The Position of Russian Diplomacy toward the Kosovo Issue (1998-1999)
Yıl 2022,
, 1613 - 1632, 29.12.2022
Muhamed Jashari
Öz
The wars in Yugoslavia – both in Bosnia and later in Kosovo – unquestionably aroused the curiosity of the international community, including the Russian Federation. As a result of the war in Kosovo, namely with the NATO intervention, relations between Western countries and Russia entered a deterioration phase.
Russian diplomacy after the 1990s consistently insisted that its status was equal to that of the Western countries, while even resolutely claiming that it was to be consulted when it came to the future of the security architecture in Europe.
The purpose of this article is to present to the readers the role of the Russian Federation in the Kosovo war and Russia’s reaction to the NATO military intervention. As we will see, Russia’s main concern was the shape that international relations were taking in the post-Kosovo period, and NATO’s increasing role in the larger European security.
In this article the main method which will be used is qualitative method. We will use the descriptive method also, to describe the developments that characterized Russian foreign policy in the period of Kosovo war. Secondary sources will be used as data collection such as government documents or publications from UN or NATO.
Destekleyen Kurum
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
Teşekkür
I would like to thank you very much for any your comments!
Kaynakça
- Abazi, Enika, “Kosovo Conflict and the Post-Cold War Order: Russia and Turkey Policies”. Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, 7, (2002), pp. 217-236.
- Abazi, Enika. “Çështja e Kosovës dhe Diplomacia Ndërkombëtare (1991-1999): Një konflikt i parashikueshëm”. Studime Historike, Institute of History. 66/3-4, (2012) pp. 187-216.
- Anatoly Torkunov, “International Relations after the Kosovo crisis”. Melville, Andrei. Shakleina, Tatiana (ed.) Russian Foreign Policy in Transition Concepts and Realities. Central European University Press, Budapest, New York, 2005, pp.281-289.
- Averre, Derek. “From Pristina to Tskhinvali: The Legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's Relations with the West”. Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-, 85/3 (2009), pp.575–91.
- Bechev, Dimitar, RIVAL POWER Russia’s influence in South East Europe. New Heaven and London 2017.
- Black, Laurence Joseph. Russia Faces NATO Expansion: Bearing Gifts or Bearing Arms? Rowman & Littlefield, 2000,
- Cross, Sharyl, “Russia and NATO toward the 21st Century: Conflicts and Peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 15/2 (2002), pp. 1-58.
- Donaldson, H. Robert, “Boris Yeltsin's Foreign Policy Legacy”. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, 7/3 (2000), pp. 285-326.
- Friedrich, Uwe, Wolfgang. “Kosovo and the Evolution of German Foreign Policy in the Balkans. Wolfgang-Uwe Friedrich (ed.), The Legacy оf Kosovo: German Politics аnd Policies in the Balkans. German Issues, 22, (2000), pp. 1-26.
- Headley, James. Russia and the Balkans: Foreign Policy from Yeltsin to Putin. London, HURST & COMPANY, 2008.
- Krieger, Heike. (ed.) The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999 Cambridge International Documents Series. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Latawaski, Paul. Smith, Martin. The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003.
- Norris, John. Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005
- Primakov, Evgeniy. Russian Crossroads toward the new Millennium. Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2004.
- The Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford University Press, 2000.
- U.S. Congressional Research Service. Kosovo: Review and Analysis of Policy Objectives, 1998-June 1999, (RL30265, July 21, 1999), Julie Kim. CRS Report for Congress.
- United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. The war in Kosovo and a postwar analysis: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States. Senate Hearings April 20, September 28, and October 6, 1999, Government Printing Office, 106th Congress, 1st session.
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1160 (31 March 1998), UN Doc.S/RES/1160, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1160(1998)
- Organizatsiya Obyedinennykh Natsiy. Совет Безопасности Пятьдесят четвертый год. 3989-е заседание. 26.03.1999. S/PV.3989, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=ru/S/PV.3989
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1199 (23 September 1998), UN Doc. S/RES/1199, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1199(1998)
- Contact Group Statement - Rambouillet, 23 February 1999. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234216/http://www.ohr.int/other-doc/contact-g/default.asp?content_id=3560
- Council statement on the situation in Kosovo. Press Release (1998) 029, (05 Mar. 1998).
- Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision. Press Statement. 24 Sept. 1998.
- Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo. Press Release (99)12, 30 Jan. 1999.
- Arbatov, Aleksei. “NATO – glavnaya problema dlya yevropeyskoy bezopasnosti”. Retrieved from: www.yabloko.ru/Publ/Articles/arbat-33.html
- Arbatov, G. Alexei, “The Transformation of Russian Military Doctrine: Lessons Learned from Kosovo and Chechnya”. Retrieved from: https://www.marshallcenter.org/de/node/1409?fbclid=IwAR1-XIgMqmCn34S6ZNHm7LByv68pLMRLltLUTEVwOB_RBJ1IfGQ-tPjVQvw
- James Meek, “Russia sends out mixed signals”. The Guardian, 15 April 1999.
- John F. Harris, David Hoffman, “Yeltsin Warning Stirs a Temporary Tempest”, Washington Post, 10 Аpril, 1999.
RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - “Duma Recommends Union with Yugoslavia”. Newsline - April 19, 1999.
- Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, “Nikto ne zhdal, chto vse budet gladko", ITAR-TASS, 11 June 2021.
Yıl 2022,
, 1613 - 1632, 29.12.2022
Muhamed Jashari
Kaynakça
- Abazi, Enika, “Kosovo Conflict and the Post-Cold War Order: Russia and Turkey Policies”. Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, 7, (2002), pp. 217-236.
- Abazi, Enika. “Çështja e Kosovës dhe Diplomacia Ndërkombëtare (1991-1999): Një konflikt i parashikueshëm”. Studime Historike, Institute of History. 66/3-4, (2012) pp. 187-216.
- Anatoly Torkunov, “International Relations after the Kosovo crisis”. Melville, Andrei. Shakleina, Tatiana (ed.) Russian Foreign Policy in Transition Concepts and Realities. Central European University Press, Budapest, New York, 2005, pp.281-289.
- Averre, Derek. “From Pristina to Tskhinvali: The Legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's Relations with the West”. Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-, 85/3 (2009), pp.575–91.
- Bechev, Dimitar, RIVAL POWER Russia’s influence in South East Europe. New Heaven and London 2017.
- Black, Laurence Joseph. Russia Faces NATO Expansion: Bearing Gifts or Bearing Arms? Rowman & Littlefield, 2000,
- Cross, Sharyl, “Russia and NATO toward the 21st Century: Conflicts and Peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 15/2 (2002), pp. 1-58.
- Donaldson, H. Robert, “Boris Yeltsin's Foreign Policy Legacy”. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, 7/3 (2000), pp. 285-326.
- Friedrich, Uwe, Wolfgang. “Kosovo and the Evolution of German Foreign Policy in the Balkans. Wolfgang-Uwe Friedrich (ed.), The Legacy оf Kosovo: German Politics аnd Policies in the Balkans. German Issues, 22, (2000), pp. 1-26.
- Headley, James. Russia and the Balkans: Foreign Policy from Yeltsin to Putin. London, HURST & COMPANY, 2008.
- Krieger, Heike. (ed.) The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999 Cambridge International Documents Series. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Latawaski, Paul. Smith, Martin. The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003.
- Norris, John. Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005
- Primakov, Evgeniy. Russian Crossroads toward the new Millennium. Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2004.
- The Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford University Press, 2000.
- U.S. Congressional Research Service. Kosovo: Review and Analysis of Policy Objectives, 1998-June 1999, (RL30265, July 21, 1999), Julie Kim. CRS Report for Congress.
- United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. The war in Kosovo and a postwar analysis: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States. Senate Hearings April 20, September 28, and October 6, 1999, Government Printing Office, 106th Congress, 1st session.
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1160 (31 March 1998), UN Doc.S/RES/1160, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1160(1998)
- Organizatsiya Obyedinennykh Natsiy. Совет Безопасности Пятьдесят четвертый год. 3989-е заседание. 26.03.1999. S/PV.3989, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=ru/S/PV.3989
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1199 (23 September 1998), UN Doc. S/RES/1199, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1199(1998)
- Contact Group Statement - Rambouillet, 23 February 1999. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234216/http://www.ohr.int/other-doc/contact-g/default.asp?content_id=3560
- Council statement on the situation in Kosovo. Press Release (1998) 029, (05 Mar. 1998).
- Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision. Press Statement. 24 Sept. 1998.
- Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo. Press Release (99)12, 30 Jan. 1999.
- Arbatov, Aleksei. “NATO – glavnaya problema dlya yevropeyskoy bezopasnosti”. Retrieved from: www.yabloko.ru/Publ/Articles/arbat-33.html
- Arbatov, G. Alexei, “The Transformation of Russian Military Doctrine: Lessons Learned from Kosovo and Chechnya”. Retrieved from: https://www.marshallcenter.org/de/node/1409?fbclid=IwAR1-XIgMqmCn34S6ZNHm7LByv68pLMRLltLUTEVwOB_RBJ1IfGQ-tPjVQvw
- James Meek, “Russia sends out mixed signals”. The Guardian, 15 April 1999.
- John F. Harris, David Hoffman, “Yeltsin Warning Stirs a Temporary Tempest”, Washington Post, 10 Аpril, 1999.
RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - “Duma Recommends Union with Yugoslavia”. Newsline - April 19, 1999.
- Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, “Nikto ne zhdal, chto vse budet gladko", ITAR-TASS, 11 June 2021.
Yıl 2022,
, 1613 - 1632, 29.12.2022
Muhamed Jashari
Kaynakça
- Abazi, Enika, “Kosovo Conflict and the Post-Cold War Order: Russia and Turkey Policies”. Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, 7, (2002), pp. 217-236.
- Abazi, Enika. “Çështja e Kosovës dhe Diplomacia Ndërkombëtare (1991-1999): Një konflikt i parashikueshëm”. Studime Historike, Institute of History. 66/3-4, (2012) pp. 187-216.
- Anatoly Torkunov, “International Relations after the Kosovo crisis”. Melville, Andrei. Shakleina, Tatiana (ed.) Russian Foreign Policy in Transition Concepts and Realities. Central European University Press, Budapest, New York, 2005, pp.281-289.
- Averre, Derek. “From Pristina to Tskhinvali: The Legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's Relations with the West”. Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-, 85/3 (2009), pp.575–91.
- Bechev, Dimitar, RIVAL POWER Russia’s influence in South East Europe. New Heaven and London 2017.
- Black, Laurence Joseph. Russia Faces NATO Expansion: Bearing Gifts or Bearing Arms? Rowman & Littlefield, 2000,
- Cross, Sharyl, “Russia and NATO toward the 21st Century: Conflicts and Peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 15/2 (2002), pp. 1-58.
- Donaldson, H. Robert, “Boris Yeltsin's Foreign Policy Legacy”. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, 7/3 (2000), pp. 285-326.
- Friedrich, Uwe, Wolfgang. “Kosovo and the Evolution of German Foreign Policy in the Balkans. Wolfgang-Uwe Friedrich (ed.), The Legacy оf Kosovo: German Politics аnd Policies in the Balkans. German Issues, 22, (2000), pp. 1-26.
- Headley, James. Russia and the Balkans: Foreign Policy from Yeltsin to Putin. London, HURST & COMPANY, 2008.
- Krieger, Heike. (ed.) The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999 Cambridge International Documents Series. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Latawaski, Paul. Smith, Martin. The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003.
- Norris, John. Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005
- Primakov, Evgeniy. Russian Crossroads toward the new Millennium. Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2004.
- The Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford University Press, 2000.
- U.S. Congressional Research Service. Kosovo: Review and Analysis of Policy Objectives, 1998-June 1999, (RL30265, July 21, 1999), Julie Kim. CRS Report for Congress.
- United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. The war in Kosovo and a postwar analysis: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States. Senate Hearings April 20, September 28, and October 6, 1999, Government Printing Office, 106th Congress, 1st session.
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1160 (31 March 1998), UN Doc.S/RES/1160, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1160(1998)
- Organizatsiya Obyedinennykh Natsiy. Совет Безопасности Пятьдесят четвертый год. 3989-е заседание. 26.03.1999. S/PV.3989, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=ru/S/PV.3989
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1199 (23 September 1998), UN Doc. S/RES/1199, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1199(1998)
- Contact Group Statement - Rambouillet, 23 February 1999. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234216/http://www.ohr.int/other-doc/contact-g/default.asp?content_id=3560
- Council statement on the situation in Kosovo. Press Release (1998) 029, (05 Mar. 1998).
- Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision. Press Statement. 24 Sept. 1998.
- Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo. Press Release (99)12, 30 Jan. 1999.
- Arbatov, Aleksei. “NATO – glavnaya problema dlya yevropeyskoy bezopasnosti”. Retrieved from: www.yabloko.ru/Publ/Articles/arbat-33.html
- Arbatov, G. Alexei, “The Transformation of Russian Military Doctrine: Lessons Learned from Kosovo and Chechnya”. Retrieved from: https://www.marshallcenter.org/de/node/1409?fbclid=IwAR1-XIgMqmCn34S6ZNHm7LByv68pLMRLltLUTEVwOB_RBJ1IfGQ-tPjVQvw
- James Meek, “Russia sends out mixed signals”. The Guardian, 15 April 1999.
- John F. Harris, David Hoffman, “Yeltsin Warning Stirs a Temporary Tempest”, Washington Post, 10 Аpril, 1999.
RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - “Duma Recommends Union with Yugoslavia”. Newsline - April 19, 1999.
- Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, “Nikto ne zhdal, chto vse budet gladko", ITAR-TASS, 11 June 2021.
Rus Diplomasisinin Kosova Meselesi ile İlgili Duruşu (1998-1999)
Yıl 2022,
, 1613 - 1632, 29.12.2022
Muhamed Jashari
Öz
Eski Yugoslavya’daki savaşlar – hem Bosna hem daha sonra Kosova’da – şüphesiz Rusya Federasyonu dahil olmak üzere uluslararası toplumun merakını uyandırdı. Kosova’daki savaşın ve NATO müdahalesinin ardından, Batı ülkeleri ile Rusya arasındaki ilişkiler bir bozuluş sürecine girdi.
‘90lı yıllardan sonra Rus diplomasisi Rusya’nın Batı ülkeleri ile aynı statüde olduğu konusunda sürekli ısrar etti. Hatta kararlı bir şekilde Avrupa güvenlik mimarisinin geleceği konusunda kendisine danılışması gerektiğini savundu.
Bu makalenin amacı okuyuculara Rusya Federasyonu'nun Kosova savaşındaki rolünü ve NATO'nun askeri müdahalesine Rusya'nın tepkisini sunmaktır.Görüleceği üzere, Rusya’nın endişesi bu savaş sonrasında uluslararası ilişkilerin yeni şekillenme biçimi ve daha genel olarak Avrupa güvenliğinde NATO’nun büyüyen rolü idi.
Bu makalede kullanılacak olan temel yöntem nitel yöntemdir. Kosova savaşı döneminde Rus dış politikasını karakterize eden gelişmeleri tasvir etmek için betimsel yöntemi de kullanacağız. Hükümet belgeleri ve BM veya NATO yayınları gibi ikincil kaynaklar veri toplama olarak kullanılacaktır.
Kaynakça
- Abazi, Enika, “Kosovo Conflict and the Post-Cold War Order: Russia and Turkey Policies”. Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, 7, (2002), pp. 217-236.
- Abazi, Enika. “Çështja e Kosovës dhe Diplomacia Ndërkombëtare (1991-1999): Një konflikt i parashikueshëm”. Studime Historike, Institute of History. 66/3-4, (2012) pp. 187-216.
- Anatoly Torkunov, “International Relations after the Kosovo crisis”. Melville, Andrei. Shakleina, Tatiana (ed.) Russian Foreign Policy in Transition Concepts and Realities. Central European University Press, Budapest, New York, 2005, pp.281-289.
- Averre, Derek. “From Pristina to Tskhinvali: The Legacy of Operation Allied Force in Russia's Relations with the West”. Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-, 85/3 (2009), pp.575–91.
- Bechev, Dimitar, RIVAL POWER Russia’s influence in South East Europe. New Heaven and London 2017.
- Black, Laurence Joseph. Russia Faces NATO Expansion: Bearing Gifts or Bearing Arms? Rowman & Littlefield, 2000,
- Cross, Sharyl, “Russia and NATO toward the 21st Century: Conflicts and Peacekeeping in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 15/2 (2002), pp. 1-58.
- Donaldson, H. Robert, “Boris Yeltsin's Foreign Policy Legacy”. Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, 7/3 (2000), pp. 285-326.
- Friedrich, Uwe, Wolfgang. “Kosovo and the Evolution of German Foreign Policy in the Balkans. Wolfgang-Uwe Friedrich (ed.), The Legacy оf Kosovo: German Politics аnd Policies in the Balkans. German Issues, 22, (2000), pp. 1-26.
- Headley, James. Russia and the Balkans: Foreign Policy from Yeltsin to Putin. London, HURST & COMPANY, 2008.
- Krieger, Heike. (ed.) The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999 Cambridge International Documents Series. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Latawaski, Paul. Smith, Martin. The Kosovo crisis and the evolution of post-Cold War European security. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003.
- Norris, John. Collision Course: NATO, Russia, and Kosovo. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005
- Primakov, Evgeniy. Russian Crossroads toward the new Millennium. Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 2004.
- The Independent International Commission on Kosovo, The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford University Press, 2000.
- U.S. Congressional Research Service. Kosovo: Review and Analysis of Policy Objectives, 1998-June 1999, (RL30265, July 21, 1999), Julie Kim. CRS Report for Congress.
- United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. The war in Kosovo and a postwar analysis: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States. Senate Hearings April 20, September 28, and October 6, 1999, Government Printing Office, 106th Congress, 1st session.
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1160 (31 March 1998), UN Doc.S/RES/1160, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1160(1998)
- Organizatsiya Obyedinennykh Natsiy. Совет Безопасности Пятьдесят четвертый год. 3989-е заседание. 26.03.1999. S/PV.3989, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=ru/S/PV.3989
- United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Res. 1199 (23 September 1998), UN Doc. S/RES/1199, Retrieved from: https://undocs.org/S/RES/1199(1998)
- Contact Group Statement - Rambouillet, 23 February 1999. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234216/http://www.ohr.int/other-doc/contact-g/default.asp?content_id=3560
- Council statement on the situation in Kosovo. Press Release (1998) 029, (05 Mar. 1998).
- Statement by the Secretary General following the ACTWARN decision. Press Statement. 24 Sept. 1998.
- Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Kosovo. Press Release (99)12, 30 Jan. 1999.
- Arbatov, Aleksei. “NATO – glavnaya problema dlya yevropeyskoy bezopasnosti”. Retrieved from: www.yabloko.ru/Publ/Articles/arbat-33.html
- Arbatov, G. Alexei, “The Transformation of Russian Military Doctrine: Lessons Learned from Kosovo and Chechnya”. Retrieved from: https://www.marshallcenter.org/de/node/1409?fbclid=IwAR1-XIgMqmCn34S6ZNHm7LByv68pLMRLltLUTEVwOB_RBJ1IfGQ-tPjVQvw
- James Meek, “Russia sends out mixed signals”. The Guardian, 15 April 1999.
- John F. Harris, David Hoffman, “Yeltsin Warning Stirs a Temporary Tempest”, Washington Post, 10 Аpril, 1999.
RFE/RL – Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty - “Duma Recommends Union with Yugoslavia”. Newsline - April 19, 1999.
- Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, “Nikto ne zhdal, chto vse budet gladko", ITAR-TASS, 11 June 2021.