Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 78 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
https://izlik.org/JA58YG24PF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abu’l Farac, Gregory, Abu’l Farac Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, p. 267-298.
  • Asali, Ziad, “Zionist Studies of the Crusade Movement”. Arab Studies Quarterly 14/1 (1992), p. 45-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858007.
  • Cha, Myoung-Woon, The Crusades, their Influence and their Relevance for Today. 1. University of Pretoria, 2006, p.79-114.
  • Constable, Giles, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century. Ashgate, 1st Edition, 2008, p. 3-44.
  • Cowdrey, H. E., “The Peace of God and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century”. Past & Present, 46 (2002), p.42-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649794.
  • Eitan Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 98-105.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid and Emine Yiğit, “Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 20/1 (2020), p. 1-18.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Continuation of the Colonialist Project from the Crusades to Zionism”. The Journal of SDE Academy 1/3 (2021), p. 178-228.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Origins of the Idea of Establishing a Zionist Client-State in Islamic Jerusalem”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 14/1 (2019), p. 13-26.
  • Fishman, Louis, Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019, p. 67-68, 95-96.
  • Flori, Jean, Pour une redéfinition de la croisade [For a Redefinition of the Crusade]. Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 2004, p. 252-265.
  • Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147-1254. Leiden, 2006, p. 52-65.
  • Gorelov, N.S., Legendy krestonostsev XII–XIV vekov [The Kingdom of Heaven. Crusader Legends of the 13th-14th Centuries]. St. Petersburg Azbuka-Klassika Publ., 2006, p. 447-448.
  • Hartigan, Richard, “Saint Augustine on War and Killing: The Problem of the Innocent”. Journal of the History of Ideas 27/2 (1966), p. 201.
  • Izant, Christopher, The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions. Boston College Electronic, 2010, p. 10-27.
  • James, Kitchen, “Khaki Crusaders: Crusading Rhetoric and the British Imperial Soldier during the Egypt and Palestine Campaigns, 1916-1918”. First World War Studies, 1/2 (2010), p. 141-160.
  • Joachim von Elbe, “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law”. The American Journal of International Law, 33/4 (1939), p. 668.
  • Johnson, James, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, p.50-54.
  • Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020, p. 38-72/247-254.
  • Komnene, Anna, Alexiad. Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi, 1969, p. 271-274.
  • Kostick, Conor, The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. Brill, Leiden, 2008, p. 9-51.
  • Malishevsky, Peter, Wiegand from Marburg. New Prussian Chronicle. Livre Rare Book, 2014, p. 256-260.
  • Porath, Yehoshua, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918-1929. London: Cass, 1974, p. 306-307.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2nd Edition, 1991, p. 91-120.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, What Were the Crusades? New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, p. 11-17.
  • Rist, Rebecca, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London: Continuum, 1st Ed, 2009.
  • Rodney, Stark, “The Case for the Crusades”. The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 20/2 (2016), 9-28.
  • Russell, Frederick, The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 4-68.
  • Saleh, Mohsen, “جهود بعض علماء فلسطين في رعاية المقدسات الإسلامية في القدس وحمايتها. [The Effort of Palestine Scholars in Preserving and Protecting Islamic Holy Sites in Jerusalem: 1918-1931]”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 1/1(1997), p. 19-46.
  • Şemşek, Vesile, “An Overview of the Crassus in Terms of World History According to Russian Sources”. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6/2 (2022), p. 520-548.
  • Swift, Louis, “St. Ambrose on Violence and War”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 101 (1970), p. 522-543.
  • Tamm, Marek, “How to justify a crusade? The Conquest of Livonia and New Crusade Rhetoric in the Early Thirteenth Century”. Journal of Medieval History, 39/4 (2013), p. 431-455.
  • Tezcan, Selim, “Historiography of Palestine in the Arab Press of the Early Mandate and the Question of the Formation of Palestinian Identity”, Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 17(2025), 173-197.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Urfalı Mateos, Chronicles (952-1136). Ankara, 2000, p. 190-191.
  • Zaborova, Moskva, The Conquest of Constantinople. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 78 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
https://izlik.org/JA58YG24PF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abu’l Farac, Gregory, Abu’l Farac Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, p. 267-298.
  • Asali, Ziad, “Zionist Studies of the Crusade Movement”. Arab Studies Quarterly 14/1 (1992), p. 45-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858007.
  • Cha, Myoung-Woon, The Crusades, their Influence and their Relevance for Today. 1. University of Pretoria, 2006, p.79-114.
  • Constable, Giles, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century. Ashgate, 1st Edition, 2008, p. 3-44.
  • Cowdrey, H. E., “The Peace of God and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century”. Past & Present, 46 (2002), p.42-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649794.
  • Eitan Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 98-105.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid and Emine Yiğit, “Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 20/1 (2020), p. 1-18.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Continuation of the Colonialist Project from the Crusades to Zionism”. The Journal of SDE Academy 1/3 (2021), p. 178-228.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Origins of the Idea of Establishing a Zionist Client-State in Islamic Jerusalem”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 14/1 (2019), p. 13-26.
  • Fishman, Louis, Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019, p. 67-68, 95-96.
  • Flori, Jean, Pour une redéfinition de la croisade [For a Redefinition of the Crusade]. Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 2004, p. 252-265.
  • Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147-1254. Leiden, 2006, p. 52-65.
  • Gorelov, N.S., Legendy krestonostsev XII–XIV vekov [The Kingdom of Heaven. Crusader Legends of the 13th-14th Centuries]. St. Petersburg Azbuka-Klassika Publ., 2006, p. 447-448.
  • Hartigan, Richard, “Saint Augustine on War and Killing: The Problem of the Innocent”. Journal of the History of Ideas 27/2 (1966), p. 201.
  • Izant, Christopher, The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions. Boston College Electronic, 2010, p. 10-27.
  • James, Kitchen, “Khaki Crusaders: Crusading Rhetoric and the British Imperial Soldier during the Egypt and Palestine Campaigns, 1916-1918”. First World War Studies, 1/2 (2010), p. 141-160.
  • Joachim von Elbe, “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law”. The American Journal of International Law, 33/4 (1939), p. 668.
  • Johnson, James, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, p.50-54.
  • Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020, p. 38-72/247-254.
  • Komnene, Anna, Alexiad. Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi, 1969, p. 271-274.
  • Kostick, Conor, The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. Brill, Leiden, 2008, p. 9-51.
  • Malishevsky, Peter, Wiegand from Marburg. New Prussian Chronicle. Livre Rare Book, 2014, p. 256-260.
  • Porath, Yehoshua, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918-1929. London: Cass, 1974, p. 306-307.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2nd Edition, 1991, p. 91-120.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, What Were the Crusades? New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, p. 11-17.
  • Rist, Rebecca, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London: Continuum, 1st Ed, 2009.
  • Rodney, Stark, “The Case for the Crusades”. The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 20/2 (2016), 9-28.
  • Russell, Frederick, The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 4-68.
  • Saleh, Mohsen, “جهود بعض علماء فلسطين في رعاية المقدسات الإسلامية في القدس وحمايتها. [The Effort of Palestine Scholars in Preserving and Protecting Islamic Holy Sites in Jerusalem: 1918-1931]”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 1/1(1997), p. 19-46.
  • Şemşek, Vesile, “An Overview of the Crassus in Terms of World History According to Russian Sources”. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6/2 (2022), p. 520-548.
  • Swift, Louis, “St. Ambrose on Violence and War”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 101 (1970), p. 522-543.
  • Tamm, Marek, “How to justify a crusade? The Conquest of Livonia and New Crusade Rhetoric in the Early Thirteenth Century”. Journal of Medieval History, 39/4 (2013), p. 431-455.
  • Tezcan, Selim, “Historiography of Palestine in the Arab Press of the Early Mandate and the Question of the Formation of Palestinian Identity”, Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 17(2025), 173-197.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Urfalı Mateos, Chronicles (952-1136). Ankara, 2000, p. 190-191.
  • Zaborova, Moskva, The Conquest of Constantinople. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 78 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
https://izlik.org/JA58YG24PF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abu’l Farac, Gregory, Abu’l Farac Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, p. 267-298.
  • Asali, Ziad, “Zionist Studies of the Crusade Movement”. Arab Studies Quarterly 14/1 (1992), p. 45-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858007.
  • Cha, Myoung-Woon, The Crusades, their Influence and their Relevance for Today. 1. University of Pretoria, 2006, p.79-114.
  • Constable, Giles, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century. Ashgate, 1st Edition, 2008, p. 3-44.
  • Cowdrey, H. E., “The Peace of God and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century”. Past & Present, 46 (2002), p.42-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649794.
  • Eitan Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 98-105.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid and Emine Yiğit, “Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 20/1 (2020), p. 1-18.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Continuation of the Colonialist Project from the Crusades to Zionism”. The Journal of SDE Academy 1/3 (2021), p. 178-228.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Origins of the Idea of Establishing a Zionist Client-State in Islamic Jerusalem”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 14/1 (2019), p. 13-26.
  • Fishman, Louis, Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019, p. 67-68, 95-96.
  • Flori, Jean, Pour une redéfinition de la croisade [For a Redefinition of the Crusade]. Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 2004, p. 252-265.
  • Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147-1254. Leiden, 2006, p. 52-65.
  • Gorelov, N.S., Legendy krestonostsev XII–XIV vekov [The Kingdom of Heaven. Crusader Legends of the 13th-14th Centuries]. St. Petersburg Azbuka-Klassika Publ., 2006, p. 447-448.
  • Hartigan, Richard, “Saint Augustine on War and Killing: The Problem of the Innocent”. Journal of the History of Ideas 27/2 (1966), p. 201.
  • Izant, Christopher, The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions. Boston College Electronic, 2010, p. 10-27.
  • James, Kitchen, “Khaki Crusaders: Crusading Rhetoric and the British Imperial Soldier during the Egypt and Palestine Campaigns, 1916-1918”. First World War Studies, 1/2 (2010), p. 141-160.
  • Joachim von Elbe, “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law”. The American Journal of International Law, 33/4 (1939), p. 668.
  • Johnson, James, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, p.50-54.
  • Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020, p. 38-72/247-254.
  • Komnene, Anna, Alexiad. Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi, 1969, p. 271-274.
  • Kostick, Conor, The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. Brill, Leiden, 2008, p. 9-51.
  • Malishevsky, Peter, Wiegand from Marburg. New Prussian Chronicle. Livre Rare Book, 2014, p. 256-260.
  • Porath, Yehoshua, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918-1929. London: Cass, 1974, p. 306-307.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2nd Edition, 1991, p. 91-120.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, What Were the Crusades? New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, p. 11-17.
  • Rist, Rebecca, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London: Continuum, 1st Ed, 2009.
  • Rodney, Stark, “The Case for the Crusades”. The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 20/2 (2016), 9-28.
  • Russell, Frederick, The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 4-68.
  • Saleh, Mohsen, “جهود بعض علماء فلسطين في رعاية المقدسات الإسلامية في القدس وحمايتها. [The Effort of Palestine Scholars in Preserving and Protecting Islamic Holy Sites in Jerusalem: 1918-1931]”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 1/1(1997), p. 19-46.
  • Şemşek, Vesile, “An Overview of the Crassus in Terms of World History According to Russian Sources”. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6/2 (2022), p. 520-548.
  • Swift, Louis, “St. Ambrose on Violence and War”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 101 (1970), p. 522-543.
  • Tamm, Marek, “How to justify a crusade? The Conquest of Livonia and New Crusade Rhetoric in the Early Thirteenth Century”. Journal of Medieval History, 39/4 (2013), p. 431-455.
  • Tezcan, Selim, “Historiography of Palestine in the Arab Press of the Early Mandate and the Question of the Formation of Palestinian Identity”, Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 17(2025), 173-197.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Urfalı Mateos, Chronicles (952-1136). Ankara, 2000, p. 190-191.
  • Zaborova, Moskva, The Conquest of Constantinople. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

Savaş Alanını Ötesinde: Ortaçağ Haçlı Seferleri'nin Kutsal Topraklardaki Kalıcı Mirası

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 78 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
https://izlik.org/JA58YG24PF

Öz

Ortaçağ boyunca, genellikle Batılı Hıristiyan din adamlarının destekleyip öncülük ettiği bir dizi dini çatışma, kutsal toprakları geri almak amacıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çatışmalar arasında, Kudüs ve civarındaki toprakları yüzyıllardır burada hüküm süren İslam hakimiyetinden geri almayı hedefleyen Filistin seferleri de yer almaktadır. Seferler, 1099'da Kudüs'ün ele geçirilmesine ve Avrupa yıllıklarında önemli ve uzun bir döneme işaret eden çok sayıda askeri girişimin gerçekleştirilmesine tanıklık etti. 11-13. yüzyıllar arasında gerçekleşen bu dini içerikli seferler dizisi, Filistin ve Kutsal Topraklar üzerinde kalıcı ve karmaşık bir miras bıraktı. İlk Haçlı akınları, Doğu Akdeniz'de Haçlı devletleri kurarak Hıristiyan kontrolünü tesis etmeyi amaçlıyordu. Bu seferlerin yoğunluğu 15. yüzyıldan sonra, Osmanlı'nın İstanbul'u fethiyle birlikte azalmış olsa da, etkileri ulusal destanlar, kahramanlık hikâyeleri ve coğrafi isimlendirmeler yoluyla yankı buldu. Dahası, bu ortaçağ çatışmalarının tarihsel bağlamı, modern zamanlarda siyasal İslam ve seküler milliyetçilik içindeki perspektifleri şekillendirerek yeniden gündeme taşındı. 13. yüzyılın sonunda, 1291'de, Akka'nın düşmesiyle birlikte Filistin'deki Haçlı etkisi fiilen sona erdi. Ancak bu Ortaçağ akınlarının mirası, fiziksel varlıklarının çok ötesine geçti. Haçlı Seferleri bölgenin tarihini ve kimlik oluşumunu derinden etkiledi. İslam dünyasında ise Haçlı Seferleri kroniklerde ve din kitaplarında bir direniş ve şehitlik anlatısı olarak korundu. Haçlı Seferleri'nin etkisi ortaçağın ötesine geçerek sonraki algıları ve olayları şekillendirdi. Dolayısıyla bu makale, Kutsal Savaşların ötesine geçmeyi ve Ortaçağ Haçlı Seferlerinin Filistin ve Orta Doğu'daki çağdaş jeopolitik olaylar üzerindeki mirasını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abu’l Farac, Gregory, Abu’l Farac Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, p. 267-298.
  • Asali, Ziad, “Zionist Studies of the Crusade Movement”. Arab Studies Quarterly 14/1 (1992), p. 45-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858007.
  • Cha, Myoung-Woon, The Crusades, their Influence and their Relevance for Today. 1. University of Pretoria, 2006, p.79-114.
  • Constable, Giles, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century. Ashgate, 1st Edition, 2008, p. 3-44.
  • Cowdrey, H. E., “The Peace of God and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century”. Past & Present, 46 (2002), p.42-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649794.
  • Eitan Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 98-105.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid and Emine Yiğit, “Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 20/1 (2020), p. 1-18.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Continuation of the Colonialist Project from the Crusades to Zionism”. The Journal of SDE Academy 1/3 (2021), p. 178-228.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Origins of the Idea of Establishing a Zionist Client-State in Islamic Jerusalem”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 14/1 (2019), p. 13-26.
  • Fishman, Louis, Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019, p. 67-68, 95-96.
  • Flori, Jean, Pour une redéfinition de la croisade [For a Redefinition of the Crusade]. Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 2004, p. 252-265.
  • Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147-1254. Leiden, 2006, p. 52-65.
  • Gorelov, N.S., Legendy krestonostsev XII–XIV vekov [The Kingdom of Heaven. Crusader Legends of the 13th-14th Centuries]. St. Petersburg Azbuka-Klassika Publ., 2006, p. 447-448.
  • Hartigan, Richard, “Saint Augustine on War and Killing: The Problem of the Innocent”. Journal of the History of Ideas 27/2 (1966), p. 201.
  • Izant, Christopher, The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions. Boston College Electronic, 2010, p. 10-27.
  • James, Kitchen, “Khaki Crusaders: Crusading Rhetoric and the British Imperial Soldier during the Egypt and Palestine Campaigns, 1916-1918”. First World War Studies, 1/2 (2010), p. 141-160.
  • Joachim von Elbe, “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law”. The American Journal of International Law, 33/4 (1939), p. 668.
  • Johnson, James, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, p.50-54.
  • Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020, p. 38-72/247-254.
  • Komnene, Anna, Alexiad. Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi, 1969, p. 271-274.
  • Kostick, Conor, The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. Brill, Leiden, 2008, p. 9-51.
  • Malishevsky, Peter, Wiegand from Marburg. New Prussian Chronicle. Livre Rare Book, 2014, p. 256-260.
  • Porath, Yehoshua, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918-1929. London: Cass, 1974, p. 306-307.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2nd Edition, 1991, p. 91-120.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, What Were the Crusades? New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, p. 11-17.
  • Rist, Rebecca, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London: Continuum, 1st Ed, 2009.
  • Rodney, Stark, “The Case for the Crusades”. The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 20/2 (2016), 9-28.
  • Russell, Frederick, The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 4-68.
  • Saleh, Mohsen, “جهود بعض علماء فلسطين في رعاية المقدسات الإسلامية في القدس وحمايتها. [The Effort of Palestine Scholars in Preserving and Protecting Islamic Holy Sites in Jerusalem: 1918-1931]”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 1/1(1997), p. 19-46.
  • Şemşek, Vesile, “An Overview of the Crassus in Terms of World History According to Russian Sources”. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6/2 (2022), p. 520-548.
  • Swift, Louis, “St. Ambrose on Violence and War”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 101 (1970), p. 522-543.
  • Tamm, Marek, “How to justify a crusade? The Conquest of Livonia and New Crusade Rhetoric in the Early Thirteenth Century”. Journal of Medieval History, 39/4 (2013), p. 431-455.
  • Tezcan, Selim, “Historiography of Palestine in the Arab Press of the Early Mandate and the Question of the Formation of Palestinian Identity”, Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 17(2025), 173-197.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Urfalı Mateos, Chronicles (952-1136). Ankara, 2000, p. 190-191.
  • Zaborova, Moskva, The Conquest of Constantinople. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 52 - 78 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
https://izlik.org/JA58YG24PF

Öz

Throughout the medieval era, conflicts endorsed and spearheaded by Western Christian clergy unfolded to reclaim sacred territories. Among these endorsed conflicts were expeditions to Palestine, which targeted reconquering Jerusalem and adjacent lands from Islamic governance. The campaigns culminated in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, and numerous subsequent military undertakings were launched, marking a significant and protracted era in European history. These expeditions, from the 11th to 13th centuries, left an enduring and complex legacy on Palestine and the Holy Land. The initial Crusader incursions aimed to establish Christian control, establishing Crusader states in the Levant. While the intensity of these campaigns diminished after the 15th century, coinciding with the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, their impact resonated through the formation of national legends, valorous accounts, and geographical nomenclature. Furthermore, the historical context of these medieval engagements has been invoked in modern times, shaping perspectives within political Islam and secular nationalism. By the end of the 13th century, Crusader influence in Palestine collapsed, especially after the loss of Acre. However, the legacy of these medieval invasions endured far beyond their physical presence. The Crusades profoundly affected the region’s history and identity formation. Therefore, this paper aims to venture beyond the Holy Wars and determine the legacy of the medieval Crusades on the contemporary geopolitical events in Palestine and the Middle East.

Kaynakça

  • Abu’l Farac, Gregory, Abu’l Farac Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, p. 267-298.
  • Asali, Ziad, “Zionist Studies of the Crusade Movement”. Arab Studies Quarterly 14/1 (1992), p. 45-59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858007.
  • Cha, Myoung-Woon, The Crusades, their Influence and their Relevance for Today. 1. University of Pretoria, 2006, p.79-114.
  • Constable, Giles, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century. Ashgate, 1st Edition, 2008, p. 3-44.
  • Cowdrey, H. E., “The Peace of God and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century”. Past & Present, 46 (2002), p.42-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/649794.
  • Eitan Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 98-105.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid and Emine Yiğit, “Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 20/1 (2020), p. 1-18.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Continuation of the Colonialist Project from the Crusades to Zionism”. The Journal of SDE Academy 1/3 (2021), p. 178-228.
  • El-Awaisi, Khalid, “The Origins of the Idea of Establishing a Zionist Client-State in Islamic Jerusalem”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 14/1 (2019), p. 13-26.
  • Fishman, Louis, Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019, p. 67-68, 95-96.
  • Flori, Jean, Pour une redéfinition de la croisade [For a Redefinition of the Crusade]. Cahiers de Civilisation Médiévale, 2004, p. 252-265.
  • Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147-1254. Leiden, 2006, p. 52-65.
  • Gorelov, N.S., Legendy krestonostsev XII–XIV vekov [The Kingdom of Heaven. Crusader Legends of the 13th-14th Centuries]. St. Petersburg Azbuka-Klassika Publ., 2006, p. 447-448.
  • Hartigan, Richard, “Saint Augustine on War and Killing: The Problem of the Innocent”. Journal of the History of Ideas 27/2 (1966), p. 201.
  • Izant, Christopher, The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions. Boston College Electronic, 2010, p. 10-27.
  • James, Kitchen, “Khaki Crusaders: Crusading Rhetoric and the British Imperial Soldier during the Egypt and Palestine Campaigns, 1916-1918”. First World War Studies, 1/2 (2010), p. 141-160.
  • Joachim von Elbe, “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law”. The American Journal of International Law, 33/4 (1939), p. 668.
  • Johnson, James, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997, p.50-54.
  • Khalidi, Rashid, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917-2017. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020, p. 38-72/247-254.
  • Komnene, Anna, Alexiad. Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi, 1969, p. 271-274.
  • Kostick, Conor, The Medieval Mediterranean Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. Brill, Leiden, 2008, p. 9-51.
  • Malishevsky, Peter, Wiegand from Marburg. New Prussian Chronicle. Livre Rare Book, 2014, p. 256-260.
  • Porath, Yehoshua, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918-1929. London: Cass, 1974, p. 306-307.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2nd Edition, 1991, p. 91-120.
  • Riley-Smith, Jonathan, What Were the Crusades? New York: Columbia University Press, 1977, p. 11-17.
  • Rist, Rebecca, The Papacy and Crusading in Europe, 1198-1245. London: Continuum, 1st Ed, 2009.
  • Rodney, Stark, “The Case for the Crusades”. The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 20/2 (2016), 9-28.
  • Russell, Frederick, The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 4-68.
  • Saleh, Mohsen, “جهود بعض علماء فلسطين في رعاية المقدسات الإسلامية في القدس وحمايتها. [The Effort of Palestine Scholars in Preserving and Protecting Islamic Holy Sites in Jerusalem: 1918-1931]”. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies 1/1(1997), p. 19-46.
  • Şemşek, Vesile, “An Overview of the Crassus in Terms of World History According to Russian Sources”. Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6/2 (2022), p. 520-548.
  • Swift, Louis, “St. Ambrose on Violence and War”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 101 (1970), p. 522-543.
  • Tamm, Marek, “How to justify a crusade? The Conquest of Livonia and New Crusade Rhetoric in the Early Thirteenth Century”. Journal of Medieval History, 39/4 (2013), p. 431-455.
  • Tezcan, Selim, “Historiography of Palestine in the Arab Press of the Early Mandate and the Question of the Formation of Palestinian Identity”, Filistin Araştırmaları Dergisi 17(2025), 173-197.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Urfalı Mateos, Chronicles (952-1136). Ankara, 2000, p. 190-191.
  • Zaborova, Moskva, The Conquest of Constantinople. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İslam Coğrafyası Arkeolojisi, Ortaçağ Arkeolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Erkan Bedirhanoğlu 0000-0002-8980-6267

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
IZ https://izlik.org/JA58YG24PF
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bedirhanoğlu, H. E. (2026). Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 52-78. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
AMA 1.Bedirhanoğlu HE. Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land. VAKANÜVİS. 2026;11(1):52-78. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335
Chicago Bedirhanoğlu, Hüseyin Erkan. 2026. “Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 (1): 52-78. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335.
EndNote Bedirhanoğlu HE (01 Mart 2026) Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 1 52–78.
IEEE [1]H. E. Bedirhanoğlu, “Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land”, VAKANÜVİS, c. 11, sy 1, ss. 52–78, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335.
ISNAD Bedirhanoğlu, Hüseyin Erkan. “Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11/1 (01 Mart 2026): 52-78. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335.
JAMA 1.Bedirhanoğlu HE. Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land. VAKANÜVİS. 2026;11:52–78.
MLA Bedirhanoğlu, Hüseyin Erkan. “Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 11, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 52-78, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335.
Vancouver 1.Hüseyin Erkan Bedirhanoğlu. Beyond the Battlefield: The Lasting Legacy of the Medieval Crusades on the Holy Land. VAKANÜVİS. 01 Mart 2026;11(1):52-78. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1805335


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