Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 515 - 541, 21.09.2019
Öz
Sovyet beden kültürü, sağlıklı ve yurtsever vatandaş-askerler yetiştirmek
ve Sovyetler Birliği'nin kentli nüfusunun modernleşmesine yardımcı olmak için
kullanılan yumuşak bir güç aracıydı. Bunun en önemli yollarından biri modern
sporlardı. Josef Stalin (1925'ten 1953'e kadar Komünist Parti lideri) topluma
beden ve spor kültürünü kabul ettirip kurumsallaştırdı. Bununla birlikte,
siyasi değişiklikler haricinde, spor modelinin kurumları 1980'lerin ortasına
kadar varlığını devam ettirdi. Bu çalışma Sovyetler Birliği Komünist
Partisi'nin (1925'de kuruldu, bundan sonra Komünist Parti) spor vasıtasıyla
Özbekistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti (bundan sonra Özbekistan) üzerindeki
etkisini inceleyecektir. Seçilmiş Soğuk Savaş ve çağdaş çalışmaları eleştirel
bir şekilde ele alarak, 1925'ten 1952'ye çok kültürlü Özbekistan'da Sovyet spor
kültürünün yerleşme ve bütünleşme rolünü araştıracağız. Disiplinler arası bu
çalışmadaki sorumuz şu: Sovyet sporunun Özbekistan'daki etkisi neydi? Lenin ve
Stalin geleneksel sporları topluma nasıl ve neden yeniden benimsetti? İncelenen
hususlar arasında Sovyet sporları kavramı, geleneksel sporlar ve modern spor
kültürünün gelişimi ve etkisi yer almaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Komünist spor geleneksel spor modern spor beden kültürü Sovyet sporu Özbekistan
Kaynakça
- Shirin Akiner, Central Asia: New Arc of Crisis? (London: Whitehall Paper Series, 1993), 11. David Lane, Soviet Society Under Perestroika (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 358-60. Formerly the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (founded 1898). Susan Grant, Physical Culture and Sport in Soviet Society: Propaganda, Acculturation, and Transformation in the 1920s and 1930s (London: Routledge, 2013); see also Sevket Akyildiz, ‘Soviet Physical Culture in Uzbekistan: Implementation and Social Impact’, in Sports and Coaching: Pasts and Futures, ed. Dave Day (Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University, 2012), 105-122. Nikolaus Katzer and Sandra Budy and Alexandra Kohring and Manfred Zeller, Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010). A. Timofeyev and Y. Kopytkin, Soviet Sport: The Success Story (Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1987). Christel Lane, The Rites of Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society: The Soviet Case (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1981), 29; see also Sevket Akyildiz and Richard Carlson, Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia: The Soviet Legacy (London: Routledge, 2014). Eva Maurer, ‘An Academic Escape to the Periphery? The Social and Cultural Milieu of Soviet Mountaineering from the 1920s to the 1960s’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 159. Burcu Dogramaci, ‘Heading into Modernity: Sporting Culture, Architecture and Photography in the Early Turkish Republic’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 112. The Communist Party resolution of 1925 highlights the comprehensive nature of physical culture: ‘… physical culture must be considered not simply from the stand-point of public health and physical education, not only as an aspect of the cultural, economic and military training of young people. It should also be seen as a means to educate the masses (inasmuch as it develops will power, teamwork, endurance, resourcefulness and other valuable qualities). It must be regarded, moreover, as a means of rallying the bulk of the workers and peasants to the various Party, government and trade-union organizations, through which they can be drawn into social and political activity… Physical culture must be an inseparable part of overall political and cultural education and of public health’, cited in James Riordan, Soviet Sport: Background to the Olympics (New York, Washington Mews Books, 1980), 30. Hans-Joachim Braun and Nikolaus Katzer, ‘Training Methods and Soccer Tactics in the Late Soviet Union: Rational Systems of Bodies and Space’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 269. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 11. Ibid., 1-2. Ibid., 2. James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society: Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 4; N.N. Shneidman, The Soviet Road to Olympus: Theory and Practice of Soviet Physical Culture and Sport, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 4. Mike O’Mahony, Sport in the USSR: Physical Culture: Visual Culture (Trowbridge: Reaktion Books, 2006). N.I. Ponomaryov, ‘Fenomen igry i sporta’, Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoi kul’tury, no. 8 (1972): 6, cited in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 3. V.B. Kuchevsky, ‘Sport kak sovokupnost obshchestvennykh otnoshenii’, Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoi kul’tury, no. 9 (1972): 5, cited in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 4. See Robert Edelman, Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sports in the USSR (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1992), 57. Chris Bradley and Andrew Palmer, The Silk Road (Basingstoke: Insight, 2008) 49, 65. E. Ableyev, ‘Principles of Physical Training in the Pedagogical Works of Educators from Central Asia’, in Education, Physical Activities and Sport in a Historical Perspective, ed. Jordi Mones (Barcelona, Spain, 1992), 39-42. Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Polo’, http://www.britannica.com/sports/polo (accessed 7 April 2016). Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 102. Michael Rywkin, Moscow’s Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 14. Rywkin, Moscow’s Muslim Challenge, 16. K sportu, no. 11 (1912), cited in Timofeyev, Success Story, 7. James Riordan, Sport Under Communism: the USSR, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, China, Cuba (London: C. Hurst, 1978), 14-22. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 40. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 39. Ekaterina Emeliantseva, ‘Sports Vision and Sports Places: The Social Topography of Sport in Late Imperial St. Petersburg and its Representation in Contemporary Photography (1890-1914)’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 35. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 15, 40. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 99, 123. Y. Lukashin, National Folk Sports in the USSR (Moscow: Progress Press, 1980), 6-26, 86, 111-18; Tourism.uz.com, ‘Sports in Uzbekistan’, http://tourism.uz/info/134/ (accessed 6 July 2015). C.M. Hann, ‘Ethnic Games in Xinjiang: Anthropological Approaches’, in Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia, ed. Shirin Akiner (London: Kegan Paul International, 1991), 218-35. Francine Hirsch, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, United States: Cornell University Press, 2005), 3, 145. Shirin Akiner, ‘Uzbekistan: Republic of Many Tongues’, in Language Planning in the Soviet Union, ed. J.M. Kirkwood (Macmillan: London, 1989), 103; Dilip Hiro, Between Marx and Muhammad: Changing Face of Central Asia (London: HarperCollins, 1995), 21-2. Alexandra Kohring, ‘Exploring the Power of the Curve: Projects for an International Red Stadium in 1920s Moscow’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 41. Ibid., 41. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 39. Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (London: Kegan Paul, 1983), 277. Y. Sholomitsky, ‘Fizicheskaya kul’tura i sport v sovetskom Uzbekistane’, cited in Ocherki po istorii fizicheskoi kul’tury (Moscow, 1964), 90, in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 80. Fatima Sharipova, Fighter (Tashkent: T-Publishing, 2000), 20. G. Sviridov, Jackson ostayotsya v Rossii (Moscow, 1963), cited in Jim Riordan, ‘The Social Emancipation of Women through Sport’, International Journal of the History of Sport 2, no. 1 (1985): 53-61, 56. D. Yeshchin and A. Pustovalov, ‘Natsional’ny vopros v fizkul’turnom dvizhenii’ (Moscow-Leningrad, 1938), 12, cited in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 114. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 114. ‘Spartakiad’ refers to sports competitions held at schools, workplaces and places for Young Pioneers and amateur groups, circa 1920s and 1930s. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 113. Sandra Budy, ‘Changing Images of Sport in the Early Soviet Press’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2010), 84-5. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 158-60. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 120-1. Budy, ‘Changing Images of Sport in the Early Soviet Press’, 81. Timofeyev, Success Story, 19-21, 66; Shneidman, The Soviet Road to Olympus, 16. Funding came from the Party, Glavsportprom (maker of sports equipment and builder of facilities), and Sovetsky Sport the sports publisher, commercial enterprises, workers’ subscriptions, and the trade unions. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 102; Rafis Abazov, Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2007), 248. Emeliantseva, ‘Sports Vision and Sports Places’, 22. Cultural Establishments of Tashkent: A Brief Reference Book on Theatrical, Scientific and Cultural Instructive Establishments (Uzbek SSR, Goslitizdat, 1958), 91, 181-4. Paul Stronski, Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010), 2, 67. 1st December 1935, speech given by Stalin, Soch, I (XIV), 106, cited in Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, (Oxford: OUP, 1999), 90, 224. Miriam Morton, The Making of Champions: Soviet Sports for Children and Teenagers (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 5. Anke Hilbrenner, ‘Soviet Women in Sports in the Brezhnev Years: The Female Body and Soviet Modernism’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 302. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 100. Ibid., 84. Ibid., 94-7. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 86. Hilbrenner, ‘Soviet Women in Sports in the Brezhnev Years’, 304. Dean Allen, ‘“National Heroes”: Sport and the Creation of Icons’, Sport in History 33, no. 4 (December 2013): 584-94; David Hassan, ‘Introduction: What makes a Sporting Icon?’, Sport in History 33, no. 4 (December 2013): 417-26; See also Sevket Akyildiz, ‘Olympic Culture in Soviet Uzbekistan 1951-1991: International Prestige and Local Heroes’, Polyvocia—The SOAS Journal of Graduate Research 3 (March 2011): 1-16. Lane, Rites of Rulers, 208. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 133. Douglas Northrop, Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia (New York: Cornell University Press, 2003), 3. Seth Bernstein, Raised Under Stalin: Young Communists and the Defence of Socialism (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2017), 167, 170-2. Braun and Katzer, Training Methods and Soccer Tactics, 269. In 1955 Avery Brundage (an American and President of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972) gave a speech in Detroit (United States) about one mass unionwide Soviet sports meeting: ‘… I have seen many things in various parts of the world, but never anything that would even approach this one, either in magnitude or beauty… There were Uzbeks and Tadzhiks and Cossacks and Armenians and Georgians and Kirgiz… Each delegation included from 400 to 3,000 boys and girls… it went on for five hours like clockwork’. At the event, the printed slogans and banners visible during the displays read: ‘… ready for labour and defence; glory to the Fatherland; hail Lenin and Stalin; three million bales of cotton for the nation; success to the Communist Party; peace-peace-peace.’ Source: From a speech to the Economic Club of Detroit on 7 February 1955, cited in H.W. Morton, Soviet Sport (New York: Collier Books, 1963), 61-63, in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 175. International Olympic Committee, ‘The Olympic Movement: Uzbekistan’, http://www.olympic.org/uzbekistan (accessed 6 July 2015); National Olympic Committee of Uzbekistan, http://www.olympic.uz/en/ (accessed 6 July 2015). Christina Kiaer, ‘The Swimming Vtorova Sisters: The Representation and Experience of Sport in the 1930s’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 90. Karsten Bruggemann, ‘Imperial Careers and National Recollection: Baltic Wrestlers and the Organization of National Sports in the Late Tsarist Empire’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 133.
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 515 - 541, 21.09.2019
Öz
Soviet physical culture was a soft power tool
deployed to create healthy and patriotic citizen-soldiers and help modernise
the urban Soviet Union: one key strand of this was modern sports. Critically
reading selected Cold War and contemporary studies, we explore the
acculturation and integration role of the Soviet sports culture in
multicultural Uzbekistan from 1925 to 1952. In this interdisciplinary paper we ask: What was the impact of the
Soviets sports in Uzbekistan? How and why did Lenin and Stalin reposition folk
sports in society? The themes examined include the concept of Soviet sports,
folk sports, and the development and impact of modern sports culture.
Anahtar Kelimeler
communist sport folk sport modern sport physical culture Soviet sport Uzbekistan
Kaynakça
- Shirin Akiner, Central Asia: New Arc of Crisis? (London: Whitehall Paper Series, 1993), 11. David Lane, Soviet Society Under Perestroika (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 358-60. Formerly the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (founded 1898). Susan Grant, Physical Culture and Sport in Soviet Society: Propaganda, Acculturation, and Transformation in the 1920s and 1930s (London: Routledge, 2013); see also Sevket Akyildiz, ‘Soviet Physical Culture in Uzbekistan: Implementation and Social Impact’, in Sports and Coaching: Pasts and Futures, ed. Dave Day (Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University, 2012), 105-122. Nikolaus Katzer and Sandra Budy and Alexandra Kohring and Manfred Zeller, Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010). A. Timofeyev and Y. Kopytkin, Soviet Sport: The Success Story (Moscow: Raduga Publishers, 1987). Christel Lane, The Rites of Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society: The Soviet Case (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1981), 29; see also Sevket Akyildiz and Richard Carlson, Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia: The Soviet Legacy (London: Routledge, 2014). Eva Maurer, ‘An Academic Escape to the Periphery? The Social and Cultural Milieu of Soviet Mountaineering from the 1920s to the 1960s’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 159. Burcu Dogramaci, ‘Heading into Modernity: Sporting Culture, Architecture and Photography in the Early Turkish Republic’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 112. The Communist Party resolution of 1925 highlights the comprehensive nature of physical culture: ‘… physical culture must be considered not simply from the stand-point of public health and physical education, not only as an aspect of the cultural, economic and military training of young people. It should also be seen as a means to educate the masses (inasmuch as it develops will power, teamwork, endurance, resourcefulness and other valuable qualities). It must be regarded, moreover, as a means of rallying the bulk of the workers and peasants to the various Party, government and trade-union organizations, through which they can be drawn into social and political activity… Physical culture must be an inseparable part of overall political and cultural education and of public health’, cited in James Riordan, Soviet Sport: Background to the Olympics (New York, Washington Mews Books, 1980), 30. Hans-Joachim Braun and Nikolaus Katzer, ‘Training Methods and Soccer Tactics in the Late Soviet Union: Rational Systems of Bodies and Space’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 269. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 11. Ibid., 1-2. Ibid., 2. James Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society: Development of Sport and Physical Education in Russia and the USSR (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 4; N.N. Shneidman, The Soviet Road to Olympus: Theory and Practice of Soviet Physical Culture and Sport, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 4. Mike O’Mahony, Sport in the USSR: Physical Culture: Visual Culture (Trowbridge: Reaktion Books, 2006). N.I. Ponomaryov, ‘Fenomen igry i sporta’, Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoi kul’tury, no. 8 (1972): 6, cited in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 3. V.B. Kuchevsky, ‘Sport kak sovokupnost obshchestvennykh otnoshenii’, Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoi kul’tury, no. 9 (1972): 5, cited in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 4. See Robert Edelman, Serious Fun: A History of Spectator Sports in the USSR (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1992), 57. Chris Bradley and Andrew Palmer, The Silk Road (Basingstoke: Insight, 2008) 49, 65. E. Ableyev, ‘Principles of Physical Training in the Pedagogical Works of Educators from Central Asia’, in Education, Physical Activities and Sport in a Historical Perspective, ed. Jordi Mones (Barcelona, Spain, 1992), 39-42. Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Polo’, http://www.britannica.com/sports/polo (accessed 7 April 2016). Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 102. Michael Rywkin, Moscow’s Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 14. Rywkin, Moscow’s Muslim Challenge, 16. K sportu, no. 11 (1912), cited in Timofeyev, Success Story, 7. James Riordan, Sport Under Communism: the USSR, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, China, Cuba (London: C. Hurst, 1978), 14-22. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 40. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 39. Ekaterina Emeliantseva, ‘Sports Vision and Sports Places: The Social Topography of Sport in Late Imperial St. Petersburg and its Representation in Contemporary Photography (1890-1914)’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 35. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 15, 40. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 99, 123. Y. Lukashin, National Folk Sports in the USSR (Moscow: Progress Press, 1980), 6-26, 86, 111-18; Tourism.uz.com, ‘Sports in Uzbekistan’, http://tourism.uz/info/134/ (accessed 6 July 2015). C.M. Hann, ‘Ethnic Games in Xinjiang: Anthropological Approaches’, in Cultural Change and Continuity in Central Asia, ed. Shirin Akiner (London: Kegan Paul International, 1991), 218-35. Francine Hirsch, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, United States: Cornell University Press, 2005), 3, 145. Shirin Akiner, ‘Uzbekistan: Republic of Many Tongues’, in Language Planning in the Soviet Union, ed. J.M. Kirkwood (Macmillan: London, 1989), 103; Dilip Hiro, Between Marx and Muhammad: Changing Face of Central Asia (London: HarperCollins, 1995), 21-2. Alexandra Kohring, ‘Exploring the Power of the Curve: Projects for an International Red Stadium in 1920s Moscow’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 41. Ibid., 41. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 39. Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union (London: Kegan Paul, 1983), 277. Y. Sholomitsky, ‘Fizicheskaya kul’tura i sport v sovetskom Uzbekistane’, cited in Ocherki po istorii fizicheskoi kul’tury (Moscow, 1964), 90, in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 80. Fatima Sharipova, Fighter (Tashkent: T-Publishing, 2000), 20. G. Sviridov, Jackson ostayotsya v Rossii (Moscow, 1963), cited in Jim Riordan, ‘The Social Emancipation of Women through Sport’, International Journal of the History of Sport 2, no. 1 (1985): 53-61, 56. D. Yeshchin and A. Pustovalov, ‘Natsional’ny vopros v fizkul’turnom dvizhenii’ (Moscow-Leningrad, 1938), 12, cited in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 114. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 114. ‘Spartakiad’ refers to sports competitions held at schools, workplaces and places for Young Pioneers and amateur groups, circa 1920s and 1930s. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 113. Sandra Budy, ‘Changing Images of Sport in the Early Soviet Press’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 2010), 84-5. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 158-60. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 120-1. Budy, ‘Changing Images of Sport in the Early Soviet Press’, 81. Timofeyev, Success Story, 19-21, 66; Shneidman, The Soviet Road to Olympus, 16. Funding came from the Party, Glavsportprom (maker of sports equipment and builder of facilities), and Sovetsky Sport the sports publisher, commercial enterprises, workers’ subscriptions, and the trade unions. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 102; Rafis Abazov, Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 2007), 248. Emeliantseva, ‘Sports Vision and Sports Places’, 22. Cultural Establishments of Tashkent: A Brief Reference Book on Theatrical, Scientific and Cultural Instructive Establishments (Uzbek SSR, Goslitizdat, 1958), 91, 181-4. Paul Stronski, Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010), 2, 67. 1st December 1935, speech given by Stalin, Soch, I (XIV), 106, cited in Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, (Oxford: OUP, 1999), 90, 224. Miriam Morton, The Making of Champions: Soviet Sports for Children and Teenagers (New York: Atheneum, 1974), 5. Anke Hilbrenner, ‘Soviet Women in Sports in the Brezhnev Years: The Female Body and Soviet Modernism’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 302. Grant, Physical Culture and Sport, 100. Ibid., 84. Ibid., 94-7. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 86. Hilbrenner, ‘Soviet Women in Sports in the Brezhnev Years’, 304. Dean Allen, ‘“National Heroes”: Sport and the Creation of Icons’, Sport in History 33, no. 4 (December 2013): 584-94; David Hassan, ‘Introduction: What makes a Sporting Icon?’, Sport in History 33, no. 4 (December 2013): 417-26; See also Sevket Akyildiz, ‘Olympic Culture in Soviet Uzbekistan 1951-1991: International Prestige and Local Heroes’, Polyvocia—The SOAS Journal of Graduate Research 3 (March 2011): 1-16. Lane, Rites of Rulers, 208. Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 133. Douglas Northrop, Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia (New York: Cornell University Press, 2003), 3. Seth Bernstein, Raised Under Stalin: Young Communists and the Defence of Socialism (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2017), 167, 170-2. Braun and Katzer, Training Methods and Soccer Tactics, 269. In 1955 Avery Brundage (an American and President of the International Olympic Committee from 1952 to 1972) gave a speech in Detroit (United States) about one mass unionwide Soviet sports meeting: ‘… I have seen many things in various parts of the world, but never anything that would even approach this one, either in magnitude or beauty… There were Uzbeks and Tadzhiks and Cossacks and Armenians and Georgians and Kirgiz… Each delegation included from 400 to 3,000 boys and girls… it went on for five hours like clockwork’. At the event, the printed slogans and banners visible during the displays read: ‘… ready for labour and defence; glory to the Fatherland; hail Lenin and Stalin; three million bales of cotton for the nation; success to the Communist Party; peace-peace-peace.’ Source: From a speech to the Economic Club of Detroit on 7 February 1955, cited in H.W. Morton, Soviet Sport (New York: Collier Books, 1963), 61-63, in Riordan, Sport in Soviet Society, 175. International Olympic Committee, ‘The Olympic Movement: Uzbekistan’, http://www.olympic.org/uzbekistan (accessed 6 July 2015); National Olympic Committee of Uzbekistan, http://www.olympic.uz/en/ (accessed 6 July 2015). Christina Kiaer, ‘The Swimming Vtorova Sisters: The Representation and Experience of Sport in the 1930s’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 90. Karsten Bruggemann, ‘Imperial Careers and National Recollection: Baltic Wrestlers and the Organization of National Sports in the Late Tsarist Empire’, in Euphoria and Exhaustion: Modern Sport in Soviet Culture and Society, ed. Nikolaus Katzer (Frankfurt: CampusVerlag, 2010), 133.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Eylül 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 23 Nisan 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
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