Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 1045 - 1074 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
https://izlik.org/JA45AM47LE

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Presidency of Republic of Türkiye State Archives, Ottoman Archive (BOA) BOA. İM. 245/2; BOA. HR. SYS. 36/66; BOA. KK. 212.
  • Abdullah, Abdulqadir Mahmoud. “Ancient Sudan: The Mixing of Names and the Significance of Concepts.” In Studies on the Antiquities of the Arab Homeland 2: Proceedings of the IFourth Arab Archaeologists Meeting, Cairo 2001.
  • Ahmed, Hassan Abdel Aziz. “Caravan Trade and Routes in the Northern Sudan in the 19th Century: A Study in Historical Geography.” January 1, 1967.
  • Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Emperyalizme Karşı Türklerin Yanında Yer Alan Darfur Hâkimi Ali Dinar (1898-1916)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, no. 61 (March 2005): 369–370.
  • Ali, Trig Mohamed Nour. Osmanlı Sudan’ı: Sevakin’de Türk İngiliz Rekabeti, Istanbul 2020. Istanbul 2020.
  • Bassil, Noah R. “The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur.” The Journal of North African Studies 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 347–364.
  • Belazuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al-Buldan. Beirut 1988.
  • Bojowald, Stefan. “A Wordplay Between the Egyptian Words Wbn ‘Arise’ and Nbw ‘Gold” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 3 (2011): 357–362.
  • Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt. Second Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Vol. 1. London 1925.
  • Budka, Julia, Hassan Aglan, and Chloe Ward. “Reconstructing Contact Space Biographies in Sudan During the Bronze Age.” Humans 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2024): 1.
  • Collins, Robert O. A History of Modern Sudan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Dirar, Mohamed Salih. Tarih Şark es’Sudan: Memaliku’l- Bica Kaba’iliha ve Tarihiha, Riyadh 2012.
  • Dodson, Aidan. “Second Intermediate Period, Egypt.” October 26, 2012.
  • Edwards, David N. The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Emberling, Geoff. Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2011.
  • Burton, Richard. The Nile Basin, Tınsly Brothers, London, 1864
  • Emberling, Geoff, et al. “Jebel Barkal 2018–2023: New Research on the Napatan and Meroitic City.” Sudan & Nubia 28 (2024): 73–98.
  • Fahey, R. S. O’. The Darfur Sultanate: A History. London: Hurst & Company 2008.
  • Fisher, Humphrey. “The Western and Central Sudan and East Africa.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3, 345–405. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1977.
  • Gökgidik, İsa. “Sudan through the Eyes of a Veteran Ottoman Officer: The Mahdist Uprising and the British According to Ömer Kamil Pasha’s Work ‘Sûdân-ı Mısrî.’” Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies 10, no. 28 (November 2023).
  • Hac Ali, Ahmad ibn al-Haj. History of the Sennar Sultanate and the Egyptian Administration. Edited by Al-Shatir al-Busaily. Cairo n.d.
  • Haynie, Donald T. “A Great Comet and Ceremonial Site Development at Nabta Playa.” February 3, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15045.
  • Herodotus, The Histories, trans. A. D. Godley, Vol. I, Books I–II, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London 1920.
  • Holt, P. M. The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288/1504–1871. Leiden: Brill 1999.
  • Honegger, Matthieu. “The Archers of Kerma: Warrior Image and Birth of a State.” Dotawo 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5070/d68061375.
  • Ibn al-Wardi, Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs Umar. Kharidat al-ʿAja'ib wa Faridat al-Ghara'ib. Edited by Mahmoud Fahuri. Beirut, 1991.
  • Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik. Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 1. Edited by Magdi Fathi al-Sayyid. 1st ed. Tanta 1990.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman. Kitab al-ʿIbar. Beirut 2000.
  • Ibn Manzur, Abu’l-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Makram. Lisan al-ʿArab. Vol. 4. Cairo.
  • Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi, Abu’l-Hasan Abdullah ibn Musa. Kitab al-Jughrafiya. Beirut 1971.
  • Idrisi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq. Vol. 1. Cairo 2002.
  • Jackson, H. C. Osman Digna. 1st ed. London 1926.
  • Junker, Hermann. “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1921): 121–132.
  • Kirwan, Laurence, Tomas Hägg, László Török, and Derek A. Welsby. Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia. Leuven: Peeters 2002.
  • Klemm, Rosemarie, and Dietrich Klemm. “Value of Gold in Ancient Egypt.” 2013, 21–27.
  • Kotrosits, Maia, and Philip A. Harland, eds. Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World. Accessed 2023. https://philipharland.com.
  • Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Al-Mawa’iz wa’l-I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa’l-Athar. Vol. 1. Edited by Muhammad Zaynahum and Madiha al-Sharqawi. 1st ed. Cairo 1997.
  • Markowitz, Yvonne J., and Denise M. Doxey. “Jewels of Ancient Nubia.” November 2014.
  • Martens, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Czarnecka. “The Christian Nubia and the Arabs.” Studia Ceranea 5 (2015): 249–265.
  • Mich, K. A. “Elements of Christian Popular Piety in Nubia (VI–XVI Century) – An Outline of Aspects.” Res Historica 23 (2019): 41–54.
  • Nel, Christiaan. “The Changing Face of Nubian Religion: The Lion Temples at Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa and the Three-Headed and Four-Armed Apedemak.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 27, no. 1 (2001): 101–120.
  • Nush, Hasan Ahmed Muhammad Hasan al-. A Comprehensive Archaeological Survey of the Kushite Royal Cemeteries at Kawa (Kawa III–VII). 1st ed. Al-Hasan Press
  • Orhonlu, Cengiz. “Ottoman Policy Toward Abyssinia: 1554–1560.” Tarih Dergisi 15, no. 20 (March 1965).
  • Özbaran, Salih. The Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century. Istanbul 1994.
  • Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
  • Qalqashandi, Abu al-ʿAbbas Aḥmad b. ʿAli al-. Qalaʾid al-Juman fi al-Taʿrif bi-Qabaʾil ʿArab al-Zaman, ed. Ibrahim al-Ibyari, 2nd ed., Cairo–Beirut 1982.
  • Qasim, Avne’l-Şerif, Kamusu’l-Lehce el- Amiyye fi’s-Sudan, 2. baski, Kahire 1985.
  • Reisner, George A. “The Royal Family of Ethiopia.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 19, nos. 112–113 (April–June 1921).
  • Russell, Michael. Nubia and Abyssinia: Their Civil History, Antiquities, Arts, Religion, Literature, and Natural History. New York 1833.
  • Sahari, Salamah b. Muslim b. Ibrahim al-ʿUtbi al, al-Ansab (Ansab al-ʿArab = Tārīkh al-ʿUtbī), ed. (n.p.: n.pub., n.d.), https://shamela.ws/book/491/23#p2.
  • Sami, Shams al-Din al. Qamus al-Aʿlam. Istanbul, 1311 H.
  • Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Naturales Quaestiones. Edited and translated by relevant editor/translator. Place of publication, 1876.
  • Shugair, Nuum. Cğrafiyet ve Taru’s-Sudan, Beyrut, 1981.
  • Tshivhase, Lawrence. “Supremacy of Foreign Languages as Medium of Instruction over Indigenous African Languages.” January 1, 2014.
  • Vitruvius Pollio. De Architectura. Edited by F. Krohn. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.
  • Yakubi, Ahmed bin Ishak Ebu Yakub bin Cafer bin Vehb bin Vadih el-, Kitabu’l- Buldan, Darü'l-Kütübi'l-İlmiyye, Birinci baski, Beyrut 1422 H.
  • Yakut el-Hamavi, Shihabeddin Yakut bin Abdullah er-Rûmî el-Bağdâdî, Mucemu’l-Büldan, c. 1, Beyrut 1977.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Kıbrıs ve Trablusgarp’ta Hilafetin Dinî-Siyasî Nüfuzu ve bu Yetkinin Devri (1878-1923)” s. 1033-1049, Bir İnsan-ı Selîm: Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan’a Armağan, Editörler: Refik Arıkan – Halim Demiryürek, Lotus yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Diğer Sömürgeci Ülkeler (Almanya, İtalya, Belçika)”, Sömürgecilik Tarihi, s. 92-108 (Afrika-Asya).

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 1045 - 1074 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
https://izlik.org/JA45AM47LE

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Presidency of Republic of Türkiye State Archives, Ottoman Archive (BOA) BOA. İM. 245/2; BOA. HR. SYS. 36/66; BOA. KK. 212.
  • Abdullah, Abdulqadir Mahmoud. “Ancient Sudan: The Mixing of Names and the Significance of Concepts.” In Studies on the Antiquities of the Arab Homeland 2: Proceedings of the IFourth Arab Archaeologists Meeting, Cairo 2001.
  • Ahmed, Hassan Abdel Aziz. “Caravan Trade and Routes in the Northern Sudan in the 19th Century: A Study in Historical Geography.” January 1, 1967.
  • Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Emperyalizme Karşı Türklerin Yanında Yer Alan Darfur Hâkimi Ali Dinar (1898-1916)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, no. 61 (March 2005): 369–370.
  • Ali, Trig Mohamed Nour. Osmanlı Sudan’ı: Sevakin’de Türk İngiliz Rekabeti, Istanbul 2020. Istanbul 2020.
  • Bassil, Noah R. “The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur.” The Journal of North African Studies 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 347–364.
  • Belazuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al-Buldan. Beirut 1988.
  • Bojowald, Stefan. “A Wordplay Between the Egyptian Words Wbn ‘Arise’ and Nbw ‘Gold” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 3 (2011): 357–362.
  • Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt. Second Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Vol. 1. London 1925.
  • Budka, Julia, Hassan Aglan, and Chloe Ward. “Reconstructing Contact Space Biographies in Sudan During the Bronze Age.” Humans 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2024): 1.
  • Collins, Robert O. A History of Modern Sudan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Dirar, Mohamed Salih. Tarih Şark es’Sudan: Memaliku’l- Bica Kaba’iliha ve Tarihiha, Riyadh 2012.
  • Dodson, Aidan. “Second Intermediate Period, Egypt.” October 26, 2012.
  • Edwards, David N. The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Emberling, Geoff. Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2011.
  • Burton, Richard. The Nile Basin, Tınsly Brothers, London, 1864
  • Emberling, Geoff, et al. “Jebel Barkal 2018–2023: New Research on the Napatan and Meroitic City.” Sudan & Nubia 28 (2024): 73–98.
  • Fahey, R. S. O’. The Darfur Sultanate: A History. London: Hurst & Company 2008.
  • Fisher, Humphrey. “The Western and Central Sudan and East Africa.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3, 345–405. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1977.
  • Gökgidik, İsa. “Sudan through the Eyes of a Veteran Ottoman Officer: The Mahdist Uprising and the British According to Ömer Kamil Pasha’s Work ‘Sûdân-ı Mısrî.’” Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies 10, no. 28 (November 2023).
  • Hac Ali, Ahmad ibn al-Haj. History of the Sennar Sultanate and the Egyptian Administration. Edited by Al-Shatir al-Busaily. Cairo n.d.
  • Haynie, Donald T. “A Great Comet and Ceremonial Site Development at Nabta Playa.” February 3, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15045.
  • Herodotus, The Histories, trans. A. D. Godley, Vol. I, Books I–II, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London 1920.
  • Holt, P. M. The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288/1504–1871. Leiden: Brill 1999.
  • Honegger, Matthieu. “The Archers of Kerma: Warrior Image and Birth of a State.” Dotawo 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5070/d68061375.
  • Ibn al-Wardi, Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs Umar. Kharidat al-ʿAja'ib wa Faridat al-Ghara'ib. Edited by Mahmoud Fahuri. Beirut, 1991.
  • Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik. Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 1. Edited by Magdi Fathi al-Sayyid. 1st ed. Tanta 1990.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman. Kitab al-ʿIbar. Beirut 2000.
  • Ibn Manzur, Abu’l-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Makram. Lisan al-ʿArab. Vol. 4. Cairo.
  • Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi, Abu’l-Hasan Abdullah ibn Musa. Kitab al-Jughrafiya. Beirut 1971.
  • Idrisi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq. Vol. 1. Cairo 2002.
  • Jackson, H. C. Osman Digna. 1st ed. London 1926.
  • Junker, Hermann. “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1921): 121–132.
  • Kirwan, Laurence, Tomas Hägg, László Török, and Derek A. Welsby. Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia. Leuven: Peeters 2002.
  • Klemm, Rosemarie, and Dietrich Klemm. “Value of Gold in Ancient Egypt.” 2013, 21–27.
  • Kotrosits, Maia, and Philip A. Harland, eds. Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World. Accessed 2023. https://philipharland.com.
  • Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Al-Mawa’iz wa’l-I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa’l-Athar. Vol. 1. Edited by Muhammad Zaynahum and Madiha al-Sharqawi. 1st ed. Cairo 1997.
  • Markowitz, Yvonne J., and Denise M. Doxey. “Jewels of Ancient Nubia.” November 2014.
  • Martens, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Czarnecka. “The Christian Nubia and the Arabs.” Studia Ceranea 5 (2015): 249–265.
  • Mich, K. A. “Elements of Christian Popular Piety in Nubia (VI–XVI Century) – An Outline of Aspects.” Res Historica 23 (2019): 41–54.
  • Nel, Christiaan. “The Changing Face of Nubian Religion: The Lion Temples at Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa and the Three-Headed and Four-Armed Apedemak.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 27, no. 1 (2001): 101–120.
  • Nush, Hasan Ahmed Muhammad Hasan al-. A Comprehensive Archaeological Survey of the Kushite Royal Cemeteries at Kawa (Kawa III–VII). 1st ed. Al-Hasan Press
  • Orhonlu, Cengiz. “Ottoman Policy Toward Abyssinia: 1554–1560.” Tarih Dergisi 15, no. 20 (March 1965).
  • Özbaran, Salih. The Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century. Istanbul 1994.
  • Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
  • Qalqashandi, Abu al-ʿAbbas Aḥmad b. ʿAli al-. Qalaʾid al-Juman fi al-Taʿrif bi-Qabaʾil ʿArab al-Zaman, ed. Ibrahim al-Ibyari, 2nd ed., Cairo–Beirut 1982.
  • Qasim, Avne’l-Şerif, Kamusu’l-Lehce el- Amiyye fi’s-Sudan, 2. baski, Kahire 1985.
  • Reisner, George A. “The Royal Family of Ethiopia.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 19, nos. 112–113 (April–June 1921).
  • Russell, Michael. Nubia and Abyssinia: Their Civil History, Antiquities, Arts, Religion, Literature, and Natural History. New York 1833.
  • Sahari, Salamah b. Muslim b. Ibrahim al-ʿUtbi al, al-Ansab (Ansab al-ʿArab = Tārīkh al-ʿUtbī), ed. (n.p.: n.pub., n.d.), https://shamela.ws/book/491/23#p2.
  • Sami, Shams al-Din al. Qamus al-Aʿlam. Istanbul, 1311 H.
  • Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Naturales Quaestiones. Edited and translated by relevant editor/translator. Place of publication, 1876.
  • Shugair, Nuum. Cğrafiyet ve Taru’s-Sudan, Beyrut, 1981.
  • Tshivhase, Lawrence. “Supremacy of Foreign Languages as Medium of Instruction over Indigenous African Languages.” January 1, 2014.
  • Vitruvius Pollio. De Architectura. Edited by F. Krohn. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.
  • Yakubi, Ahmed bin Ishak Ebu Yakub bin Cafer bin Vehb bin Vadih el-, Kitabu’l- Buldan, Darü'l-Kütübi'l-İlmiyye, Birinci baski, Beyrut 1422 H.
  • Yakut el-Hamavi, Shihabeddin Yakut bin Abdullah er-Rûmî el-Bağdâdî, Mucemu’l-Büldan, c. 1, Beyrut 1977.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Kıbrıs ve Trablusgarp’ta Hilafetin Dinî-Siyasî Nüfuzu ve bu Yetkinin Devri (1878-1923)” s. 1033-1049, Bir İnsan-ı Selîm: Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan’a Armağan, Editörler: Refik Arıkan – Halim Demiryürek, Lotus yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Diğer Sömürgeci Ülkeler (Almanya, İtalya, Belçika)”, Sömürgecilik Tarihi, s. 92-108 (Afrika-Asya).

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 1045 - 1074 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
https://izlik.org/JA45AM47LE

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Presidency of Republic of Türkiye State Archives, Ottoman Archive (BOA) BOA. İM. 245/2; BOA. HR. SYS. 36/66; BOA. KK. 212.
  • Abdullah, Abdulqadir Mahmoud. “Ancient Sudan: The Mixing of Names and the Significance of Concepts.” In Studies on the Antiquities of the Arab Homeland 2: Proceedings of the IFourth Arab Archaeologists Meeting, Cairo 2001.
  • Ahmed, Hassan Abdel Aziz. “Caravan Trade and Routes in the Northern Sudan in the 19th Century: A Study in Historical Geography.” January 1, 1967.
  • Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Emperyalizme Karşı Türklerin Yanında Yer Alan Darfur Hâkimi Ali Dinar (1898-1916)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, no. 61 (March 2005): 369–370.
  • Ali, Trig Mohamed Nour. Osmanlı Sudan’ı: Sevakin’de Türk İngiliz Rekabeti, Istanbul 2020. Istanbul 2020.
  • Bassil, Noah R. “The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur.” The Journal of North African Studies 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 347–364.
  • Belazuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al-Buldan. Beirut 1988.
  • Bojowald, Stefan. “A Wordplay Between the Egyptian Words Wbn ‘Arise’ and Nbw ‘Gold” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 3 (2011): 357–362.
  • Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt. Second Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Vol. 1. London 1925.
  • Budka, Julia, Hassan Aglan, and Chloe Ward. “Reconstructing Contact Space Biographies in Sudan During the Bronze Age.” Humans 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2024): 1.
  • Collins, Robert O. A History of Modern Sudan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Dirar, Mohamed Salih. Tarih Şark es’Sudan: Memaliku’l- Bica Kaba’iliha ve Tarihiha, Riyadh 2012.
  • Dodson, Aidan. “Second Intermediate Period, Egypt.” October 26, 2012.
  • Edwards, David N. The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Emberling, Geoff. Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2011.
  • Burton, Richard. The Nile Basin, Tınsly Brothers, London, 1864
  • Emberling, Geoff, et al. “Jebel Barkal 2018–2023: New Research on the Napatan and Meroitic City.” Sudan & Nubia 28 (2024): 73–98.
  • Fahey, R. S. O’. The Darfur Sultanate: A History. London: Hurst & Company 2008.
  • Fisher, Humphrey. “The Western and Central Sudan and East Africa.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3, 345–405. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1977.
  • Gökgidik, İsa. “Sudan through the Eyes of a Veteran Ottoman Officer: The Mahdist Uprising and the British According to Ömer Kamil Pasha’s Work ‘Sûdân-ı Mısrî.’” Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies 10, no. 28 (November 2023).
  • Hac Ali, Ahmad ibn al-Haj. History of the Sennar Sultanate and the Egyptian Administration. Edited by Al-Shatir al-Busaily. Cairo n.d.
  • Haynie, Donald T. “A Great Comet and Ceremonial Site Development at Nabta Playa.” February 3, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15045.
  • Herodotus, The Histories, trans. A. D. Godley, Vol. I, Books I–II, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London 1920.
  • Holt, P. M. The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288/1504–1871. Leiden: Brill 1999.
  • Honegger, Matthieu. “The Archers of Kerma: Warrior Image and Birth of a State.” Dotawo 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5070/d68061375.
  • Ibn al-Wardi, Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs Umar. Kharidat al-ʿAja'ib wa Faridat al-Ghara'ib. Edited by Mahmoud Fahuri. Beirut, 1991.
  • Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik. Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 1. Edited by Magdi Fathi al-Sayyid. 1st ed. Tanta 1990.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman. Kitab al-ʿIbar. Beirut 2000.
  • Ibn Manzur, Abu’l-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Makram. Lisan al-ʿArab. Vol. 4. Cairo.
  • Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi, Abu’l-Hasan Abdullah ibn Musa. Kitab al-Jughrafiya. Beirut 1971.
  • Idrisi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq. Vol. 1. Cairo 2002.
  • Jackson, H. C. Osman Digna. 1st ed. London 1926.
  • Junker, Hermann. “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1921): 121–132.
  • Kirwan, Laurence, Tomas Hägg, László Török, and Derek A. Welsby. Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia. Leuven: Peeters 2002.
  • Klemm, Rosemarie, and Dietrich Klemm. “Value of Gold in Ancient Egypt.” 2013, 21–27.
  • Kotrosits, Maia, and Philip A. Harland, eds. Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World. Accessed 2023. https://philipharland.com.
  • Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Al-Mawa’iz wa’l-I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa’l-Athar. Vol. 1. Edited by Muhammad Zaynahum and Madiha al-Sharqawi. 1st ed. Cairo 1997.
  • Markowitz, Yvonne J., and Denise M. Doxey. “Jewels of Ancient Nubia.” November 2014.
  • Martens, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Czarnecka. “The Christian Nubia and the Arabs.” Studia Ceranea 5 (2015): 249–265.
  • Mich, K. A. “Elements of Christian Popular Piety in Nubia (VI–XVI Century) – An Outline of Aspects.” Res Historica 23 (2019): 41–54.
  • Nel, Christiaan. “The Changing Face of Nubian Religion: The Lion Temples at Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa and the Three-Headed and Four-Armed Apedemak.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 27, no. 1 (2001): 101–120.
  • Nush, Hasan Ahmed Muhammad Hasan al-. A Comprehensive Archaeological Survey of the Kushite Royal Cemeteries at Kawa (Kawa III–VII). 1st ed. Al-Hasan Press
  • Orhonlu, Cengiz. “Ottoman Policy Toward Abyssinia: 1554–1560.” Tarih Dergisi 15, no. 20 (March 1965).
  • Özbaran, Salih. The Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century. Istanbul 1994.
  • Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
  • Qalqashandi, Abu al-ʿAbbas Aḥmad b. ʿAli al-. Qalaʾid al-Juman fi al-Taʿrif bi-Qabaʾil ʿArab al-Zaman, ed. Ibrahim al-Ibyari, 2nd ed., Cairo–Beirut 1982.
  • Qasim, Avne’l-Şerif, Kamusu’l-Lehce el- Amiyye fi’s-Sudan, 2. baski, Kahire 1985.
  • Reisner, George A. “The Royal Family of Ethiopia.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 19, nos. 112–113 (April–June 1921).
  • Russell, Michael. Nubia and Abyssinia: Their Civil History, Antiquities, Arts, Religion, Literature, and Natural History. New York 1833.
  • Sahari, Salamah b. Muslim b. Ibrahim al-ʿUtbi al, al-Ansab (Ansab al-ʿArab = Tārīkh al-ʿUtbī), ed. (n.p.: n.pub., n.d.), https://shamela.ws/book/491/23#p2.
  • Sami, Shams al-Din al. Qamus al-Aʿlam. Istanbul, 1311 H.
  • Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Naturales Quaestiones. Edited and translated by relevant editor/translator. Place of publication, 1876.
  • Shugair, Nuum. Cğrafiyet ve Taru’s-Sudan, Beyrut, 1981.
  • Tshivhase, Lawrence. “Supremacy of Foreign Languages as Medium of Instruction over Indigenous African Languages.” January 1, 2014.
  • Vitruvius Pollio. De Architectura. Edited by F. Krohn. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.
  • Yakubi, Ahmed bin Ishak Ebu Yakub bin Cafer bin Vehb bin Vadih el-, Kitabu’l- Buldan, Darü'l-Kütübi'l-İlmiyye, Birinci baski, Beyrut 1422 H.
  • Yakut el-Hamavi, Shihabeddin Yakut bin Abdullah er-Rûmî el-Bağdâdî, Mucemu’l-Büldan, c. 1, Beyrut 1977.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Kıbrıs ve Trablusgarp’ta Hilafetin Dinî-Siyasî Nüfuzu ve bu Yetkinin Devri (1878-1923)” s. 1033-1049, Bir İnsan-ı Selîm: Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan’a Armağan, Editörler: Refik Arıkan – Halim Demiryürek, Lotus yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Diğer Sömürgeci Ülkeler (Almanya, İtalya, Belçika)”, Sömürgecilik Tarihi, s. 92-108 (Afrika-Asya).

Sudan Tarihi Coğrafyasında İsim Verme Pratiği

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 1045 - 1074 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
https://izlik.org/JA45AM47LE

Öz

Bu çalışma, Sudan tarihi coğrafyasına verilen adların kökenlerini, kullanım amaçlarını ve tarihsel arka planlarını incelemektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, Sudan bölgesi için isimlendirme pratiklerinin nasıl ortaya çıkmıştır. İç ve dış dinamiklerin etkileri rollü da ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma, tarihsel bir yaklaşımı takip etmektedir. Tarih, arkeoloji ve dil kaynaklara dayalı betimleyici bir yöntem izledi. Yerel ve eski Mısırlılar, Yunanlılar, Araplar ve Avrupalı sömürgeciler tarafından Sudan'a verilen isimler arasinda olan Biladü’s-Sudan, Mahdi Devleti, Habeş Eyaleti, Func ve Fur Sultanlıkları, Musabaait, Koş, Merevi, Nabata, Karma, Alava, Makurat, Nübatia, Nübye, Vavat, Ta-Siti, Ta Nehesy, Belemiler, Bica diyari gibi, ele alınarak, her bir adın coğrafi, kültürel ve siyasi bağlamı açıklanmıştır. Sudan'a dair isimlendirmelerin büyük kısmı dış gözlemciler tarafından yapılmış, yerli halkın kullandığı isimler ise ya çözülmemiş diller nedeniyle kaybolmuş ya da marjinalleşmiştir. Bu durum, bölgenin tarih yazımında sömürgeci ve dışa dönük bakışın hâkimiyetini göstermektedir. Araştırma, Sudan'ın adlandırılma tarihinin, aynı zamanda kültürel temsil, kimlik inşası ve güç ilişkileri bağlamında değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Presidency of Republic of Türkiye State Archives, Ottoman Archive (BOA) BOA. İM. 245/2; BOA. HR. SYS. 36/66; BOA. KK. 212.
  • Abdullah, Abdulqadir Mahmoud. “Ancient Sudan: The Mixing of Names and the Significance of Concepts.” In Studies on the Antiquities of the Arab Homeland 2: Proceedings of the IFourth Arab Archaeologists Meeting, Cairo 2001.
  • Ahmed, Hassan Abdel Aziz. “Caravan Trade and Routes in the Northern Sudan in the 19th Century: A Study in Historical Geography.” January 1, 1967.
  • Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Emperyalizme Karşı Türklerin Yanında Yer Alan Darfur Hâkimi Ali Dinar (1898-1916)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, no. 61 (March 2005): 369–370.
  • Ali, Trig Mohamed Nour. Osmanlı Sudan’ı: Sevakin’de Türk İngiliz Rekabeti, Istanbul 2020. Istanbul 2020.
  • Bassil, Noah R. “The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur.” The Journal of North African Studies 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 347–364.
  • Belazuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al-Buldan. Beirut 1988.
  • Bojowald, Stefan. “A Wordplay Between the Egyptian Words Wbn ‘Arise’ and Nbw ‘Gold” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 3 (2011): 357–362.
  • Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt. Second Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Vol. 1. London 1925.
  • Budka, Julia, Hassan Aglan, and Chloe Ward. “Reconstructing Contact Space Biographies in Sudan During the Bronze Age.” Humans 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2024): 1.
  • Collins, Robert O. A History of Modern Sudan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Dirar, Mohamed Salih. Tarih Şark es’Sudan: Memaliku’l- Bica Kaba’iliha ve Tarihiha, Riyadh 2012.
  • Dodson, Aidan. “Second Intermediate Period, Egypt.” October 26, 2012.
  • Edwards, David N. The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Emberling, Geoff. Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2011.
  • Burton, Richard. The Nile Basin, Tınsly Brothers, London, 1864
  • Emberling, Geoff, et al. “Jebel Barkal 2018–2023: New Research on the Napatan and Meroitic City.” Sudan & Nubia 28 (2024): 73–98.
  • Fahey, R. S. O’. The Darfur Sultanate: A History. London: Hurst & Company 2008.
  • Fisher, Humphrey. “The Western and Central Sudan and East Africa.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3, 345–405. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1977.
  • Gökgidik, İsa. “Sudan through the Eyes of a Veteran Ottoman Officer: The Mahdist Uprising and the British According to Ömer Kamil Pasha’s Work ‘Sûdân-ı Mısrî.’” Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies 10, no. 28 (November 2023).
  • Hac Ali, Ahmad ibn al-Haj. History of the Sennar Sultanate and the Egyptian Administration. Edited by Al-Shatir al-Busaily. Cairo n.d.
  • Haynie, Donald T. “A Great Comet and Ceremonial Site Development at Nabta Playa.” February 3, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15045.
  • Herodotus, The Histories, trans. A. D. Godley, Vol. I, Books I–II, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London 1920.
  • Holt, P. M. The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288/1504–1871. Leiden: Brill 1999.
  • Honegger, Matthieu. “The Archers of Kerma: Warrior Image and Birth of a State.” Dotawo 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5070/d68061375.
  • Ibn al-Wardi, Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs Umar. Kharidat al-ʿAja'ib wa Faridat al-Ghara'ib. Edited by Mahmoud Fahuri. Beirut, 1991.
  • Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik. Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 1. Edited by Magdi Fathi al-Sayyid. 1st ed. Tanta 1990.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman. Kitab al-ʿIbar. Beirut 2000.
  • Ibn Manzur, Abu’l-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Makram. Lisan al-ʿArab. Vol. 4. Cairo.
  • Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi, Abu’l-Hasan Abdullah ibn Musa. Kitab al-Jughrafiya. Beirut 1971.
  • Idrisi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq. Vol. 1. Cairo 2002.
  • Jackson, H. C. Osman Digna. 1st ed. London 1926.
  • Junker, Hermann. “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1921): 121–132.
  • Kirwan, Laurence, Tomas Hägg, László Török, and Derek A. Welsby. Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia. Leuven: Peeters 2002.
  • Klemm, Rosemarie, and Dietrich Klemm. “Value of Gold in Ancient Egypt.” 2013, 21–27.
  • Kotrosits, Maia, and Philip A. Harland, eds. Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World. Accessed 2023. https://philipharland.com.
  • Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Al-Mawa’iz wa’l-I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa’l-Athar. Vol. 1. Edited by Muhammad Zaynahum and Madiha al-Sharqawi. 1st ed. Cairo 1997.
  • Markowitz, Yvonne J., and Denise M. Doxey. “Jewels of Ancient Nubia.” November 2014.
  • Martens, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Czarnecka. “The Christian Nubia and the Arabs.” Studia Ceranea 5 (2015): 249–265.
  • Mich, K. A. “Elements of Christian Popular Piety in Nubia (VI–XVI Century) – An Outline of Aspects.” Res Historica 23 (2019): 41–54.
  • Nel, Christiaan. “The Changing Face of Nubian Religion: The Lion Temples at Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa and the Three-Headed and Four-Armed Apedemak.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 27, no. 1 (2001): 101–120.
  • Nush, Hasan Ahmed Muhammad Hasan al-. A Comprehensive Archaeological Survey of the Kushite Royal Cemeteries at Kawa (Kawa III–VII). 1st ed. Al-Hasan Press
  • Orhonlu, Cengiz. “Ottoman Policy Toward Abyssinia: 1554–1560.” Tarih Dergisi 15, no. 20 (March 1965).
  • Özbaran, Salih. The Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century. Istanbul 1994.
  • Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
  • Qalqashandi, Abu al-ʿAbbas Aḥmad b. ʿAli al-. Qalaʾid al-Juman fi al-Taʿrif bi-Qabaʾil ʿArab al-Zaman, ed. Ibrahim al-Ibyari, 2nd ed., Cairo–Beirut 1982.
  • Qasim, Avne’l-Şerif, Kamusu’l-Lehce el- Amiyye fi’s-Sudan, 2. baski, Kahire 1985.
  • Reisner, George A. “The Royal Family of Ethiopia.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 19, nos. 112–113 (April–June 1921).
  • Russell, Michael. Nubia and Abyssinia: Their Civil History, Antiquities, Arts, Religion, Literature, and Natural History. New York 1833.
  • Sahari, Salamah b. Muslim b. Ibrahim al-ʿUtbi al, al-Ansab (Ansab al-ʿArab = Tārīkh al-ʿUtbī), ed. (n.p.: n.pub., n.d.), https://shamela.ws/book/491/23#p2.
  • Sami, Shams al-Din al. Qamus al-Aʿlam. Istanbul, 1311 H.
  • Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Naturales Quaestiones. Edited and translated by relevant editor/translator. Place of publication, 1876.
  • Shugair, Nuum. Cğrafiyet ve Taru’s-Sudan, Beyrut, 1981.
  • Tshivhase, Lawrence. “Supremacy of Foreign Languages as Medium of Instruction over Indigenous African Languages.” January 1, 2014.
  • Vitruvius Pollio. De Architectura. Edited by F. Krohn. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.
  • Yakubi, Ahmed bin Ishak Ebu Yakub bin Cafer bin Vehb bin Vadih el-, Kitabu’l- Buldan, Darü'l-Kütübi'l-İlmiyye, Birinci baski, Beyrut 1422 H.
  • Yakut el-Hamavi, Shihabeddin Yakut bin Abdullah er-Rûmî el-Bağdâdî, Mucemu’l-Büldan, c. 1, Beyrut 1977.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Kıbrıs ve Trablusgarp’ta Hilafetin Dinî-Siyasî Nüfuzu ve bu Yetkinin Devri (1878-1923)” s. 1033-1049, Bir İnsan-ı Selîm: Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan’a Armağan, Editörler: Refik Arıkan – Halim Demiryürek, Lotus yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Diğer Sömürgeci Ülkeler (Almanya, İtalya, Belçika)”, Sömürgecilik Tarihi, s. 92-108 (Afrika-Asya).

Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 1045 - 1074 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
https://izlik.org/JA45AM47LE

Öz

This study examines the origins, purposes of use, and historical backgrounds of the names given to the historical geography of Sudan. The main objective of the research is to explore how naming practices for the Sudan region emerged, and to reveal the roles of internal and external dynamics in this process. The study follows a historical approach and employs a descriptive method based on sources from history, archaeology, and linguistics. The geographical, cultural, and political contexts of each name are explained. Most of the names attributed to Sudan were coined by external observers, while the names used by the local population have either been lost due to undeciphered languages or marginalized. This situation reflects the dominance of external perspective in the historiography of the region. The research concludes that the naming history of Sudan must also be evaluated within the context of cultural representation, identity construction, and power relations.
Keywords: Historical Geography, Sudan, Habesh Province, Nubia, Kush, Funj, Darfur

Özet:
Bu çalışma, Sudan tarihi coğrafyasına verilen adların kökenlerini, kullanım amaçlarını ve tarihsel arka planlarını incelemektedir. Araştırmanın temel amacı, Sudan bölgesi için isimlendirme pratiklerinin nasıl ortaya çıkmıştır. İç ve dış dinamiklerin etkileri rollü da ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma, tarihsel bir yaklaşımı takip etmektedir. Tarih, arkeoloji ve dil kaynaklara dayalı betimleyici bir yöntem izledi. Yerel ve eski Mısırlılar, Yunanlılar, Araplar ve Avrupalı sömürgeciler tarafından Sudan'a verilen isimler arasinda olan Biladü’s-Sudan, Mahdi Devleti, Habeş Eyaleti, Func ve Fur Sultanlıkları, Musabaait, Koş, Merevi, Nabata, Karma, Alava, Makurat, Nübatia, Nübye, Vavat, Ta-Siti, Ta Nehesy, Belemiler, Bica diyari gibi, ele alınarak, her bir adın coğrafi, kültürel ve siyasi bağlamı açıklanmıştır. Sudan'a dair isimlendirmelerin büyük kısmı dış gözlemciler tarafından yapılmış, yerli halkın kullandığı isimler ise ya çözülmemiş diller nedeniyle kaybolmuş ya da marjinalleşmiştir. Bu durum, bölgenin tarih yazımında sömürgeci ve dışa dönük bakışın hâkimiyetini göstermektedir. Araştırma, Sudan'ın adlandırılma tarihinin, aynı zamanda kültürel temsil, kimlik inşası ve güç ilişkileri bağlamında değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varmıştır.
Anahtar kalemeler: Tarih Coğrafya -Sudan – Habeş Eyaleti - Nübiye – Koş – Func – Dar Fur

Etik Beyan

This article has been conducted in accordance with the principles of scientific research and publication ethics. All data and ideas taken from other sources have been properly cited. No ethical violations have occurred during the preparation of this work.

Destekleyen Kurum

N/A

Teşekkür

The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University for its academic and institutional support, which greatly facilitated the completion of this study. Appreciation is also extended to colleagues and reviewers whose insightful comments and constructive suggestions helped to enhance the quality of this work.

Kaynakça

  • Presidency of Republic of Türkiye State Archives, Ottoman Archive (BOA) BOA. İM. 245/2; BOA. HR. SYS. 36/66; BOA. KK. 212.
  • Abdullah, Abdulqadir Mahmoud. “Ancient Sudan: The Mixing of Names and the Significance of Concepts.” In Studies on the Antiquities of the Arab Homeland 2: Proceedings of the IFourth Arab Archaeologists Meeting, Cairo 2001.
  • Ahmed, Hassan Abdel Aziz. “Caravan Trade and Routes in the Northern Sudan in the 19th Century: A Study in Historical Geography.” January 1, 1967.
  • Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Emperyalizme Karşı Türklerin Yanında Yer Alan Darfur Hâkimi Ali Dinar (1898-1916)”, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, no. 61 (March 2005): 369–370.
  • Ali, Trig Mohamed Nour. Osmanlı Sudan’ı: Sevakin’de Türk İngiliz Rekabeti, Istanbul 2020. Istanbul 2020.
  • Bassil, Noah R. “The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur.” The Journal of North African Studies 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 347–364.
  • Belazuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya. Futuh al-Buldan. Beirut 1988.
  • Bojowald, Stefan. “A Wordplay Between the Egyptian Words Wbn ‘Arise’ and Nbw ‘Gold” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 3 (2011): 357–362.
  • Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt. Second Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906.
  • Budge, E. A. Wallis. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia. Vol. 1. London 1925.
  • Budka, Julia, Hassan Aglan, and Chloe Ward. “Reconstructing Contact Space Biographies in Sudan During the Bronze Age.” Humans 5, no. 1 (December 27, 2024): 1.
  • Collins, Robert O. A History of Modern Sudan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Dirar, Mohamed Salih. Tarih Şark es’Sudan: Memaliku’l- Bica Kaba’iliha ve Tarihiha, Riyadh 2012.
  • Dodson, Aidan. “Second Intermediate Period, Egypt.” October 26, 2012.
  • Edwards, David N. The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Emberling, Geoff. Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa. New York: Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2011.
  • Burton, Richard. The Nile Basin, Tınsly Brothers, London, 1864
  • Emberling, Geoff, et al. “Jebel Barkal 2018–2023: New Research on the Napatan and Meroitic City.” Sudan & Nubia 28 (2024): 73–98.
  • Fahey, R. S. O’. The Darfur Sultanate: A History. London: Hurst & Company 2008.
  • Fisher, Humphrey. “The Western and Central Sudan and East Africa.” In The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3, 345–405. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1977.
  • Gökgidik, İsa. “Sudan through the Eyes of a Veteran Ottoman Officer: The Mahdist Uprising and the British According to Ömer Kamil Pasha’s Work ‘Sûdân-ı Mısrî.’” Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies 10, no. 28 (November 2023).
  • Hac Ali, Ahmad ibn al-Haj. History of the Sennar Sultanate and the Egyptian Administration. Edited by Al-Shatir al-Busaily. Cairo n.d.
  • Haynie, Donald T. “A Great Comet and Ceremonial Site Development at Nabta Playa.” February 3, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15045.
  • Herodotus, The Histories, trans. A. D. Godley, Vol. I, Books I–II, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London 1920.
  • Holt, P. M. The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288/1504–1871. Leiden: Brill 1999.
  • Honegger, Matthieu. “The Archers of Kerma: Warrior Image and Birth of a State.” Dotawo 8 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5070/d68061375.
  • Ibn al-Wardi, Siraj al-Din Abu Hafs Umar. Kharidat al-ʿAja'ib wa Faridat al-Ghara'ib. Edited by Mahmoud Fahuri. Beirut, 1991.
  • Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik. Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 1. Edited by Magdi Fathi al-Sayyid. 1st ed. Tanta 1990.
  • Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman. Kitab al-ʿIbar. Beirut 2000.
  • Ibn Manzur, Abu’l-Fadl Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Makram. Lisan al-ʿArab. Vol. 4. Cairo.
  • Ibn Sa’id al-Maghribi, Abu’l-Hasan Abdullah ibn Musa. Kitab al-Jughrafiya. Beirut 1971.
  • Idrisi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq. Vol. 1. Cairo 2002.
  • Jackson, H. C. Osman Digna. 1st ed. London 1926.
  • Junker, Hermann. “The First Appearance of the Negroes in History.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 7, no. 1 (April 1, 1921): 121–132.
  • Kirwan, Laurence, Tomas Hägg, László Török, and Derek A. Welsby. Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia. Leuven: Peeters 2002.
  • Klemm, Rosemarie, and Dietrich Klemm. “Value of Gold in Ancient Egypt.” 2013, 21–27.
  • Kotrosits, Maia, and Philip A. Harland, eds. Ethnic Relations and Migration in the Ancient World. Accessed 2023. https://philipharland.com.
  • Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Al-Mawa’iz wa’l-I’tibar bi Dhikr al-Khitat wa’l-Athar. Vol. 1. Edited by Muhammad Zaynahum and Madiha al-Sharqawi. 1st ed. Cairo 1997.
  • Markowitz, Yvonne J., and Denise M. Doxey. “Jewels of Ancient Nubia.” November 2014.
  • Martens, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Czarnecka. “The Christian Nubia and the Arabs.” Studia Ceranea 5 (2015): 249–265.
  • Mich, K. A. “Elements of Christian Popular Piety in Nubia (VI–XVI Century) – An Outline of Aspects.” Res Historica 23 (2019): 41–54.
  • Nel, Christiaan. “The Changing Face of Nubian Religion: The Lion Temples at Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa and the Three-Headed and Four-Armed Apedemak.” Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 27, no. 1 (2001): 101–120.
  • Nush, Hasan Ahmed Muhammad Hasan al-. A Comprehensive Archaeological Survey of the Kushite Royal Cemeteries at Kawa (Kawa III–VII). 1st ed. Al-Hasan Press
  • Orhonlu, Cengiz. “Ottoman Policy Toward Abyssinia: 1554–1560.” Tarih Dergisi 15, no. 20 (March 1965).
  • Özbaran, Salih. The Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century. Istanbul 1994.
  • Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938.
  • Qalqashandi, Abu al-ʿAbbas Aḥmad b. ʿAli al-. Qalaʾid al-Juman fi al-Taʿrif bi-Qabaʾil ʿArab al-Zaman, ed. Ibrahim al-Ibyari, 2nd ed., Cairo–Beirut 1982.
  • Qasim, Avne’l-Şerif, Kamusu’l-Lehce el- Amiyye fi’s-Sudan, 2. baski, Kahire 1985.
  • Reisner, George A. “The Royal Family of Ethiopia.” Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin 19, nos. 112–113 (April–June 1921).
  • Russell, Michael. Nubia and Abyssinia: Their Civil History, Antiquities, Arts, Religion, Literature, and Natural History. New York 1833.
  • Sahari, Salamah b. Muslim b. Ibrahim al-ʿUtbi al, al-Ansab (Ansab al-ʿArab = Tārīkh al-ʿUtbī), ed. (n.p.: n.pub., n.d.), https://shamela.ws/book/491/23#p2.
  • Sami, Shams al-Din al. Qamus al-Aʿlam. Istanbul, 1311 H.
  • Seneca, Lucius Annaeus. Naturales Quaestiones. Edited and translated by relevant editor/translator. Place of publication, 1876.
  • Shugair, Nuum. Cğrafiyet ve Taru’s-Sudan, Beyrut, 1981.
  • Tshivhase, Lawrence. “Supremacy of Foreign Languages as Medium of Instruction over Indigenous African Languages.” January 1, 2014.
  • Vitruvius Pollio. De Architectura. Edited by F. Krohn. Leipzig: Teubner, 1912.
  • Yakubi, Ahmed bin Ishak Ebu Yakub bin Cafer bin Vehb bin Vadih el-, Kitabu’l- Buldan, Darü'l-Kütübi'l-İlmiyye, Birinci baski, Beyrut 1422 H.
  • Yakut el-Hamavi, Shihabeddin Yakut bin Abdullah er-Rûmî el-Bağdâdî, Mucemu’l-Büldan, c. 1, Beyrut 1977.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Kıbrıs ve Trablusgarp’ta Hilafetin Dinî-Siyasî Nüfuzu ve bu Yetkinin Devri (1878-1923)” s. 1033-1049, Bir İnsan-ı Selîm: Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan’a Armağan, Editörler: Refik Arıkan – Halim Demiryürek, Lotus yayınevi, İstanbul 2016.
  • Yurdakul, İlhami, “Diğer Sömürgeci Ülkeler (Almanya, İtalya, Belçika)”, Sömürgecilik Tarihi, s. 92-108 (Afrika-Asya).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkaik Dönem Arkeolojisi, Asya, Afrika ve Amerika Arkeolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tarig Mohamed Nour Ali 0009-0001-2064-0705

İlhami Yurdakul 0000-0001-6725-3924

Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
IZ https://izlik.org/JA45AM47LE
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ali, T. M. N., & Yurdakul, İ. (2026). Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 1045-1074. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
AMA 1.Ali TMN, Yurdakul İ. Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan. VAKANÜVİS. 2026;11(1):1045-1074. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369
Chicago Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour, ve İlhami Yurdakul. 2026. “Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 (1): 1045-74. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369.
EndNote Ali TMN, Yurdakul İ (01 Mart 2026) Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 1 1045–1074.
IEEE [1]T. M. N. Ali ve İ. Yurdakul, “Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan”, VAKANÜVİS, c. 11, sy 1, ss. 1045–1074, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369.
ISNAD Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour - Yurdakul, İlhami. “Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11/1 (01 Mart 2026): 1045-1074. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369.
JAMA 1.Ali TMN, Yurdakul İ. Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan. VAKANÜVİS. 2026;11:1045–1074.
MLA Ali, Tarig Mohamed Nour, ve İlhami Yurdakul. “Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 11, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 1045-74, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369.
Vancouver 1.Tarig Mohamed Nour Ali, İlhami Yurdakul. Toponymic Practices in the Historical Geography of Sudan. VAKANÜVİS. 01 Mart 2026;11(1):1045-74. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1805369


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