Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'ndeki Siyasi Yelpaze Ve Ulusal Azinliklar (1918-1921)

Öz

Egemen olmayan nüfus gruplarının kültürel, dinsel veya etnik kimliklerini koruma ve tanıma mücadelesi tarihin doğasında var olan bir süreçtir. Bu durum ulus-devletlerin ortaya çıkışından beri ortaya çıkar ve günümüze kadar devam eder. Azınlıkların korunması meselesi 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren uluslararası hukukun temel konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Ulusal azınlıkların hakları tarihinde bir dönüm noktası, Milletler Cemiyeti'nin kurulmasıyla birlikte 1919 yılında başladı. Tam da bu sırada, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın son safhalarında, Rus İmparatorluğu'nun yıkıntıları üzerinde Gürcü devleti ortaya çıktı ve Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti adıyla dünya siyasi haritasına kaydedildi. Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, insanlık tarihinde sosyal demokrat bir partinin hükümet başında olduğu ilk örnektir. Kendisi hemen Batı'ya yöneldi ve demokratik değer ve ilkelere dayalı devlet inşasına girişti. Cumhuriyette kadınların oy hakkı, çok partili demokrasi, özgür seçim sistemi, basın ve ifade özgürlüğü gibi tüm temel insan hakları korunmuş idi. Gelişmiş ülkelerde bile ulusal azınlıkların haklarına gereken önemin verilmediği bir gerçek olmasına rağmen, Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nde azınlıklara devletin siyasi, ekonomik ve kültürel yaşamına katılma hakkı ve olanağı tam olarak tanınmıştı. Bütün bunlar Resmi Dil Kanunu, Vatandaşlık (Tabiiyet) Kanunu ve Anayasa gibi yasal düzenlemelerle güvence altına alınmıştı. Makalenin amacı, Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'ndeki siyasi yelpazenin ulusal azınlıklara yönelik tutumunu betimlemek ve örneklendirmektir. Burada incelenen dönemde ulusal azınlıkların uyum sürecine eşlik eden zorluklar üzerine de gerekli dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti
• Siyasi Yelpaze
• Ulusal Azınlıklar
• Milletler Cemiyeti
• I. Dünya Savaşı

Political Spectrum and National Minorities in the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921)

Öz

The struggle of non-dominant groups of the population to preserve and recognize their cultural, religious or ethnic identity is a process inherent in history. It began with the emergence of nation states and continues to this day. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the protection of minorities has become a major issue in international law. The turning point in the history of the rights of national minorities began in 1919, which was associated with the creation of the League of Nations. It was at this time, at the final stage of the First World War, that the Georgian state arose on the ruins of the Russian Empire, which was designated on the political map of the world under the name of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The Democratic Republic of Georgia was the first precedent in human history where the Social Democratic Party found itself at the head of the government. It immediately set a course for the West and began state building based on democratic values and principles. All basic human rights were protected in the republic. Women had the right to vote, there was a multi-party democracy, free elections, freedom of the press and speech, national minorities had the full right and opportunity to participate in the political, economic and cultural life of the state. All this was guaranteed by legal acts, including the law on the state language, the provision on citizenship (subordination), the constitution. The purpose of the article is to describe and illustrate the attitude of the political spectrum of the Democratic Republic of Georgia towards national minorities. The resistance that accompanied the process of integration of national minorities during the period under review will also be shown.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Democratic Republic of Georgia
• Political Spectrum
• National Minorities
• League of Nations
• World War I.

Kaynakça

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