Biomarker Profiling for Discrimination of High-Risk Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis Patients with Ulcerated Plaques: A Pilot Study

Öz

Although various methods are used to treat patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACAS), approaches are controversial, and combining imaging of carotid plaque features with biomarkers to identify plaques prone to rupture may be crucial in identifying high-risk ACAS patients. This study aimed to investigate a blood-based biomarker for discriminating ulceration in ACAS patients by analyzing plaque surface morphology through RNA sequencing of blood samples. Peripheral blood samples were collected from ACAS patients with plaque morphology determined by Doppler ultrasonography. Then, total RNA was isolated, and RNA-Seq was performed to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The KEGG, Reactome, and Gene Ontology (GO) terms pathway enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the molecular functions and biological processes involved in plaque formation. The pilot study included 7 ACAS patients, 57.1 % exhibiting ulcerated plaques. RNA-Seq results revealed significant upregulation of genes related to immune response, cell cycle regulation, and oxidative stress in ulcerated plaques. Especially, TP73, CCL3L3, and PXDNL genes showed the highest fold changes, indicating their role in endothelial damage, immune activation, and oxidative stress. KEGG and Reactome analyses identified TNF and chemokine signaling pathways as key regulators in ulcerated plaque formation. Our findings indicate that TP73, CCL3L3, and PXDNL may be potential biomarkers for identifying high-risk ACAS patients with ulcerated plaques due to their involvement in immune system regulation and oxidative stress-related processes. Thus, these genes and the pathways may be candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk stratification, improving treatment approaches for ACAS.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Carotid stenosis
• Carotid artery plaque
• Biomarker
• RNA-Seq
• Ulcerated plaque

Ülsere Plaklı Yüksek Riskli Asemptomatik Karotis Arter Stenozu Hastalarının Ayırımı İçin Biyobelirteç Profillemesi: Pilot Çalışma

Öz

Asemptomatik karotis arter stenozu (ACAS) olan hastaların tedavisinde çeşitli yöntemler kullanılsa da yaklaşımlar tartışmalıdır ve plak rüptürü eğilimli olan hastaları belirlemek için karotis plak görüntülerinin biyobelirteçlerle birleştirilmesinin, yüksek riskli ACAS hastalarının belirlenmesinde önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mevcut çalışmada, plak yüzey morfolojisini analiz ederek ACAS hastalarında ülserasyonu ayırt etmek için RNA sekanslama yoluyla kan bazlı biyobelirteç araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Doppler ultrasonografi ile plak morfolojisi belirlenen ACAS hastalarından periferik kan örnekleri toplandı. Daha sonra, total RNA izole edildi ve farklı şekilde ifade edilen genleri (DEG'ler) analiz etmek için RNA-Seq gerçekleştirildi. Plak oluşumunda yer alan moleküler işlevleri ve biyolojik süreçleri araştırmak için KEGG, Reactome ve Gen Ontolojisi (GO) ile yolak zenginleştirme analizleri gerçekleştirildi. Pilot çalışmaya 7 ACAS hastası dahil edildi ve %57,1'inde ülsere plaklar olduğu görüldü. RNA-Seq sonuçları ülsere plaklarda bağışıklık tepkisi, hücre döngüsü düzenlemesi ve oksidatif stresle ilgili genlerde önemli bir artış olduğunu ortaya koydu. Özellikle TP73, CCL3L3 ve PXDNL genlerinin bu süreçlerde rol aldığı ve bu genlerin endotel hasarı, bağışıklık aktivasyonu ve oksidatif streste rolleri olduğu gösterildi. KEGG ve Reactome analizleri, ülserli plak oluşumunda anahtar düzenleyiciler olarak TNF ve kemokin sinyal yollarını tanımladı. Bulgularımız, TP73, CCL3L3 ve PXDNL'nin bağışıklık sistemi düzenlemesi ve oksidatif stresle ilişkili süreçlerdeki katılımları nedeniyle ülserli plakları olan yüksek riskli ACAS hastalarını tanımlamak için potansiyel biyobelirteçler olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, ilişkili genlerin ve yolakların erken tanı ve risk sınıflandırması için aday biyobelirteçler olabileceği ve ACAS için tedavi yaklaşımlarını iyileştirebileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karotis stenozu
• Karotis arter plağı
• Biyobelirteç
• RNA-Seq
• Ülsere plak

Kaynakça

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