Antik Suriye Kenti: Ebla

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 718 - 751 , 31.03.2026

Sırrı Tiryaki

https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1807266

https://izlik.org/JA93NP79LR

Öz

Suriye’nin kuzeyinde bulunan ve Tell Mardikh olarak bilinen alanda tespit edilen Ebla kenti, sahadaki önemli yerleşim alanlarından biridir. İtalyan arkeolog heyeti tarafından alanda uzun yıllar sürdürülen sistematik çalışmalar sonucunda Ebla kentine dair buluntulara ulaşmıştır. Kurucu hanedan tarafından kurgulanan ve idealize edilen devlet modeli sayesinde Ebla, Suriye coğrafyasında bulunan diğer yerel politik güçler arasındaki diplomatik ilişkilerde arabulucu konumda olmuştur. Karşılıklı bağımlılık esasından hareketle sahada inşa edilecek güven ortamının tek kazananı Ebla olmayacaktı. Buradan hareketle Suriye coğrafyasındaki politik ve askerî güçler arasındaki krizlerde Ebla yöneticileri her zaman için barışı tesis eden konumda olmuştur. Ebla’nın bürokratik aklının uyguladığı askerî ve diplomatik parametreler sonrasında sahip olduğu hegemonik istikrar kuramını Suriye coğrafyasının geneline yaymaya çalışmıştır. Antik Çağ kronolojisinin MÖ 3500-2400 yıllarına tarihlendirilen höyük, varlığını Roma ve Arap dönemlerine kadar sürdürmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Suriye , Tell Mardikh , Ebla Kenti , Kurucu Hanedan , Diplomatik İlişkiler

Ancient Syrian City: Ebla

https://izlik.org/JA93NP79LR

Öz

The city of Ebla, which was discovered in the area known as Tell Mardikh in northern Syria, is one of the important settlements in the field. As a result of the systematic studies carried out by the Italian archaeological team in the area for many years, finds related to the city of Ebla were found. Thanks to the state model constructed and idealised by the founding dynasty, Ebla became a mediator in diplomatic relations between other local political powers in Syria. Based on the principle of mutual dependence, Ebla would not be the only winner of the trust environment to be built in the field. Therefore, in the crises between the political and military powers in the Syrian geography, Ebla administrators have always been in a position to establish peace. Following the military and diplomatic parameters applied by the bureaucratic mind of Ebla, it tried to spread its hegemonic stability theory throughout the Syrian geography. The mound, which is dated to 3500-2400 BC in the chronology of Antiquity, continued its existence until the Roman and Arab periods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Syria , Tell Mardikh , City of Ebla , Founding Dynasty , Diplomatic Relations

Kaynakça

• Acemoğlu, Daron & Robinson, James A., The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty, New York, (Penguin Press), 2019.
• Archi, Alfonso & Biga, Maria Giovanna, “A victory over Mari and the fall of Ebla”, JCS, 55 (2003), s. 1-44.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Notes on Eblaite geography II”, Studi Eblaiti, 4, (1981), s. 1-17.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Wovon lebte man in Ebla?”, AfO, 19 (1982a), s. 173-188.
• Archi, Alfonso, “About the organization of the Eblaite state”, Studi Eblaiti, 5 (1982b), s. 201-220.
• Archı, Alfonso & Bıga, Maria Giovanna & Mılano, Lucio, “Studies in Eblaite prosopography”, Eblaite Personal Names and Semitic Name-Giving. Papers of a Symposium Held in Rome July 15-17, 1985. (ed. A. Archi), ARES I, Roma, (1988), s. 205-306.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Culture de l’olivier et production de l’huile à Ebla”, Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs: Études sur la Civilization Mésopotamienne Offertes à Paul Garelli. (ed. D. Charpin, F. Joannès,), Geuthner, (1991), s. 211-222.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Trade and administrative practice: The case of Ebla”, AoF, 20 (1993), s. 43-58.
• Archi, Alfonso, “The “Lords”, lugal-lugal, of Ebla. A prosopographic study”, VO, 12 (2000), s. 19-59.
• Archi, Alfonso, “ ‘Debt’ in an archaic palatial economy: The evidence from Ebla”, Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East. (ed. M. Hudson, M. Van De Mieroop), CDL Press, (2002a), s. 95-108.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Jewels for the ladies of Ebla”, ZA, 92 (2002b), s. 161-199.
• Archi, Alfonso, “The business of Mr. Iram-Malik”, Memoriae Igor. M. Diakonoff, (ed. L. Kogan, N. Koslova, S. Loesov, S. Tishenko,), Babel und Bibel 2. Winona Lake, Eisenbrauns, (2005), s. 9-19.
• Archi, Alfonso, “In search of taxation in the realm of Ebla”, Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives: Proceedings of the Conference Held at Soprintendenza Archivistica per la Campania, Naples, (ed. M. Perna,), 21-23 October 2004, Studi Egeie Vicinorientali 3, De Boccard, (2006), s. 13-23.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Considerations on a delivery of spearheads from Ebla”, JCS, 60 (2008), s. 1-5.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Gifts at Ebla”, Studia Asiana 7”, (ed. E. Ascalone, L. Peyronel,), Studi italiani di metrologia ed economia del Vicino Oriente antico dedicati a Nicola Parise in occasione del suo settantesimo compleanno, Herder, (2011), s. 43-55.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Primary production at Ebla (24th Cent. BC)”, AAAS, 57-58 (2015), s. 71-81.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Religious duties for a royal family: Basing the ideology of social power at Ebla”, JNES, 76/2 (2017), s. 293-306.
• Archi, Alfonso, “Minima Eblaitica 25: The major officials of Mari according to the early documents of Ebla”, NABU 2019, 4 (2019), s. 153-155.
• Benati, Giacomo & Bonechi, Marco, “The fiscal capacity of the Ebla state in the Early Bronze Age: Taxation and political structure”, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347387927_The_Fiscal_Capacity_of_the_Ebla_State_in_the_Early_Bronze_Age_Taxation_and_Political_Structure, (2020), s. 37-68, (Erişim: 4.6.2025).
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “The marriage of Eblaite princess Tagrish-Damu with a son of Nagar’s king”, Subartu, 4/2 (1998), s. 17-22.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “Buried among the living at Ebla? Funerary practices and rites in a XXIV cent. B.C. Syrian kingdom”, Scienze dell’Antichità, 14 (2007-2008), s. 249-275.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “Au-delà des frontières: guerre et diplomatie à Ebla”, Or, 77 (2008), s. 289-334.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “Textiles in the administrative texts of the royal archives of Ebla (Syria, 24 Century B.C.) with particular emphasis on coloured textiles”, Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennium BC. (ed. M. Cécile; M. L. Nosch), Oxbow Books, (2010), s. 146-172.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “La fête à Ebla (Syrie, XXIVe siècle av. J.C.)”, Journal Asiatique, 299/2 (2011), s. 479-494.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “Defining the chora of Ebla. A textual perspective”, Ebla and its Landscape. Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. (ed. P. Matthiae, N. Marchetti), Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press, (2013), s. 259-267.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “The role of women in work and society in the Ebla Kingdom (Syria, 24th century BC)”, The Role of Women in Work and Society in the Ancient Near East, (ed. B. Lion; C. Michel), Boston, (2016), s. 73-91.
• Biga, Maria Giovanna, “The role of women in work and society in the Ebla kingdom (Syria, 24th centuryBC)”, https://www.academia.edu/40925889/The_Role_of_Women_in_Work_and_Society_in_the_Ebla_Kingdom_Syria_24th_century_BC, (2016), s. 71-89, (Erişim: 8.5.2025).
• Bonechı, Marco, “II millennium Ebla kings”, Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 91/1 (1997), s. 33-38.
• Bonechi, Marco, “Ebla”, Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception, (ed. D. C. Allison Jr.; V. Leppin; Choon Leong Seow; H. Spieckermann; B. D. Walfish; E. Ziolkowski), Berlin-Boston, (2013), s. 248-254.
• Bonechi, Marco, “Thorny geopolitical problems in the palace G archives. The Ebla southern horizon. part one: The middle orontes basin”, Le fleuve rebelle Géographie historique du moyen Oronte d’Ebla à l’époque Médiévale Actes du Colloque İnternational Tenu les 13 et 14 Décembre 2012 à Nanterre (MAE) et à Paris (INHA). (ed. D. Parayre), Ifpo, (2016a), s. 29-87.
• Bonechi, Marco, “Strife in Early Bronze Syria. Lexical, prosopographical, and historical notes on the Ebla texts”, Kakkêka rukusma (“Ceins tes armes!”): 2e Rencontre d’Histoire Militaire du Proche-Orient Ancien (Lyon, 17-18 octobre 2013). Revue İnternationale d’Histoire Militaire Ancienne No. 3/2016, (ed. P. Abrahami, C. Wolff). Klincksieck, (2016b), s. 17-54.
• Bonechi, Marco, “Remarks on the III millennium geographical names of the Syrian upper Mesopotamia”, About Subartu: Studies Devoted to Upper Mesopotamia, (ed. M. Lebeau), Subartu, 4/1, Brepols, (1998), s. 219-241.
• Catagnoti, Amalia, “I NE. DI nei testi amministrativi degli archivi di Ebla”, Miscellanea Eblaitica, 2, (QuSem 16), (1989), s. 149-201.
• Catagnoti, Amalia, “Ebla”, (ed. R. Westbrook,). A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law. HdO, I/72 (2003), Brill, s. 227-240.
• Civil, Miguel, “Enlil and Ninlil: The marriage of Sud”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 103 (1983), s. 43-66.
• Falkenstein, Adam, Die Inschriften Gudeas von Laga, Series: Analecta Orientalia 30, Rome: Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, 1966.
• Foster, Benjamin R., “Ebla and the origins of Akkadian accountability”, BiOr, 40 (1983), s. 298-305.
• Frangipane, Marcella, “The origins of administrative practices and their developments in greater Mesopotamia. The evidence from Arslantepe”, Archéo-Nil, 26 (2016), s. 9-32.
• Franke, Sabina, “King of Akkad: Sargon and Naram-Sin. https://www.academia.edu/7801675/Kings_of_Akkad_Sargon_and_Naram_Sin, (1995), s. 831-841, (Erişim: 12.5.2025).
• Freedman, David Noel, “The real story of the Ebla tablets: Ebla and the cities of the plain”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 41/4 (1978), s. 143-164.
• Freewalt, Jason, “Sargon the great of Akkad: The first empire builder of Mesopotamia”, https://www.academia.edu/9083418/Sargon_the_Great_of_Akkad_The_First_Empire_Builder_of_Mesopotamia, (2014), s. 1-15, (Erişim: 12.5.2025).
• Kitchen, Kenneth A., “Ebla-Queen of Ancient Syria”, The Bible in its World: The Bible and Archaeology Today. Exeter: The Paternoster Press. https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/biiw/chapter3.pdf, (1977), s. 37-55. (Erişim: 25.7.2025).
• Matthiae, Paolo, “Tell Mardikh, Syria excavations of 1967 and 1968”, Archaeology, 24/1 (1971), s. 55-61.
• Matthiae, Paolo “Ebla in the late early Syrian period: The royal palace and the state archives”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 39/3, (1976), s. 94-113.
• Matthiae, Paolo, “Tell Mardikh: The archives and palace”, Archaeology, 30/4 (1977), s. 244-253.
• Matthiae, Paolo, “Ebla”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 43/3, (1980a), s. 133-134.
• Matthiae, Paolo, “Some fragments of early Syrian sculpture from royal palace G of Tell Mardikh-Ebla”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 39/4 (1980b), s. 249-273.
• Matthiae, Paolo, “New discoveries at Ebla: The excavation of the western palace and the royal necropolis of the Amorite Period”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 47/1 (1984), s. 18-32.
• Michalowski, Piotr, “Third millennium contacts: Observations on the relationships between Mari and Ebla”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 105/2 (1985), s. 293-302.
• Milano, Lucio, “Ébla: Gestion des terres et gestion des resources alimentaires”, Mari, Ebla et les Hourrites, dix ans de Travaux, Premiére Partie; Actes du Colloque İnternational, (ed. J. M. Durand), Amurru, (1), Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, (1996), s. 135-171.
• Milano, Lucio, “Les affaires de monsieur Gida-na’im”, Marrassini, (2003), s. 411-429.
• Pasquali, Jacopo, “Sul falco (buru4-mušen) di dra-sa-ab denki ad Ebla”, NABU, 33 (2002), s. 34-36.
• Paszke, Marcin, “From Sargon to Narām-Sîn: some remarks on Akkadian military activity in the II nd half of the III rd millennium bc. The example of eastern campaigns”, https://www.academia.edu/answers/Zxw6Ka, (2022), s. 75-83, (Erişim: 12.5.2025).
• Pettinato, Giovanni, “The royal archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 39/2 (1976), s. 44-52.
• Pettinato, Giovanni, “II Calendario di Ebla al tempo del Re Ibbi-Sipis sulla base di TM. 75. G. 427”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 25. Bd., (1974), s. 1-36.
• Pettinato, Giovanni, “Ebla and the Bible”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 43/4 (1980), s. 203-216.
• Pettinato, Giovanni, “Testi lessicali monolingui della biblioteca L.2769”, MEE, 3 (1981), s. 219-226.
• Pettinato, Giovanni, “IL «Cuore» deglı Eblaıtı ed altre curıosıtà appuntı dı lessıcografıa Eblaıta, I”, Rivista degli studi orientali, 68, Fasc. 3/4 (1994), s. 187-194.
• Peyronel, Luca & Vacca, Agnese, “Natural resources, technology and manufacture processes at Ebla. A preliminary assessment”, Ebla and its Landscape. Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East, (ed. P. Matthiae, N. Marchetti,), Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press, (2013), s. 431-449.
• Picchioni, Sergio A., “Ricostruzione segmentale del testo storico TM.75.G.2420”, Oriens Antiquus, 20 (1981), s. 187-190.
• Pinnock, Frances, “About the trade of early Syrian Ebla”, MARI, 4 (1985), s. 85-92.
• Pinnock, Frances, “Ebla and Ur: Relations, exchanges and contacts between two great capitals of the Ancient Near East”, Iraq, 68 (2006), s. 85-97.
• Pinnock, Frances, “The King’s standard from Ebla palace G”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 67 (2015), s. 3-22.
• Ristvet, Lauren, Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Sallaberger, Walther, “Ein synchronismus der urkunden von Tell Beydar mit Mari und Ebla?”, About Subartu: studies devoted to Upper Mesopotamia, (ed. M. Lebeau), Vol. I: landscape archaeology settlement, Brepols, (1998), s. 23-39.
• Schönholzer, David, “The origin of the state: Incentive compatible extraction under environmental circumscription”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2944106, (2017), s. 1-67, (Erişim: 4.6.2025).
• Schrakamp, Ingo, “The Kingdom of Akkad: A view from within”, The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East, (ed. K. Radner, N. Moeller, D. T. Potts), Volume I: From the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad, Oxford Universty Press, (2020), s. 612-685.
• Scott, James C., Against the Grain. Plants, Animals, Microbes, Captives, Barbarians, and a New Story of Civilization. Yale University Press, 2017.
• Sollberger, Edmond, “The so-called treaty between Ebla and 'Ashur' ”, Studi Eblaiti, 3 (1980), s. 129-155.
• Tonietti, Maria Vittoria, “The expedition of Ebla against Ašdar(um) and the Queen of Ḫarran”, ZA, 100 (2010), s. 56-85.
• Viganò, Lorenzo. & Pardee, Dennis, “Literary sources for the history of Palestine and Syria: The Ebla tablets”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 47/1 (1984), s. 6-16.
• Wellisch, Hans H., “Ebla: The world’s oldest library”, The Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 16/3 (1981), s. 488-500.
• Winters, Ryan D., Negotiating Exchange: Ebla and the International System of the Early Bronze Age, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University (2019), https://dash.harvard.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/c7c8294c-e8a4-46eb-ace1-b14edd4c4ff8/content, (Erişim: 10.6.2025).