Modern Asiler: II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Eşkıyalık ve Adam Kaçırma Suçu (1876-1906)

Öz

Fidye için insan kaçırma suçu sıklıkla kriminal gruplar tarafından işlenir ve birçok kültürde köklü bir geçmişi vardır. Bu eylem, hem mağdur hem de ailesi açısından şiddetli duygusal, fiziksel ve ekonomik zorluklara yol açar. Fidye için insan kaçırma üç temel bileşenden oluşur. Bunlardan ilki, kaçırma eyleminin sonunda ne olacağını tahmin etmeyi imkansız kılan öngörülemez doğasıdır. Kaçıranlar, iradelerine bağlı olarak rehineyi öldürebilir ya da canını bağışlayabilirler. İkincisi, kaçırmanın asıl amacıyla ilişkilidir. Suçlular, bu edimi salt para için gerçekleştirmiş olabilecekleri gibi bir yandan rakiplerine siyasi mesaj göndermek diğer yandan da kolayca para kazanmayı planlamış olabilirler. Dahası, kaçırma eylemini tetikleyen faktörler bazı vakalarda intikam ve misilleme duygularıyla iç içe geçmiştir. Son olarak, cezanın caydırıcılığı, kaçıranların davranışsal pozisyonlarını etkiler. Bu nedenle, kaçırma vakası yürürlükte bulunan ceza kanunuyla birlikte düşünülmelidir. Bu makale, II. Abdülhamid dönemindeki fidye için insan kaçırma hadiselerini yukarıda belirtilen ilkeler ışığında tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Osmanlı İmparatorluğu,
• Suç,
• İnsan Kaçırma,
• Fidye

Modern Rebels: Banditry and the Crime of Ransom Kidnapping in the Reign of Abdulhamıd II (1876-1906)

Öz

The crime of ransom kidnapping is frequently performed by criminal groups, and it possesses a long past in many cultures. It leads to drastic emotional, physical, and economic hardships both in terms of the victim and his/her family. Ransom kidnapping consists of three essential components. First of them is its unpredictable nature that makes it impossible to guess what would be at the end of this action. Kidnappers could either murder the hostage or spare his/her life, depending on their will to kill. Second is the actual objective of kidnapping. The kidnappers might have organized the crime merely for money, or intending to send a political message to their rivals when they plan to make a good deal of money. Moreover, they could combine these factors with the feelings of vengeance and retaliation in some incidents. Once for all, the deterrence of punishment influences the behavioral positions of kidnappers, and therefore it should be interrelated with the penal code of the time. This paper aims to argue the ransom kidnapping in the reign of Abdulhamid II in the light of above-mentioned principles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ottoman Empire,
• Crime,
• Kidnapping,
• Ransom

Kaynakça

1. B.O.A., ŞD., 2445/15, (22 Ekim 1881).; B.O.A., Y..PRK.ML.., 5/48, 14 Zilhicce 1302 (24 Eylül 1885). B.O.A., HR.TO.., 527/41, 26 Eylül 1299 (8 Ekim 1883).; B.O.A., Y..A...HUS., 207/31, 14 Muharrem 1305 (2 Ekim 1887). B.O.A., Y..MTV., 75/177, 18 Şaban 1310 (7 Mart 1893).; B.O.A., İ..DH.., 1304/6, 14 Zilkade 1310 (30 Mayıs 1893).; B.O.A., ZB., 318/128, 27 Eylül 1322 (10 Ekim 1906).
2. Austen-Smith, David, “Introduction”, Selected Works of Michael Wallerstein: The Political Economy of Inequality, Unions, and Social Democracy (Eds. David Austen-Smith, Jeffry A. Frieden, Miriam A. Golden, Karl Ove Moene ve Adam Przeworski). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 241-249.
3. Barkey, Karen, (1997), Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
4. Barkey, Karen, (2008), Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bottero, Wendy, (2005), Stratification: Social Division and Inequality. London and New York: Routledge.
6. Briggs, Rachel, (2001), The Kidnapping Business. London: The Foreign Policy Center.
7. Burger, John D., (2008), “Fields’ Index of Economic Inequality”, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 3 (Ethnic Conflict-Inequality, Gender), (Ed. William A. Darity Jr.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 137-138.
8. Clutterbuck, Richard, (1987), Kidnap, Hijack and Extortion: The Response. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

9. Concannon, Diana, (2013), Kidnapping: An Investigator’s Guide. London: Elsevier.
10. Detotto, Claudio, McCannon, Bryan C., ve Vannini, Marco, (2014), “Understanding Ransom Kidnappings and Their Duration”, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, C. 14, S. 3, 2014, 849-871.
11. Eller, Tawnya Tangel ve Eller, Bill, (2003), “Kidnapping”, Encyclopedia of Murder & Violent Crime (Ed. Eric Hickey). California: Sage Publications.
12. Fields, Gary, (1993), “Inequality in Dual Economy Models”, The Economic Journal, C. 103, S. 420, 1228-1235.
13. Gümüş, Ercan, (2019), Devlet ve Asi: 18. Yüzyıl Ortalarında Osmanlı Diyarbekiri’nde Eşkıyalık. Ankara: İlâhiyât Yayınları.
14. Heard, Brian John, (2015), Kidnapping and Abduction: Minimizing the Threat and Lessons in Survival. Florida: CRC Press.
15. Hobsbawm, Eric J., (1971), Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
16. Hobsbawm, Eric J., (1981), Bandits. London: Pantheon Books.
17. İnalcık, Halil, (1969), “Capital Formation in the Ottoman Empire”, The Journal of Economic History, C. 29, S. 1, 97-140.
18. Kılınçoğlu, Deniz, (2015), Economics and Capitalism in the Ottoman Empire. London and New York: Routledge.
19. MacWillson, Alastair C., (1992), Hostage-Taking Terrorism: Incident-Response Strategy. London: Macmillan Publishers.
20. Morewitz, Stephen, (2019), Kidnapping and Violence: New Research and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Springer Publishing.
21. Newton, Michael, (2002), The Encyclopedia of Kidnappings. New York: Facts On File.
22. Newton, Samuel P., (2020), “Kidnapping Reconsidered: Courts Merger Tests Inadequately Remedy the Inequities Which Developed from Kidnapping's Sensationalized and Racialized History”, William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, C. 28, S. 3, 635-688.
23. O’Brien, Susan, (2008), Criminal Investigations: Child Abducting and Kidnapping. New York: Chelsea Publishers.
24. Özgün, Cihan, (2017), “19. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Aydın Sancağı’nda Eşkıyalık Hareketleri Üzerine Gözlemler”, Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Eşkıyalık ve Terör (Ed. Osman Köse). Samsun: İlkadım Belediyesi Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Müdürlüğü, 159-178.
25. Phillips, Everard, (2009), “The Business of Kidnap for Ransom”, The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (Ed. David Canter). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 189-207.
26. Reed, Jane M., Kryštufek, B. Eastwood, Warren J., (2004), “The Physical Geography of The Balkans and Nomenclature of Place Names”, Balkan Biodiversity: Pattern and Process in the European Hotspot (Eds. Huw I. Griffiths, Boris Kryštufek ve Jane M. Reed). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 9-22.
27. Silver, Hilary, (1994), “Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms”, International Labour Review, S. 133, 531-578.
28. Slatta, Richard. W., (1994), “Banditry”, Encyclopedia of Social History (Ed. Peter N.Stearns). New York and London: Garland Publishing.
29. Sophoulis, Panos, (2020), Banditry in the Medieval Balkans, 800-1500. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
30. Townsend, Peter, (1979), Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Recources and Standarts of Living. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
31. Tzanelli, Rodanthi, (2006), “Capitalizing on Value: Towards a Sociological Understanding of Kidnapping”, Sociology, C. 40, S. 5, 929-947.
32. Wright, Richard P., (2009), Kidnap for Ransom: Resolving the Unthinkable. Florida: CRC Press.