Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

A Novel Quantitative Index for Objective MRI Grading of Gastrocnemius Muscle Strain

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 263 - 269, 28.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1711705

Öz

This study presents a quantitative MRI-based method to improve the objectivity and diagnostic accuracy of grading calf muscle strains. Ninety-six patients with MRI-confirmed medial gastrocnemius injuries who underwent bilateral lower leg MRI between January 2018 and December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Injuries were graded using the Dai classification (Grades I–III). Axial T2-weighted SPAIR images were used to measure the medial gastrocnemius cross-sectional area (CSA) at the distal one-third between the knee joint and the musculotendinous junction. The Gastrocnemius Medial Head Ratio (GCM ratio) was calculated by dividing the CSA of the injured side by that of the uninjured side. Two experienced radiologists independently performed the measurements twice. Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cohen's kappa. A one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction was used for group comparisons. ROC analysis evaluated the diagnostic performance of the GCM ratio. The GCM ratio significantly differed among Grade I (1.03 ± 0.02), Grade II (1.18 ± 0.06), and Grade III (1.35 ± 0.05) injuries (p < 0.001). Ipsilateral CSA increased with injury severity, whereas contralateral CSA remained consistent. CSA measurements showed excellent intra- and interobserver reliability (ICC > 0.87), and lesion grading demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.75–0.88). ROC analysis revealed strong diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.986 for Grade I vs. II; AUC = 1.000 for Grade II vs. III). The GCM ratio provides a reproducible and objective MRI marker to aid in grading gastrocnemius strains, offering excellent diagnostic performance and clinical applicability.

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval: The Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol (2024/ 15-18)

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Kaynakça

  • 1. Coffey R, Khan YS. Gastrocnemius Rupture. Comparative Veterinary Anatomy. Published online July 24, 2023:1211-1220. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91015-6.00167-9
  • 2. Halabchi F, Tavana MM, Seifi V, Zarandi MM. Medial Gastrocnemius Strain: Clinical Aspects and Algorithmic Approach. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2024;38(1). doi:10.47176/MJIRI.38.55,
  • 3. Porrino J, Kent R, Haims A, Kani K, Lee H. "Tennis leg": An update with emphasis on the imaging evaluation. PM and R. 2023;15(9):1210-1214. doi:10.1002/PMRJ.12979,
  • 4. Dai M, Liu X, Liu X, Yang L, Duan D. Diagnosis and follow-up MRI evaluation of tennis leg:New understanding of the pathogenesis and imaging. Injury. 2021;52(11):3355-3361. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2021.06.035
  • 5. Kilic KK, Yuncu M, Dogruoz F, Buyukarslan V, Ertan MB, Kose O. Correlation between MRI findings and functional outcomes in patients with calf muscle strain injuries: a retrospective study on 78 patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/S12891-024-08119-0/TABLES/5
  • 6. Sergot L, Kho J, Collins H, Williams J, Murray R, Chakraverty J.MRI classification of calf injuries — a reliability study and correlation with return to play in professional rugby players. Skeletal Radiol. 2023;52(1):61-66. doi:10.1007/S00256-022-04108-3,
  • 7. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of muscle injuries in sports medicine:Sports imaging series. Radiology. 2017;282(3):646-663. doi:10.1148/RADIOL.2017160267,
  • 8. Hamilton B, Alonso JM, Best TM. Time for a paradigm shift in the classification of muscle injuries. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(3):255-261. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.04.011
  • 9. Hamilton B, Valle X, Rodas G, et al. Classification and grading of muscle injuries: A narrative review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(5):306. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2014-093551,
  • 10. Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, et al.Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration. Epidemiology. 2007;18(6):805-835. doi:10.1097/EDE.0B013E3181577511,
  • 11. Isern-Kebschull J, Pedret C, García-Diez AI, et al. Magneticresonance classification proposal for medial gastrocnemius muscle injuries. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2024;14(11):7958-7968. doi:10.21037/QIMS-24-298/COIF
  • 12. Armfield DR, Kim DHM, Towers JD, Bradley JP, RobertsonDD.Sports-Related Muscle Injury in the Lower Extremity. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25(4):803-842. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2006.06.011
  • 13. McGowan C. Traumatic Muscle Injuries. Vet Clin North AmEquine Pract. 2025;41(1):181-192. doi:10.1016/J.CVEQ.2024.11.009
  • 14. Wangensteen A, Tol JL, Roemer FW, et al. Intra- and interraterreliability of three different MRI grading and classificationsystems after acute hamstring injuries. Eur J Radiol. 2017;89:182-190. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.02.010
  • 15. Pollock N, James SLJ, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athleticsmuscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J SportsMed. 2014;48(18):1347-1351. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2013-093302,
  • 16. Prakash A, Entwisle T, Schneider M, Brukner P, Connell D.Connective tissue injury in calf muscle tears and return to play:MRI correlation. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(14):929-933. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2017-098362,
  • 17. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, et al.Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: The Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-350. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2012-091448,
  • 18. Chan O, Del Buono A, Best TM, Maffulli N. Acute musclestrain injuries: A proposed new classification system. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2012;20(11):2356-2362. doi:10.1007/S00167-012-2118-Z,
  • 19. Haddouchi I El, Overgård AB, Hansen MS, WeisskirchnerBarfod K, El I, Kettegård H. Optimization of MRI measurements of calf muscle atrophy following acute Achillestendon rupture. Journal of the Foot & Ankle. 2025;19(1):1-6. doi:10.30795/JFOOTANKLE.2025.V19.1873
  • 20. Meek WM, Kucharik MP, Eberlin CT, Naessig SA, Rudisill SS, Martin SD. Calf Strain in Athletes. JBJS Rev. 2022;10(3). doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.21.00183,
  • 21. Kassiano W, Costa B, Kunevaliki G, et al. GreaterGastrocnemius Muscle Hypertrophy after Partial Range ofMotion Training Performed at Long Muscle Lengths. J Strength Cond Res. 2023;37(9):1746-1753. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000004460

Gastroknemius Kas Yırtıklarının Objektif MRG Sınıflaması için Yeni Bir Kantitatif İndeks

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2, 263 - 269, 28.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1711705

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, medial gastroknemius kasının yaralı ve sağlam taraflardaki kesitsel alan (KA) ölçümlerini karşılaştırarak baldır kası yaralanmalarının sınıflamasında nesnelliği ve tanısal doğruluğu artırmak üzere MRG tabanlı kantitatif bir yaklaşım geliştirmektir. Bu retrospektif çalışmaya, Ocak 2018 ile Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında çift taraflı alt ekstremite MRG’si çekilmiş ve MRG ile baldır kası yırtığı doğrulanmış 96 hasta dahil edildi. Kas yaralanmaları Dai sınıflamasına göre (Grade I–III) sınıflandırıldı. Medial gastroknemius kasının KA ölçümleri, diz eklemi ile muskulo-tendinöz bileşke arasındaki distal üçte birlik seviyede elde edilen aksiyel T2-ağırlıklı SPAIR sekanslar kullanılarak yapıldı. Gastroknemius Medial Baş Oranı (GKM oranı), yaralı tarafın KA’sının sağlam tarafın KA’sına oranlanmasıyla hesaplandı. İki deneyimli radyolog ölçümleri birbirinden bağımsız ve iki kez gerçekleştirdi. İntra ve inter-observer güvenilirlik intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ve Cohen’s kappa istatistikleri ile değerlendirildi. Gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda Bonferroni düzeltmeli tek yönlü ANOVA testi kullanıldı. GKM oranının tanısal performansı ROC analizi ile değerlendirildi. GKM oranı Grade I (1,03 ± 0,02), Grade II (1,18 ± 0,06) ve Grade III (1,35 ± 0,05) arasında anlamlı fark gösterdi (p < 0,001). Yaralı taraftaki KA, yaralanma şiddetiyle birlikte artış gösterirken; sağlam taraf KA’sı gruplar arasında anlamlı fark göstermedi. KA ölçümlerinin inter- ve intra-observer güvenilirliği mükemmeldi (ICC > 0,87), lezyon derecelendirmesi ise anlamlı düzeyde tutarlıydı (κ = 0,75–0,88). ROC analizi, GKM oranı için yüksek tanısal doğruluk gösterdi (Grade I ile II için AUC = 0,986; Grade II ile III için AUC = 1,000). Gastroknemius kasının GKM oranına dayalı kantitatif MRG ölçümleri, yaralanma sınıflamasında yüksek tekrarlanabilirlik ve güçlü tanısal performans ile güvenilir ve objektif bir değerlendirme aracı sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Coffey R, Khan YS. Gastrocnemius Rupture. Comparative Veterinary Anatomy. Published online July 24, 2023:1211-1220. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91015-6.00167-9
  • 2. Halabchi F, Tavana MM, Seifi V, Zarandi MM. Medial Gastrocnemius Strain: Clinical Aspects and Algorithmic Approach. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2024;38(1). doi:10.47176/MJIRI.38.55,
  • 3. Porrino J, Kent R, Haims A, Kani K, Lee H. "Tennis leg": An update with emphasis on the imaging evaluation. PM and R. 2023;15(9):1210-1214. doi:10.1002/PMRJ.12979,
  • 4. Dai M, Liu X, Liu X, Yang L, Duan D. Diagnosis and follow-up MRI evaluation of tennis leg:New understanding of the pathogenesis and imaging. Injury. 2021;52(11):3355-3361. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2021.06.035
  • 5. Kilic KK, Yuncu M, Dogruoz F, Buyukarslan V, Ertan MB, Kose O. Correlation between MRI findings and functional outcomes in patients with calf muscle strain injuries: a retrospective study on 78 patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/S12891-024-08119-0/TABLES/5
  • 6. Sergot L, Kho J, Collins H, Williams J, Murray R, Chakraverty J.MRI classification of calf injuries — a reliability study and correlation with return to play in professional rugby players. Skeletal Radiol. 2023;52(1):61-66. doi:10.1007/S00256-022-04108-3,
  • 7. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of muscle injuries in sports medicine:Sports imaging series. Radiology. 2017;282(3):646-663. doi:10.1148/RADIOL.2017160267,
  • 8. Hamilton B, Alonso JM, Best TM. Time for a paradigm shift in the classification of muscle injuries. J Sport Health Sci. 2017;6(3):255-261. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.04.011
  • 9. Hamilton B, Valle X, Rodas G, et al. Classification and grading of muscle injuries: A narrative review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(5):306. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2014-093551,
  • 10. Vandenbroucke JP, Von Elm E, Altman DG, et al.Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration. Epidemiology. 2007;18(6):805-835. doi:10.1097/EDE.0B013E3181577511,
  • 11. Isern-Kebschull J, Pedret C, García-Diez AI, et al. Magneticresonance classification proposal for medial gastrocnemius muscle injuries. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2024;14(11):7958-7968. doi:10.21037/QIMS-24-298/COIF
  • 12. Armfield DR, Kim DHM, Towers JD, Bradley JP, RobertsonDD.Sports-Related Muscle Injury in the Lower Extremity. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25(4):803-842. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2006.06.011
  • 13. McGowan C. Traumatic Muscle Injuries. Vet Clin North AmEquine Pract. 2025;41(1):181-192. doi:10.1016/J.CVEQ.2024.11.009
  • 14. Wangensteen A, Tol JL, Roemer FW, et al. Intra- and interraterreliability of three different MRI grading and classificationsystems after acute hamstring injuries. Eur J Radiol. 2017;89:182-190. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.02.010
  • 15. Pollock N, James SLJ, Lee JC, Chakraverty R. British athleticsmuscle injury classification: a new grading system. Br J SportsMed. 2014;48(18):1347-1351. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2013-093302,
  • 16. Prakash A, Entwisle T, Schneider M, Brukner P, Connell D.Connective tissue injury in calf muscle tears and return to play:MRI correlation. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(14):929-933. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2017-098362,
  • 17. Mueller-Wohlfahrt HW, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, et al.Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: The Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-350. doi:10.1136/BJSPORTS-2012-091448,
  • 18. Chan O, Del Buono A, Best TM, Maffulli N. Acute musclestrain injuries: A proposed new classification system. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2012;20(11):2356-2362. doi:10.1007/S00167-012-2118-Z,
  • 19. Haddouchi I El, Overgård AB, Hansen MS, WeisskirchnerBarfod K, El I, Kettegård H. Optimization of MRI measurements of calf muscle atrophy following acute Achillestendon rupture. Journal of the Foot & Ankle. 2025;19(1):1-6. doi:10.30795/JFOOTANKLE.2025.V19.1873
  • 20. Meek WM, Kucharik MP, Eberlin CT, Naessig SA, Rudisill SS, Martin SD. Calf Strain in Athletes. JBJS Rev. 2022;10(3). doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.21.00183,
  • 21. Kassiano W, Costa B, Kunevaliki G, et al. GreaterGastrocnemius Muscle Hypertrophy after Partial Range ofMotion Training Performed at Long Muscle Lengths. J Strength Cond Res. 2023;37(9):1746-1753. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000004460
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ortopedi, Radyoloji ve Organ Görüntüleme
Bölüm Özgün Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Koray Kaya Kiliç 0000-0002-2750-8205

Nevfel Kahvecioglu 0000-0003-2641-5821

Murat Yüncü 0000-0001-8567-6509

Mehmet Barış Ertan 0000-0002-3783-7109

Özkan Köse 0000-0002-7679-9635

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kiliç KK, Kahvecioglu N, Yüncü M, Ertan MB, Köse Ö. A Novel Quantitative Index for Objective MRI Grading of Gastrocnemius Muscle Strain. Uludağ Tıp Derg. Ağustos 2025;51(2):263-269. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1711705

ISSN: 1300-414X, e-ISSN: 2645-9027

Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License" ile lisanslanmaktadır.


Creative Commons License
Journal of Uludag University Medical Faculty is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

2023