Physiological, Mechanical and Genetic Differences Affecting Performance in Distance Running

Öz

Participation in running is increasing day by day in the world. Running races are classified as sprint, middle-distance, long-distance, and ultramarathon according to their distance lengths. Amateur or professional runners struggle to finish the race earlier than their competitors and break their records. Physiological factors such as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2maks), running economy, muscle fiber properties, and mechanical factors such as race start phases, stride length and frequency, and foot strike pattern affect running performance. Additionally, some studies also show that genes such as alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN 3) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may affect running performance. In this review, the physiological, mechanical and genetic factors affecting the performance of runners competing in various distances from sprint to ultramarathon were aimed to be examined. It is observed that the factors influencing running performance vary according to the race distance. Investigating the relationship between physiological, mechanical, and genetic factors and running technique during running training and racing can play a role in improving runner performance and effective utilization of current performance during running. In addition, increasing the level of knowledge on this subject may help to prevent adverse medical conditions such as injuries before and during the race.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Running
• Athletic Performance
• Running Economy
• VO2max

Mesafe Koşularında Performansı Etkileyen Fizyolojik, Mekanik ve Genetik Farklılıklar

Öz

Koşu sporuna katılım dünyada her geçen gün artmaktadır. Koşu yarışları mesafe uzunluklarına göre sprint, orta mesafe, uzun mesafe ve ultramaraton olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Amatör veya profesyonel koşucular yarışı rakiplerinden erken bitirmek ve kişisel rekorlarını kırmak için çabalamaktadır. Maksimal oksijen tüketimi (VO2maks), koşu ekonomisi, kas lifi özellikleri gibi fizyolojik özellikler ile yarışa başlangıç aşamaları, adım uzunluğu ve frekansı, ayak vuruş şekli gibi mekanik özellikler koşu performansını etkileyen faktörlerdendir. Ayrıca alfa- aktinin-3 (ACTN3) ve anjiotensin dönüştürücü enzim (ACE) gibi genlerin de koşu performansıyla ilişkili olabileceğini gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu derlemede sprint koşularından ultramaraton koşularına kadar olan çeşitli mesafelerde yarışan koşucuların performansını etkileyen fizyolojik, mekanik, genetik faktörleri incelenmek amaçlanmıştır. Koşu performansını etkileyen bu faktörlerin yarış mesafesine göre değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmektedir. Koşu antrenmanlarının ve yarış sırasındaki koşu tekniğinin fizyolojik, mekanik, genetik faktörlerle ilişkisinin incelenmesi, koşucu performansının iyileştirilmesinde ve koşu sırasında mevcut performansın etkin kullanımında rol oynayabilir. Ayrıca bu konuda bilgi düzeyinin artması koşu öncesi ve yarış esnasındaki sakatlanmalar gibi olumsuz tıbbi durumların önüne geçilmesine yardımcı olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Koşu
• Atletik Performans
• Koşu Ekonomisi
• VO2maks

Kaynakça

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