unique metabolism. In this context, the growth and cell biology, molecular mechanism of anammox bacteria and the role and importance of Anammox process in environmental applications were investigated in detail.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anammox bacteria,Anammox metabolism,Anammox applications

ANAEROBİK AMONYUM OKSİDASYONU (ANAMMOX)

Öz

Dünya atmosferinin ağırlıkça %75,5’ini, hacimce %78,06’sını oluşturan azot elementi ATP, klorofil, nükleik asitler, vitaminler gibi birçok önemli biyomolekülün yapısına katılmaktadır. Fakat azot gazı formunda (N2) bulunan bu element, birincil üreticiler dahil canlılar için kullanılmaya elverişli formda değildir. Bu yüzden azot döngüsü yaşamın sürekliliğini sağlayan en önemli biyolojik proseslerden biridir. 1990’lı yılların sonunda anammox bakterilerinin keşfi ile birlikte azot döngüsü hakkındaki bulgular güncellenmiş olup, anammox uygulamaları günümüzde atık su arıtma tesislerinde kullanılan konvansiyonel nitrifikasyon/denitrifikasyon proseslerine alternatif bir teknoloji haline gelmiştir. Bu proses anoksik ortamda anammox bakterilerinin nitriti elektron alıcı olarak kullanarak amonyumu azot gazına dönüştürmesi olarak açıklanabilir. Şimdiye kadar, yedi anammox cinsi bulunmasına rağmen, saf kültürleri elde edilemediği için hepsine aday (Candidatus) statüsü verilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, bu bakteriler eşsiz metabolizmaları nedeniyle ekolojik araştırmalar ve moleküler biyoloji alanlarında bilimsel bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, çalışmamızda anammox bakterilerinin büyümesi, hücre biyolojisi, moleküler mekanizması ile birlikte Anammox prosesinin çevre uygulmalarındaki rolü ve önemi detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Anammox bakterileri,Anammox metabolizması,Anammox uygulamaları

Kaynakça

1. Akgul, D., Aktan, C.K., Yapsakli, K. ve Mertoglu, B. (2013) Treatment of landfill leachate using UASB-MBR-SHARON-Anammox configuration, Biodegradation, 24(3), 399-412. doi: 10.1007/s10532-012-9597-y
2. Aktan, C.K., Yapsakli, K. ve Mertoglu, B. (2012) Inhibitory effects of free ammonia on Anammox bacteria, Biodegradation, 23, 751–762. doi: 10.1007/s10532-012-9550-0
3. Bernard, A. (2010) The nitrogen cycle: processes, players and human impact, Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 25.
4. Blackburne, R., Yuan, Z. ve Keller, J. (2008) Partial nitrification to nitrite using low dissolved oxygen concentration as the main selection factor, Biodegradation, 19(2), 303- 312. doi: 10.1007/s10532-007-9136-4
5. Broda, E. (1977) Two kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature, Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie, 17(6), 491-493. doi: 10.1002/jobm.3630170611
6. Cao, Y., van Loosdrecht, M.C. ve Daigger, G.T. (2017) Mainstream partial nitritationanammox in municipal wastewater treatment: status, bottlenecks, and further studies, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 101(4), 1365-1383. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-8058-7
7. Celik, S. (2018). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for sidestream treatment: A pilot study in Istanbul Atakoy Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), Yüksek Lisans Tezi, M.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
8. Chaban, V.V., Nielsen, M.B., Kopec, W. ve Khandelia, H. (2014) Insights into the role of cyclic ladderane lipids in bacteria from computer simulations, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 181, 76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.04.002

9. Chen, H., Liu, S., Yang, F., Xue, Y. ve Wang, T. (2009) The development of simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process in a single reactor for nitrogen removal, Bioresource Technology, 100(4), 1548-1554. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.003
10. Crowe, S.A., Treusch, A.H., Forth, M., Li, J., Magen, C., Canfield, D.E., Thamdrup, B. ve Katsev, S. (2017) Novel anammox bacteria and nitrogen loss from Lake Superior, Scientific Reports, 7(1), 13757. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12270-1
11. Dalsgaard T. ve Thamdrup B. (2002) Factors controlling anaerobic ammonium oxidation with nitrite in marine sediment, Applied and Encironmental Microbiology, 68(8), 3802- 3808. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3802-3808.2002
12. Dapena-Mora, A., Fernandez, I., Campos, J.L., Mosquera-Corral, A., Méndez, R. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (2007) Evaluation of activity and inhibition effects on Anammox process by batch tests based on the nitrogen gas production, Enzyme Microbial Technology, 40, 859–865. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.06.018
13. Daverey, A., Su, S.H., Huang, Y.T. ve Lin, J.G. (2012) Nitrogen removal from optoelectronic wastewater using the simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification (SNAD) process in sequencing batch reactor, Bioresource Technology, 113, 225-231. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.004
14. Daverey, A., Su, S., Huang, Y., Chen, S., Sung, S. ve Lin, J. (2013). Partial nitrification and anammox process: A method for high strength optoelectronic industrial wastewater treatment, Water Research, 47, 2929-2937. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.028
15. de Almeida, N.M., Neumann, S., Mesman, R.J., Ferousi, C., Keltjens, J.T., Jetten, M.S.M., Kartal, B. ve Niftrik, L.V. (2015) Immunogold localization of key metabolic enzymes in the anammoxosome and on the tubule-like structures of Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, Journal of Bacteriology, 197(14), 2432-2441. doi: 10.1128/JB.00186-15
16. de Almeida, N.M., Wessels, H.J., de Graaf, R.M., Ferousi, C., Jetten, M.S., Keltjens, J.T. ve Kartal, B. (2016) Membrane-bound electron transport systems of an anammox bacterium: a complexome analysis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1857(10), 1694-1704. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.006
17. DeGraaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G., Temmink, H. ve Buisman, C.J.N. (2011) Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by partial nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected black water, Water Research, 45, 375-383. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.023
18. Denk, T.R.A., Mohn, J., Decock, C., Lewicka-Szczebak, D., Harris, E., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Kiese, R. ve Wolf, B. (2017) The nitrogen cycle: a review of isotope effects and isotope modeling approaches, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 105, 121-137. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.11.015
19. Dezotti, M., Lippel, G. ve Bassin, J.P. (2018) Advanced Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment, Springer, İsviçre. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-58835-3
20. Dietl, A., Ferousi, C., Maalcke, W.J., Menzel, A., de Vries, S.D., Keltjens, J.T., Jetten, M.S.M., Kartal, B. ve Barends, T.R. (2015) The inner workings of the hydrazine synthase multiprotein complex, Nature, 527(7578), 394-397. doi: 10.1038/nature15517
21. Egli, K., Bosshard, F., Werlen, C., Lais, P., Siegrist, H., Zehnder, A. ve Van der Meer, J.V. (2003) Microbial composition and structure of a rotating biological contactor biofilm treating ammonium-rich wastewater without organic carbon, Microbial Ecology, 45(4), 419-432. doi: 10.1007/s00248-002-2037-5
22. Erdim, E., Yücesoy Özkan, Z., Kurt, H. ve Alpaslan Kocamemi, B. (2019) Overcoming challenges in mainstream Anammox applications: Utilization of nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI), Science Total Environment, 651(Pt 2), 3023-3033. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.140
23. Ferousi, C., Lindhoud, S., Baymann, F., Kartal, B., Jetten, M.S. ve Reimann, J. (2017) Iron assimilation and utilization in anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 37, 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.009
24. Fuerst, J.A. (1995) The planctomycetes: emerging models for microbial ecology, evolution and cell biology, Microbiology, 141(Pt 7), 1493-1506. doi: 10.1099/13500872-141-7-1493
25. Fuerst, J.A., Webb, R.I., van Niftrik, L., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Strous, M. (2006) Microbiology Monographs Volume 2: Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 259–283. doi: 10.1007/11497158
26. Gonzalez-Martinez, A., Munoz-Palazon, B., Rodriguez-Sanchez, A. and Gonzalez-Lopez, J. (2018) New concepts in Anammox processes for wastewater nitrogen removal: Recent advances and future prospects, Fems Microbiology Letters, 365(6), 10. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fny031
27. Gonzalez-Martinez, A., Osorio, F., Rodriguez-Sanchez, A., Martinez-Toledo, M.V., Gonzalez-Lopez, J., Lotti, T., van Loosdrecht, M.C. (2015) Bacterial community structure of a lab-scale anammox membrane bioreactor, Biotechnology Progress, 31, 186-193. doi: 10.1002/btpr.1995
28. Güven, D., Dapena, A., Kartal, B., Schmid, M.C., Maas, B., van de Pas-Schoonen, K., Sozen, S., Mendez, R., Op den Camp, H.J., Jetten, M.S., Strous, M., Schmidt, I. (2005) Propionate oxidation by and methanol inhibition of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Applied Environmental Microbiology, 71(2), 1066-1071. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.2.1066-1071.2005
29. Hellinga, C., Schellen, A., Mulder, J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. ve Heijnen, J.J. (1998) The SHARON process: An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water, Water Science and Technology, 37(9), 135-142. doi: 10.1016/s0273-1223(98)00281-9
30. Hendrickx T.L.G., Wang Y., Kampman C., Zeeman G., Temmink H. ve Buisman C.J.N. (2012) Autotrophic nitrogen removal from low strength waste water at low temperature, Water Research, 46(7), 2187-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.037
31. Hendrickx T.L.G., Kampman C., Zeeman G., Temmink H., Hu Z., Kartal B. ve Buisman C.J.N. (2014) High specific activity for anammox bacteria enriched from activated sludge at 10˚C, Bioresource Technology, 163, 214-221. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.025
32. Imajo, U., Tokutomi, T., Furukawa, K. (2004) Granulation of anammox microorganisms in up-flow reactors, Water Science and Technology, 49(5-6), 155–163. doi: 10.2166/wst.2004.0749
33. Isaka, K., Sumino, T. ve Tsuneda S. (2007) High nitrogen removal performance at moderately low temperature utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactions. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 103, 486–490. doi: 10.1263/jbb.103.486
34. Isanta, E., Reino, C., Carrera, J. ve Pérez, J. (2015) Stable partial nitritation for lowstrength wastewater at low temperature in an aerobic granular reactor, Water Resource, 80, 149-158. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.028
35. Jaeschke, A., Hopmans, E.C., Wakeham, S.G., Schouten, S. ve Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. (2007) The presence of ladderane lipids in the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea indicates nitrogen loss through anammox, Limnology and Oceanography, 52(2), 780-786. doi: 10.4319/lo.2007.52.2.0780
36. Jaeschke, A., Op den Camp, H.J., Harhangi, H., Klimiuk, A., Hopmans, E.C., Jetten, M.S., Schouten, S. ve Sinninghe Damsté, J.S. (2009) 16S rRNA gene and lipid biomarker evidence for anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (anammox) in California and Nevada hot springs, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 67(3), 343-350. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00640.x
37. Jetten, M.S.M., Strous, M., van de Pas-Schoonen, K.T., Schalk, J., van Dongen, U.G.J.M., van de Graaf, A.A., Logemann, S., Muyzer, G., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Kuenen, J.G. (1998) The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 22(5), 421-437. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x
38. Jetten, M.S., Niftrik, L.V., Strous, M., Kartal, B., Keltjens, J.T. ve Op den Camp, H.J.M. (2009) Biochemistry and molecular biology of anammox bacteria, Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molekuler Biology, 44(2-3), 65-84. doi: 10.1080/10409230902722783
39. Jin, R-C., Yang, G-F., Yu, J-J ve Zeng, P. (2012) The inhibition of the Anammox process: A review, Chemical Engineering Journal, 197, 67-79. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.05.014
40. Kalkan Aktan, C., Uzunhasanoglu, A.E. ve Yapsakli, K. (2018) Speciation of nickel and zinc, its short-term inhibitory effect on anammox, and the associated microbial community composition, Bioresource Technology, 268, 558-567. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.011
41. Kalvelage, T., Jensen, M.M., Contreras, S., Revsbech, N.P., Lam, P., Gunter, M., LaRoche, J., Lavik, G. ve Kuypers, M.M.M. (2011) Oxygen sensitivity of anammox and coupled Ncycle processes in oxygen minimum zones, PLoS ONE, 6(12), e29299. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029299
42. Kalyuzhnyi, S., Gladchenko, M., Mulder, A. ve Versprille, B. (2006) New anaerobic process of nitrogen removal, Water Science and Technology, 54(8), 163-170. doi: 10.2166/wst.2006.729
43. Kalyuzhnyi, S.V., Gladchenko, M.A., Kang, H., Mulder, A. ve Versprille, A. (2008) Development and optimisation of VFA driven DEAMOX process for treatment of strong nitrogenous anaerobic effluents, Water Science and Technology, 57(3), 323-328. doi: 10.2166/wst.2008.044
44. Kalyuzhnyi, S. ve Gladchenko, M. (2009) DEAMOX-New microbiological process of nitrogen removal from strong nitrogenous wastewater, Desalination, 248(1-3), 783-793. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.054
45. Kampschreur, M.J., Temmink, H., Kleerebezem, R., Jetten, M.S.M. and van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (2009) Nitrous oxide emission during wastewater treatment, Water Research, 43(17), 4093-4103. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.00
46. Kartal, B., Rattray, J., van Niftrik, L.A., van de Vossenberg, J.V., Schmid, M.C., Webb, R.I., Schouten, S., Fuerst, J.A., Damsté, J.S. ve Strous, M. (2007) Candidatus “Anammoxoglobus propionicus” a new propionate oxidizing species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 30(1), 39-49. doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2006.03.004
47. Kartal, B., van Niftrik, L.V., Rattray, J., van de Vossenberg, J.L., Schmid, M.C., Damsté, J.S., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2008). Candidatus 'Brocadia fulgida': An autofluorescent anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacterium, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 63(1), 46-55. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00408.x
48. Kartal, B., Geerts, W. ve Jetten, M.S. (2011a) Cultivation, detection, and ecophysiology of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Methods in Enzymology, 486, 89-108. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-381294-0.00004-3
49. Kartal, B., Maalcke, W.J., de Almeida, N.M., Cirpus, I., Gloerich, J., Geerts, Op den Camp, H.J.M., Harhangi, H.R., Janssen-Megens, E.M., Francoijs, K.J., Stunnenberg, H.G., Keltjens, J.T., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Strous, M. (2011b) Molecular mechanism of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Nature, 479(7371), 127-130. doi: 10.1038/nature10453
50. Kartal, B., van Niftrik, L.V., Keltjens, J.T., Op den Camp, H.J. ve Jetten, M.S. (2012) Anammox-growth physiology, cell biology, and metabolism, Advances in Microbial Physiology, 60, 211-262. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-398264-3.00003-6
51. Kartal, B., Almeida, N.M., Maalcke, W.J., Op den Camp, H.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Keltjens, J.T. (2013) How to make a living from anaerobic ammonium oxidation, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 37(3), 428-461. doi: 10.1111/1574-6976.12014
52. Kartal, B. ve Keltjens, J.T. (2016) Anammox biochemistry: a tale of heme c proteins, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 41(12), 998-1011. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.08.015
53. Kocamemi, B.A., Dityapak, D., Semerci, N., Keklik, E., Akarsubası, A., Kumru, M. ve Kurt H. (2018) Anammox start-up strategies: the use of local mixed activated sludge seed versus Anammox seed, Water Science and Technology, 78(9), 1901-1915. doi: 10.2166/wst.2018.431
54. Kuenen, J.G. (2008) Anammox bacteria: from discovery to application, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 6(4), 320-326. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1857
55. Kuypers, M.M.M., Marchant, H.K. ve Kartal, B. (2018) The microbial nitrogen-cycling network, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16, 263–276. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9
56. Lackner, S., Gilbert, E.M., Vlaeminck, S.E., Joss, A., Horn, H. ve van Loosdrecht, M.C. (2014) Full-scale partial nitritation/anammox experiences-an application survey, Water Research, 55, 292-303. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.02.032
57. Li, J., Li, J., Gao, R., Wang, M., Yang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, L. ve Peng, Y. (2018) A critical review of one-stage anammox processes for treating industrial wastewater: Optimization strategies based on key functional microorganisms, Bioresource Technology, 265, 498-505. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.013
58. Lotti, T., Kleerebezem, R., Lubello, C. ve van Loosdrecht, M.V. (2014a) Physiological and kinetic characterization of a suspended cell anammox culture, Water Research, 60, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.017
59. Lotti T., Kleerebezem R., Hu Z., Kartal B., Jetten M.S.M. ve van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2014b) Simultaneous partial nitritation and anammox at low temperature with granular sludge, Water Research, 66, 111-121. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.047
60. Lotti T., Kleerebezem R., van Erp Taalman Kip Ch., Hendrickx T.L.G., Kruit J., Hoekstra M. ve van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2014c) Anammox growth on pretreated municipal wastewater, Environmental Science and Technology, 48(14), 7874-7880. doi: 10.1021/es500632k
61. Lotti T., Kleerebezem R., Abelleira J.M., Abbas B. ve van Loosdrecht M.C.M. (2015) Faster through training: the anammox case, Water Research, 81, 261-268. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.001
62. Luttrell, W.E. (2015) Nitrogen, Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, 22(2), 32-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2015.01.013
63. Miao, L., Wang, K., Wang, S., Zhu, R., Li, B., Peng, Y., Weng, D. (2014) Advanced nitrogen removal from landfill leachate using real-time controlled three-stage sequence batch reactor (SBR) system, Bioresource Technology, 159, 258-265. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.058
64. Miao, L., Yang, G.Q., Tao, T. ve Peng, Y.Z. (2019) Recent advances in nitrogen removal from landfill leachate using biological treatments - a review, Journal of Environmental Management, 235, 178-185. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.057
65. Mulder, A., Graaf, A., Robertson, L. ve Kuenen, J. (1995) Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 16(3), 177-184. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00281.x
66. Ni, B.J., Hu, B.L., Fang, F., Xie, W.M., Kartal, B., Liu, X.W., Sheng, G.P., Jetten, M., Zheng, P. ve Yu, H. Q. (2010) Microbial and physicochemical characteristics of compact anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing granules in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(8), 2652-2656. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02271-09
67. Oshiki, M., Shimokawa, M., Fujii, N., Satoh, H. ve Okabe, S. (2011) Physiological characteristics of the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacterium 'Candidatus Brocadia sinica', Microbiology, 157(Pt 6), 1706-1713. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.048595-0}
68. Peeters, S.H. ve van Niftrik, L. (2019) Trending topics and open questions in anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 49, 45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.022
69. Pereira, A.D., Cabezas, A., Etchebehere, C., de Lemos Chernicharo, C.A. ve de Araújo, J.C. (2017) Microbial communities in anammox reactors: a review, Environmental Technology Reviews, 6(1), 74-93. doi: 10.1080/21622515.2017.1304457
70. Pérez, J., Lotti, T., Kleerebezem, R., Picioreanu, C. ve van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. (2014) Outcompeting nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in single-stage nitrogen removal in sewage treatment plants: a model-based study, Water Research, 66, 208-218. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.028
71. Qian, F., Wang, J., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, S. ve Chen, X. (2017) Achieving high performance completely autotrophic nitrogen removal in a continuous granular sludge reactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 118, 97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.11.017
72. Richard, F.A. (1965). Chemical oceanography, Academic Press, London, 611-645.
73. Schalk, J., de Vries, S.D., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S. (2000) Involvement of a novel hydroxylamine oxidoreductase in anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Biochemistry, 39(18), 5405-5412. doi: 10.1021/bi992721k
74. Shehzad, A., Qismat, S., Zeeshan, N. ve Ibrar, K. (2016) An insight to anammox bacterial communities and their detection strategies-mini review, Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 4(1), 222-239.
75. Shen, L., Hu, A., Jin, R., Cheng, D., Zheng, P., Xu, X., Hu, B. (2012). Enrichment of anammox bacteria from three sludge sources for the startup of monosodium glutamate industrial wastewater treatment system, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 199-200, 193-199. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.081
76. Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., Strous, M., Rijpstra, W.I.C., Hopmans, E.C., Geenevasen, J.A.J., van Duin, A.C.T., van Niftrik, L.A. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (2002) Linearly concatenated cyclobutane lipids form a dense bacterial membrane, Nature, 419(6908), 708-712. doi: 10.1038/nature01128
77. Sobotka D., Tuszyńska A., Kowal. P., Ciesielski S., Czerwionka K. ve Makinia J. (2017) Long-term performance and microbial characteristics of the anammox-enriched granular sludge cultivated in a bench-scale sequencing batch reactor, Biochemical Engineering Journal, 120, 125-135. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.01.007
78. Stein, L.Y. ve Klotz, M.G. (2016) The nitrogen cycle, Current Biology, 26(3), 94-98. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.021
79. Strous, M., Heijnen, J.J., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (1998) The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50(5), 589-596. doi: 10.1007/s002530051
80. Strous, M., Fuerst, J.A., Kramer, E.H.M., Logemann, S., Muyzer, G., van de PasSchoonen, K.T., Webb, R., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (1999a) Missing lithotroph identified as new planctomycete, Nature, 400(6743), 446-449. doi: 10.1038/22749
81. Strous, M., Kuenen, J.G. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (1999b) Key physiology of anaerobic ammonia oxidation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 65, 3248–3250.
82. Strous, M., Pelletier, E., Mangenot, S., Rattei, T., Lehner, A., Taylor, M.W., Horn, M., Daims, H., Bartol-Mavel, D., Wincker, P., Barbe, V., Fonknechten, N., Vallenet, D., Segurens, B., Schenowitz-Truong, C., Médigue, C., Collingro, A., Snel, B., Dutilh, B.E., Op den Camp, H.J., van der Drift, C., Cirpus, I., van de Pas-Schoonen, K.T., Harhangi, H.R., van Niftrik, L., Schmid, M., Keltjens, J., van de Vossenberg, J., Kartal, B., Meier, H., Frishman, D., Huynen, M.A., Mewes, H.W., Weissenbach, J., Jetten, M.S., Wagner, M. ve Le Paslier D. (2006) Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome, Nature, 440(7085), 790-794. doi: 10.1038/nature04647
83. Tang, C.J., Zheng, P., Chen, T.T., Zhang, J.Q., Mahmood, Q., Ding, S.A., Chen, X.G., Chen, J.W. and Wu, D.T. (2011) Enhanced nitrogen removal from pharmaceutical wastewater using SBA-Anammox process, Water Research, 45(1), 201-210. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.036
84. Tomaszewski, M., Cema, G. ve Ziembińska-Buczyńska, A. (2017) Influence of temperature and pH on the anammox process: a review and meta-analysis, Chemosphere, 182, 203-214. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.003
85. Tsushima I., Kindaichi T. ve Okabe S. (2007) Quantification of anaerobic ammoniumoxidizing bacteria in enrichment cultures by real-time PCR, Water Research, 41(4), 785– 794. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.024
86. Uflaz, H. (2018). Start-up of pilot scale partial nitrification and anammox reactors installed in a sewage treatment plant, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, M.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
87. van de Graaf, A.A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L.A., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Kuenen, J.G. (1997) Metabolic pathway of anaerobic ammonium oxidation on basis of N-15 studies in a fluidized bed reactor, Microbiology, 143(7), 2415–2421. doi: 10.1099/00221287-143-7-2415
88. van Niftrik, L., Geerts, W.J., van Donselaar, E.G., Humbel, B.M., Webb, R.I., Fuerst, J.A., Verkleji, A.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2008a) Linking ultrastructure and function in four genera of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria: Cell plan, glycogen storage, and localization of cytochrome C proteins, Journal of Bacteriology, 190(2), 708–717. doi: 10.1128/JB.01449-07
89. van Niftrik, L., Geerts, W.J., van Donselaar, E.G., Humbel, B.M., Yakushevska, A., Verkleij, A.J., Jetten, M.S.M. ve Strous, M. (2008b) Combined structural and chemical analysis of the anammoxosome: a membrane-bounded intracytoplasmic compartment in anammox bacteria, Journal of Structural Biology, 161(3), 401–410. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.05.005
90. van Niftrik, L., Geerts, W.J.C., van Donselaar, E.G., Humbel, B.M., Webb, R.I., Harhangi, H.R., Op den Camp, H.J., Fuerst, J.A., Verkleij, A.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2009) Cell division ring, a new cell division protein and vertical inheritance of a bacterial organelle in anammox planctomycetes, Molecular Microbiology, 73(6), 1009–1019. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06841.x
91. van Niftrik, L., van Helden, M., Kirchen, S., van Donselaar, E.G., Harhangi, H.R., Webb, R.I., Fuerst, J.A., Op den Camp, H.J., Jetten, M.S. ve Strous, M. (2010) Intracellular localization of membrane-bound ATPases in the compartmentalized anammox bacterium ‘Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’, Molecular Microbiology, 77(3), 701–715. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07242.x
92. van Niftrik, L. ve Jetten, M.S.M. (2012) Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria: unique microorganisms with exceptional properties, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 76(3), 585-596. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.05025-11
93. van Niftrik, L. (2013) Cell biology of unique anammox bacteria that contain an energy conserving prokaryotic organelle, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 104(4), 489-497. doi: 10.1007/s10482-013-9990-5
94. van Teeseling, V.C.F., Neumann, S. ve van Niftrik, L. (2013) The anammoxosome organelle is crucial for the energy metabolism of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23(1-2), 104–117. doi: 10.1159/000346547
95. van Teeseling, M.C.F., de Almeida, N.M., Klingl, A., Speth, D.R., Op den Camp, H.J.M., Rachel, R., Jetten, M.S.M. ve van Niftrik, L. (2014) A new addition to the cell plan of anammox bacteria: ‘’Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis’’ has a protein surface layer (Slayer) as outermost layer of the cell, Journal of Bacteriology, 196(1), 80-89. doi: 10.1128/JB.00988-13
96. Volcke, E.I.P., Van Hulle, S.W.H., Donckels, B.M.R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M. ve Vanrolleghem, P.A. (2005) Coupling the SHARON process with anammox: Model-based scenario analysis with focus on operating costs, Water Science and Technology, 52(4), 107-115. doi: 10.2166/wst.2005.0093
97. Wang, C.C., Lee, P.H., Kumar, M., Huang, Y.T., Sung, S. ve Lin, J.G. (2010) Simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification (SNAD) in a full-scale landfill-leachate treatment plant, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175(1-3), 622-628. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.052
98. Wang, Z., Peng, Y., Miao, L., Cao, T., Zhang, F., Wang, S., Han, J. (2016) Continuousflow combined process of nitritation and ANAMMOX for treatment of landfill leachate, Bioresource Technology, 214, 514-519. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.118
99. Wen, X., Zhou, J., Li, Y., Qing, X. ve He, Q. (2016) A novel process combining simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) with denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) to treat sewage, Bioresource Technology, 222, 309-316. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.132
100. Wett, B., Omari, A., Podmirseg, S.M., Han, M., Akintayo, O., Gómez Brandón, M., Murthy, S., Bott, C., Hell, M., Takács, I., Nyhuis, G. ve O'Shaughnessy, M. (2013) Going for mainstream deammonification from bench- to full-scale for maximized resource efficiency, Water Science and Technology, 68(2), 283-289. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.150
101. Windey, K., De Bo, I. ve Verstraete, W. (2005) Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrificationdenitrification (OLAND) in a rotating biological contactor treating high-salinity wastewater, Water Research, 39(18), 4512–4520. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.002
102. Yamamoto, T., Wakamatsu, S., Qiao, S., Hira, D., Fujii, T. and Furukawa, K. (2011) Partial nitritation and anammox of a livestock manure digester liquor and analysis of its microbial community, Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 2342-2347. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.091
103. Yapsakli, K., Aktan, C.K. ve Mertoglu, B. (2017) Anammox-zeolite system acting as buffer to achieve stable effluent nitrogen values, Biodegradation, 28(1), 69-79. doi: 10.1007/s10532-016-9778-1
104. Yasuda, T., Waki, M., Yoshinaga, I., Amano, T., Suzuki, K., Tanaka, Y, Yamagishi, T. ve Suwa, Y. (2011) Evidence of exponential growth of an anammox population in an anaerobic batch culture, Microbes and Environments, 26(3), 266–269. doi: 10.1264/jsme2.ME10181
105. Zhang, L., Narita, Y., Gao, L., Ali, M., Oshiki, M. ve Okabe, S. (2017) Maximum specific growth rate of anammox bacteria revisited, Water Research, 116, 296-303. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.027
106. Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Peng, Y., Han, X., Gan, Y., (2015) Nitrogen removal performance and microbial distribution in pilot- and full-scale integrated fixed-biofilm activated sludge reactors based on nitritation-anammox process, Bioresource Technology, 196, 448-453. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.090
107. Zhu G., Xia C., Shanyun W., Zhou L., Liu L. ve Zhao S. (2015) Occurrence, activity and contribution of anammox in some freshwater extreme environments, Environmental Microbiology Reports, 7(6), 961-969. doi: 10.1111/1758-2229.12341