BURSA’DAKİ İÇ VE DIŞ ORTAM HAVASINDA ORGANOKLORLU PESTİSİTLER (OCP’LER): KONSANTRASYON DAĞILIMLARI, MUHTEMEL KAYNAKLARI VE SAĞLIK RİSKLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 705 - 720, 27.12.2023

Mehmet Ferhat Sari , Fatma Esen , Sündüz Shanabo

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1330124

Öz

Organoklorlu pestisitler (OCP’ler) fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere göre tüm çevrede bulunan ve dünyada en yaygın olarak kullanılan kimyasalların başında gelmektedir. Yaklaşık 40 yıldır kullanımları yasak olmasına rağmen hem kararlılıklarından hem de kaçak kullanımlarından dolayı günümüzde hala insan sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Bursa sınırları içerinde yer alan 15 iç ve 6 dış ortam havasında OCP konsantrasyonlarının seviyeleri, muhtemel kaynakları ve soluma yoluyla oluşabilecek kanser riski hesabı değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam 10 OCP bileşiğinin iç ortam havasındaki konsantrasyon değerlerinin 467,8±94,9 pg/m3, dış ortam havasındaki konsantrasyon değerlerinin ise 419,3±137,1 pg/m3 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örnekleme noktalarındaki binaların yaşının yanı sıra dış ortam havasında da tarımsal alanların varlığı ve yakınlığı iç ortam OCP konsantrasyonlarının dağılımlarında önemli rol oynadığı belirlenmiştir. Muhtemel kaynakların değerlendirilmesinde izomer oranlarından yararlanılmıştır. Bu izomer oranlarına göre, Bursa’da OCP’lerin esas kaynaklarını lindanların oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yine aynı oranlara göre günümüzde hala Bursa’da pestisit kullanıldığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Son olarak hem iç hem de dış ortam havasının solunması yoluyla oluşabilecek kanser riskleri artan yaşam boyu kanser riski (ILCR) yöntemine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen hesaplamalara göre, Bursa’da hem iç hem de dış ortamda OCP’lerin solunması yoluyla oluşabilecek herhangi bir kanser riski tespit edilmemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

OCP, İç ve dış ortam havası, Pasif hava örnekleyici, Bursa, Sağlık riski

Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Indoor and Ambient Air in Bursa: Concentration Distributions, Possible Sources and Health Risks

Öz

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are among the most greatly used chemicals in the world, according to their physical and chemical properties. Although their use has been banned for about 40 years, they still threaten human health today due to their determination and illegal use. In this study, the levels of OCP concentrations in 15 indoor and 6 ambient airs within the borders of Bursa, their possible sources and the risk of cancer that may occur by inhalation were evaluated. Concentration values of 10 OCP compounds in indoor air were determined as 467.8±94.9 pg/m3, and concentration values in ambient air were determined as 419.3±137.1 pg/m3. In addition to the age of the buildings at the sampling points, the presence and proximity of agricultural areas in the ambient air have been determined to play an important role in the distribution of indoor OCP concentrations. Isomer ratios were used in the evaluation of possible sources. According to these isomer ratios, it has been determined that lindanes are the main sources of OCPs in Bursa. In addition, according to the same rates, it was concluded that pesticides are still used in Bursa today. Finally, the cancer risks that may occur by breathing both indoor and outdoor air were evaluated according to the increased lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) method. According to the calculations obtained, no cancer risk that may occur through inhalation of OCPs in both indoor and outdoor environments has been detected in Bursa.

Anahtar Kelimeler

OCP, Indoor and ambient air, Passive air sampler, Bursa, Health risk

Kaynakça

• 1. Arias, A.H., Oliva, A.L., Ronda, A.C., Tombesi, N.B., Macchi, P., Solimano, P., Abrameto, M. ve Migueles, N. (2023) Large-scale spatiotemporal variations, sources, and risk assessment of banned OCPs and PAHs in suspended particulate matter from the Negro river, Argentina, Environmental Pollution, 320, 121067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121067
• 2. Audy, O., Melymuk, L., Venier, M., Vojta, S., Becanova, J., Romanak, K., Vykoukalova, M., Prokes, R., Kukucka, P., Diamond, M.L. ve Klanova, J. (2018) PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in indoor environments - A comparison of indoor contamination in Canada and Czech Republic, Chemosphere, 206, 622–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.016
• 3. Carolin C, F., Kamalesh, T., Senthil Kumar, P. ve Rangasamy, G. (2023) An insights of organochlorine pesticides categories, properties, eco-toxicity and new developments in bioremediation process, Environmental Pollution, 333, 122114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122114
• 4. Cetin, B. ve Odabasi, M. (2011) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor window organic films in Izmir, Turkey, Journal of the Hazardous Materials, 185, 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.089
• 5. Cindoruk, S.S., Sakin, A.E. ve Tasdemir, Y. (2020) Levels of persistent organic pollutants in pine tree components and ambient air, Environmental Pollution, 256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113418
• 6. Civan, M. (2023). PAH, PCB ve PBDE’lerin iç/dış toz oranlarının karşılaştırılması, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, Basımda. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1164032
• 7. Da, C., Liu, G. ve Yuan, Z. (2014) Analysis of HCHs and DDTs in a sediment core from the Old Yellow River Estuary, China, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 100, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.034
• 8. Esen, F. ve Kayıkçı, G. (2017) İç ve dış ortam hava örneklerinde poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH’ların) incelenmesi: Bursa örneği, Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering, 22, 213– 224. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.331620
• 9. Gevao, B., Porcelli, M., Rajagopalan, S., Krishnan, D., Martinez-Guijarro, K., Alshemmari, H., Bahloul, M. ve Zafar, J. (2018) Spatial and temporal variations in the atmospheric concentrations of “Stockholm Convention” organochlorine pesticides in Kuwait, Science of the Total Environment, 622–623, 1621–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.036
• 10. Helga, B.E., Schmid, C.A.O., Feher, I., Podar, D., Szatmari, P.M., Marincaş, O., Balázs, Z.R. ve Schröder, P. (2018) HCH phytoremediation potential of native plant species from a contaminated urban site in Turda, Romania, Journal of Environmental Management, 223, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.018
• 11. Helou, K., Harmouche-Karaki, M., Karake, S. ve Narbonne, J.F. (2019) A review of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Lebanon: Environmental and human contaminants, Chemosphere, 231, 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.109
• 12. Herkert, N. J., Martinez, A. ve Hornbuckle, K. C. (2016) Amodel using local weather data to determine the effective sampling volume for PCB congeners collected on passive air samplers, Environmental Science and Technology, 50, 6690–6697. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00319.
• 13. Jiang, Y.F., Wang, X.T., Jia, Y., Wang, F., Wu, M.H., Sheng, G.Y. ve Fu, J.M. (2009) Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China, Journal of the Hazardous Materials, 170, 989–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.082
• 14. Kafaei, R., Arfaeinia, H., Savari, A., Mahmoodi, M., Rezaei, M., Rayani, M., Sorial, G.A., Fattahi, N. ve Ramavandi, B. (2020) Organochlorine pesticides contamination in agricultural soils of southern Iran, Chemosphere, 240, 124983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124983
• 15. Kartalovic, B., Babic, J., Prica, N., Zivkov-Balos, M., Jaksic, S., Mihaljev, Z. ve Cirkovic, M. (2015) The presence of lindane in different types of honey in the Pannonian region, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 21, 208–212.
• 16. Khairy, M.A. ve Lohmann, R. (2010) Field Validation of Polyethylene Passive Air Samplers for Parent and Alkylated PAHs in Alexandria, Egypt, Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 3990–3998. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300012u
• 17. Kurt-Karakus, P.B., Alegria, H., Jantunen, L., Birgul, A., Topcu, A., Jones, K.C. ve Turgut, C. (2017) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative flame retardants (NFRs) in indoor and outdoor air and indoor dust from Istanbul-Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 8, 801–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.01.010
• 18. Leone, A.D., Ulrich, E.M., Bodnar, C.E., Falconer, R.L. ve Hites, R.A. (2000) Organochlorine pesticide concentrations and enantiomer fractions for chlordane in indoor air from the US cornbelt, Atmospheric Environment, 34:4131-4138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00247-8
• 19. Llanos, Y., Cortés, S., Martínez, A., Pozo, K., Přibylová, P., Klánová, J. ve Jorquera, H. (2022) Local and regional sources of organochlorine pesticides in a rural zone in central Chile, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101411
• 20. López, A., Yusà, V., Villoldo, E., Corpas-Burgos, F. ve Coscollà, C. (2021) Indoor air pesticide in dwellings of breastfeeding mothers of the Valencian Region (Spain): Levels, exposure and risk assessment, Atmospheric Environment, 248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118231
• 21. Odabasi, M., Cetin, B., Demircioglu, E. ve Sofuoglu, A. (2008) Air-water exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at a coastal site in Izmir Bay, Turkey, Marine Chemistry, 109, 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.01.001
• 22. Sari, M.F., Córdova Del Águila, D.A., Tasdemir, Y. ve Esen, F. (2020a) Atmospheric concentration, source identification, and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in two countries: Peru and Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08604-8
• 23. Sari, M.F., Esen, F., Cordova Del Aguila, D.A. ve Kurt Karakus, P.B. (2020b) Passive sampler derived polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor air in Bursa, Turkey: Levels and an assessment of human exposure via inhalation, Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.03.001
• 24. Sari, M.F. ve Esen, F. (2022) Atmospheric concentration, spatial variations, and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in urban and semi-urban areas using passive air samplers in Bursa, Turkey, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32082–32092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17987-1
• 25. Sultan, M., Hamid, N., Junaid, M., Duan, J.J. ve Pei, D.S. (2023) Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in freshwater resources of Pakistan: A review on occurrence, spatial distribution and associated human health and ecological risk assessment, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 249, 114362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114362
• 26. Sultana, J., Syed, J.H., Mahmood, A., Ali, U., Rehman, M.Y.A., Malik, R.N., Li, J. ve Zhang, G. (2014) Investigation of organochlorine pesticides from the Indus Basin, Pakistan: Sources, air-soil exchange fluxes and risk assessment, Science of the Total Environment, 497–498, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.066
• 27. Türkmen, A., Elkaya, A. ve Türkmen, M. (2022) Giresun’da İç Ortam Havasındaki PAH Bileşenlerinin Mevsimsel Olarak Belirlenmesi, Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 12, 892–904. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.1173131
• 28. Veludo, A.F., Martins Figueiredo, D., Degrendele, C., Masinyana, L., Curchod, L., Kohoutek, J., Kukučka, P., Martiník, J., Přibylová, P., Klánová, J., Dalvie, M.A., Röösli, M. ve Fuhrimann, S. (2022) Seasonal variations in air concentrations of 27 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 25 current-use pesticides (CUPs) across three agricultural areas of South Africa, Chemosphere, 289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133162
• 29. Wallace, J.C., Brzuzy, L.P., Simonich, S.L., Visscher, S.M. ve Hites, R.A. (1996). Case study of organochlorine pesticides in the indoor air of a home, Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 2715– 2718. https://doi.org/10.1021/es950849t
• 30. Wang, W., Huang, M.J., Wu, F.Y., Kang, Y., Wang, H.S., Cheung, K.C. ve Wong, M.H. (2013) Risk assessment of bioaccessible organochlorine pesticides exposure via indoor and outdoor dust, Atmospheric Environment, 77, 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.071
• 31. Wang, X., Celander, M.C., Yin, X., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Xu, H., Yu, X., Xu, K., Zhang, X. ve Kanchanopas-Barnette, P. (2019) PAHs and PCBs residues and consumption risk assessment in farmed yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) from the East China Sea, China, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140: 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.062.
• 32. Xiao, H., Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Han, W., Loewen, M., Wong, F., Hung, H., Lei, Y.D. ve Wania, F. (2010) Transport of semivolatile organic compounds to the Tibetan Plateau: Monthly resolved air concentrations at Nam Co, Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 115, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013972
• 33. Yu, Y., Li, C., Zhang, X., Pang, Y., Zhang, S. ve Fu, J. (2012) Route-specific daily uptake of organochlorine pesticides in food, dust, and air by Shanghai residents, China, Environment International, 50: 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.09.007.