UYGUR BUDİZMİ VE MANİHAİZM İLE YEREL DİNİNİN ETKİSİ: DİNÎ TERMİNOLOJİ ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Uygur Budizmi’nin ortaya çıkışı belirli bir kültürel ortama dayanmaktadır. Uygur Budizmi, sadece Tohar, Çin, Soğd ve daha sonraki dönemlerde (13.-14. yüzyıllar) Tibet Budizminden kuvvetli bir şekilde etkilenmekle kalmamış, aynı zamanda hükümdarlığın Manihaizme sağladığı destek sayesinde Batı Uygur Hükümdarlığı’ndaki (9. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı, 13. yüzyıl) dinî ortamın şekillenmesine de yardımcı olmuştur. Budizm’in Manihaizm üzerindeki etkisi Manihaizm’in Budizm üzerindeki etkisinden çok daha güçlü bir etki yaratmış olsa da Manihaizm Uygurlar arasında Budist edebiyatın oluşmasında belirli bir rol oynamıştır. Uygurların yerel dininin zayıf izleri ise, Turfan bölgesindeki ve Dunhuang’daki (敦煌) Budist ve Manihaist metinlerde göze çarpmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Uygurların yerel dinini nasıl tasavvur etmemiz gerektiğini belirlemeye yardımcı olabilecek belirli karşılaştırmalı yaklaşımların uygulanabilirliğindeki metodolojik sorunları ve sınırlamaları ele alırken bu hususları saptamaya çalışmaktadır. Ancak Manihaizm’in ve yerel dinin etkisi ne kadar zayıf olursa olsun Batı Uygur Hükümdarlığı’nda Budizm’in belirli bir yerel biçiminin gelişmesine bu etki yardımcı olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Budizm
• Manihaizm
• Uygur Hükümdarlığı
• Orta Asya
• Dinî Terminoloji

Teşekkür

Makalenin Türkiye Türkçesine çevrilmesi hususunda izin veren Jens Wilkens'e teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

UYGHUR BUDDHISM AND THE IMPACT OF MANICHAEISM AND NATIVE RELIGION: THE CASE OF RELIGIOUS TERMINOLOGY

Öz

The emergence of Uyghur Buddhism is based on a specific cultural environment. Uyghur Buddhism was not only strongly influenced by Tochar, Chinese, Sogdian, and later Tibetan Buddhism (13th-14th centuries), but also helped shape the religious environment in the Western Uyghur Empire (second half of the 9th century, 13th century) through the imperial support for Manichaeism. Although the influence of Buddhism on Manichaeism was much stronger than that of Manichaeism on Buddhism, Manichaeism played a certain role in the formation of Buddhist literature among the Uyghurs. The faint traces of the local religion of the Uyghurs are visible in Buddhist and Manichaean texts from the Turfan region and Dunhuang (敦煌). This study attempts to identify these issues while addressing methodological problems and limitations in the applicability of certain comparative approaches that could help determine how we should conceive of the local religion of the Uyghurs. However, no matter how weak the influence of Manichaeism and local religion was, it helped develop a certain local form of Buddhism in the Western Uyghur Empire.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Buddhism
• Manichaeism
• Uyghur Empire
• Central Asia
• Religious Terminology

Teşekkür

I would like to thank Jens Wilkens for permission to translate the article into Turkish.

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