Performance Analysis of Harmonic Estimation Methods in Power Quality Disturbances

Öz

In modern power systems, power quality problems have occurred with an increase of non-linear loads, power electronics components and circuits. Harmonics are the fundamental factors that affect power quality. Therefore, it is significantly important to detect, measure, estimate and suppress harmonics. There are many methods and techniques for harmonic estimation. However, disturbances in power systems affect the performance of these methods. In this study; different ten methods used in harmonic estimation (fast Fourier transform, chirp z-transform, discrete Hartley transform, Hilbert-Huang transform, Prony method, multiple signal classification, Kalman filter, least mean square, normalized least mean square, leaky least mean square) their performance in voltage sag, voltage swell, voltage interruption, and waveform distortions were examined and their comparative analysis was done.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Harmonic estimation
• voltage sag
• voltage swell
• voltage interruption
• waveform distortion

GÜÇ KALİTESİ BOZULMALARINDA HARMONİK KESTİRİM YÖNTEMLERİNİN PERFORMANS ANALİZİ

Öz

Günümüz modern güç sistemlerinde doğrusal olmayan yüklerin, güç elektroniği elemanları ve devrelerinin artmasıyla birlikte güç kalitesi problemleri de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Güç kalitesini etkileyen unsurların başında da harmonikler yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle harmoniklerin tespit edilmesi, ölçülmesi, kestirimi ve bastırılması son derece önemlidir. Harmonik kestirimi için birçok yöntem ve teknikler mevcuttur. Ancak güç sistemlerinde meydana gelen bozukluklar, bu yöntemlerin performansını etkilemektedir. Gerçekleştirilen çalışmada; harmonik kestiriminde kullanılan on farklı yöntemin (hızlı Fourier dönüşümü, chirp z-dönüşümü, ayrık Hartley dönüşümü, Hilbert-Huang dönüşümü, Prony yöntemi, çoklu işaret sınıflandırma, Kalman filtre, en küçük ortalama kare, normalleştirilmiş en küçük ortalama kare, sızdıran en küçük ortalama kare) gerilim çökmesi, gerilim sıçraması, gerilim kesintisi ve dalga şekli bozulmalarındaki performansları incelenmiş ve karşılaştırmalı analizleri yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Harmonik kestirimi
• gerilim çökmesi
• gerilim sıçraması
• gerilim kesintisi
• dalga şekli bozulması

Kaynakça

1. 1. Acha, E., Madrigal, M. (2002) Power System Harmonics Computer Modelling and Analysis, Wiley.
2. 2. Bi, G., Zeng, Y. (2004) Transforms and Fast Algorithms for Signal Analysis and Representations, Birkhäuser, USA.
3. 3. Bollen, M.H. J., Gu, I.Y.H. (2006) Signal Processing of Power Quality Disturbances, Wiley, New York.
4. 4. Bracewell, R.N. (1984) The Fast Hartley Transform, Proceedings of the IEEE, 72(8), 1010-1018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1984.12968
5. 5. Chang, G. W., Chen, C.I. (2010) Measurement techniques for stationary and time-varying harmonics, IEEE PES General Meeting, Providence RI, USA, 25-29 July 2010. doi: 10.1109/PES.2010.5589611
6. 6. Cooley, J. W., Tukey, J. W. (1965) An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series, Mathematics of Computation, 19(90), 297-301. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1
7. 7. Haykin, S. (2001) Adaptive Filter Theory,4th ed., Prentice Hall.
8. 8. Hou, H.S. (1987) The fast Hartley transform algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-36(2), 147 – 156. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.1987.1676877

9. 9. Huang, N. E., Shen, Z., Long, S. R., Wu, M. C., Shih, H. H., Zheng, Q., Yen, N. C., Tung, C.C., Liu, H. H. (1998) The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 454(1971), 903–995. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1998.0193
10. 10. IEEE Power System Harmonics Working Group (1984) Bibliography of power system harmonics - Part I, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-103 (9), 2460-2469. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1984.318400
11. 11. IEEE Power System Harmonics Working Group (1984) Bibliography of power system harmonics - Part II, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-103 (9), 2470-2479. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1984.318401
12. 12. IEEE Std 1159-2019. IEEE recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2019.8796486
13. 13. Jain, S. K., Singh, S. N. (2011) Harmonics estimation in emerging power system: Key issues and challenges, Electric Power Systems Research, 81(9), 1754–1766. doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2011.05.004.
14. 14. Kalman, R. E. (1960) A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems, Journal of Basic Engineering, 82, 35–45. doi: 10.1115/1.3662552
15. 15. Kay, S.M. (1988) Modern Spectral Estimation: Theory and Application, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
16. 16. Kulu, M. (2020) Güç Sistemlerinde Harmonik Kestirim Yöntemleri ve Performans Analizleri, Yüksek lisans tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
17. 17. Lei, B., Xu, G., Feng, M., Zou, Y., van der Heijden, F., de Ridder, D., Tax, D.M.J. (2017) Classification, Parameter Estimation and State Estimation, Wiley, GB.
18. 18. Levy, B.C. (2008) Principles of Signal Detection and Parameter Estimation, Springer.
19. 19. MathWorks (2018). MATLAB. https://www.mathworks.com/.
20. 20. Mayyas, K., Aboulnasr, T. (1997) Leaky LMS algorithm: MSE analysis for Gaussian data, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 45(4), 927-934. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/78.564181
21. 21. Oppenheim, A.V.,Schafer, R.W. (1989) Discrete-time Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.
22. 22. Poularikas, A.D. (Ed.) (2010) Transforms and Applications Handbook, 3rd ed., CRC Press, USA.
23. 23. Qi, L., Qian, L., Woodruff, S., Cartes, D. (2007) Prony analysis for power system transient harmonics, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2007(1) doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/48406
24. 24. Rabiner, L.R., Schafer, R.W., Rader, C.M. (1969) The chirp z-transform, IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, 17(2), 86-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1969.1162034
25. 25. Rilling, G., Flandrin, P., Gonvalves, P. (2003) On empirical mode decomposition and its algorithms, IEEE-EURASIP Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing (NSIP '03), 1 June 2003, 8-11.
26. 26. Rodrigues, N.M., Ramos, P.M., Janeiro, F.M. (2018) Comparison of harmonic estimation methods for power quality assessment, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1065 052036. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1065/5/052036
27. 27. Sayed, A.H. (2008) Fundamental of Adaptive Filtering, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
28. 28. Schmidt, R.O. (1981) A signal subspace approach to multiple emitter location and spectral estimation, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
29. 29. Singh, G. K. (2009). Power system harmonics research: a survey, European Transactions on Electrical Power, 19(2), 151–172. doi: 10.1002/etep.201.
30. 30. Uyar, M (2008) Güç kalitesindeki bozulma türlerinin akıllı örüntü tanıma yaklaşımları ile belirlenmesi, Doktora tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
31. 31. Vatansever, F., Çengelci, B. (2011) Prony yöntemiyle harmonik analizi, 6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS'11), Elazığ/Turkey, 16-18 May,134-137.
32. 32. Vatansever, F., Yalçın, N.A. (2016) Çevrimiçi harmonik simülatörü tasarımı, 4th International Symposium on Innovative Technologies in Engineering and Science (ISITES2016), Alanya/Antalya/Turkey, 3-5 November, 618-624.
33. 33. Vatansever, F., Yalcin, N.A. (2018) The design of harmonic simulator based on Hartley transform, Academic Perspective Procedia, 1(1), 21-24. doi: 10.33793/acperpro.01.01.7
34. 34. Welch,G., Bishop, G. (2006) An introduction to the Kalman filter, Technical Report, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 127-145.
35. 35. Yalcin, N.A., Vatansever, F. (2020) Comparison of Prony and ADALINE method in inter-harmonic estimation, Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 25(1), 405-418. doi: 10.17482/uumfd.592988