Hatay İlinde Endüstriyel ve Endüstriyel Olmayan Bölgelerdeki Süt Çiftliklerinden Toplanan İneklerin Tank Sütünde Kalay (Sn) Düzeyleri ve Diyet Risk Değerlendirmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Hatay ilinde endüstriyel ve endüstriyel olmayan bölgelerde bulunan süt çiftliklerinden toplanan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinde kalay (Sn) konsantrasyonlarının karşılaştırılması, bu elementin endüstriyel alanlara yakınlık ve içme suyu ve yem tüketimi ile olan ilişkisinin ortaya koyulması ve süt tüketimi yoluyla Sn maruziyetinin bu bölgedeki yetişkin erkek ve kadın bireylerde oluşturabileceği sağlık risklerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, endüstriyel ve endüstriyel olmayan bölgelerden ayrı olarak 12 adet tank sütü örneği, 12 adet su örneği ve 12 adet yem örneği toplandı. Non-kanserojenik risk değerlendirmesi için tahmini günlük alım (TGA) ve hedef tehlike katsayısı (HTK) parametreleri kullanıldı. Endüstriyel ve endüstriyel olmayan bölgelerden toplanan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinde ortalama Sn konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 25.743 mg/L ve 24.389 mg/L olarak bulundu. Endüstriyel alanlardan toplanan yem ve su örneklerinde ortalama Sn konsantrasyonları sırasıyla 2.762 mg/kg ve 0.041 µg/L düzeyinde, endüstriyel olmayan alanlardan toplanan örneklerde ise sırasıyla 3.857 mg/kg ve 0.218 µg/L düzeyinde tespit edildi. Yetişkin erkek ve kadın bireyler için Sn elementinin belirlenen TGA değerleri sırasıyla 34.55 µg/L vücut ağırlığı/gün ve 39.74 µg/L vücut ağırlığı/gün olarak hesaplandı. Ayrıca yetişkin erkek ve kadın bireylerde Sn elementi için belirlenen HTK değerleri sırasıyla 0.057590 ve 0.066237 olarak hesaplandı. Bulgular, bölgedeki endüstriyel faaliyetlerin sütteki Sn içeriğine katkıda bulunduğunu ve süt tüketimi yoluyla bu elemente maruz kalmanın herhangi bir sağlık riski oluşturmasının olası olmadığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Endüstriyel
• İnek
• Kalay
• Risk değerlendirmesi
• Süt

Destekleyen Kurum

Yazar herhangi bir finansal destek almamıştır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için Etik Kurul Onayı gerekmemektedir.

Tin (Sn) Levels in Cow’s Bulk Tank Milk and Dietary Risk Assessment from Dairy Farms in Industrial and Non-industrial Areas of Hatay Province

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to compare the tin (Sn) concentrations in raw cow milk samples collected from dairy farms located in industrial and non-industrial areas in Hatay, to reveal the relationship of this element with the proximity of industrial areas and consumption of water and feed, and to reveal the health risks that Sn exposure through the consumption of milk may cause in adult male and female in this region. For this purpose, 12 bulk tank milk samples, 12 water samples and 12 feed samples were collected separately from industrial and non-industrial areas. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) parameters were used for non-carcinogenic risk assessment. In milk samples collected from industrial and non-industrial areas, the mean Sn concentrations were found to be 25.743 mg/L and 24.389 mg/L, respectively. In feed and water samples collected from industrial areas, the mean Sn concentrations were found to be 2.762 mg/kg and 0.041 µg/L, respectively, while those from non-industrial areas were found to be 3.857 mg/kg and 0.218 µg/L, respectively. EDI values determined for the Sn element for adult male and female were calculated as 34.55 µg/L bw/day and 39.74 µg/L bw/day, respectively. In addition, THQ values determined for the Sn element in adult male and female were calculated as 0.057590 and 0.066237, respectively. These findings show that industrial activities in the region contribute to the Sn content in milk and that exposure to this element through the consumption of milk is unlikely to cause any health risks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Industrial
• Cow
• Tin
• Risk assessment
• Milk

Destekleyen Kurum

The author has not received any funding support.

Kaynakça

1. Arianejad M, Alizadeh M, Bahrami A, Arefhoseini SR (2015). Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Raw Cow’s Milk from Selected Milk Production Sites in Iran: Is There any Health Concern? HPP, 5(3), 176–182.
2. Astolfi ML, Marconi E, Protano C, Canepari S (2020). Comparative elemental analysis of dairy milk and plant-based milk alternatives. Food Control, 107327.
3. Birghila S, Dobrinas S, Stanciu G, Soceanu A (2008). Determination of major and minor elements in milk through ICP-AES. Environ Eng Manag J, 7(6), 805-808.
4. Chen L, Li X, Li Z, Deng L (2020). Analysis of 17 elements in cow, goat, buffalo, yak, and camel milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RSC Adv, 10(12), 6736-6742.
5. Dobrzañski Z, Kolacz R, Górecka H, Chojnacka K, Bartkowiak A (2005). The Content of Microelements and Trace Elements in Raw Milk from Cows in the Silesian Region. Pol J Environ Stud, 14(5), 685-689.
6. Enb A, Abou Donia MA, Abd-Rabou NS, Abou-Arab AAK, El-Senaity MH (2009). Chemical Composition of Raw Milk and Heavy Metals Behavior During Processing of Milk Products. Glob Vet, 3(3), 268-275.
7. Gabryszuk M, Słoniewski K, Sakowski T (2008). Macro- and microelements in milk and hair of cows from conventional vs. organic farms. Anim Sci Pap Rep, 26(3), 199-209.
8. Harper C, Llados F, Diamond G, Chappell LL (2005). Toxicological profile for tin and tin compounds. Accession date: 24 June 2025. Accession link: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp55.pdf.

9. Newton EE, Pétursdóttir ÁH, Beauclercq S et al. (2023). Variation in macrominerals and trace elements in cows’ retail milk and implications for consumers nutrition. Food Chem, 418, 135809.
10. NMKL (Nordisk Metodikkomité for Næringsmidler Nordic Committee on Food Analysis) (1998). Metals. Determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after wet digestion in a microwave oven. NMKL Method No 161.
11. Ogut S, Secilmis Canbay H, Uludag H (2016). Effect of Environmental Factors on Heavy Metal Content of Raw Milk. Akademik Gıda, 14(2), 105-110.
12. Qin N, Faludi G, Beauclercq S et al. (2021). Macromineral and trace element concentrations and their seasonal variation in milk from organic and conventional dairy herds. Food Chem, 359, 129865.
13. Rezaei M, Dastjerdi HA, Jafari H et al. (2014). Assessment of dairy products consumed on the Arakmarket as determined by heavy metal residues. Health, 6, 323-327.
14. Stocco G, Summer A, Malacarne M, Cecchinato A, Bittante G (2019). Detailed macro- and micromineral profile of milk: Effects of herd productivity, parity, and stage of lactation of cows of 6 dairy and dual-purpose breeds. JDS, 102(11), 9727-9739.
15. Toscano A, Giannuzzi D, Pegolo S et al. (2023). Associations between the detailed milk mineral profile, milk composition, and metabolic status in Holstein cows. JDS, 106(9), 6577-6591.
16. Turkish National Dairy Council (2020). Milk Report, Dairy Sector Statistics in the World and Turkey. Accession date: 19 May 2025. Accession link: https://ulusalsutkonseyi.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/Sut-Sektor-Istatistikleri-2020.pdf.
17. Turkish Standards Institution (TSE) (2020). Milk, milk products, infant formula and adult nutritionals-Determination of minerals and trace elements-Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. TS EN ISO 21424:1-44.
18. Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) (2022). Accession date: 20 June 2025. Accession link: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadIstatistikselTablo?p=%20WEBW229PP/91tMV2m71fU6pRWq2F1ZD/lzOFFk0bNDi2rjAC8QDCRN62nr2M3n1K.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1994). Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Method 200.8, 1-57, Revision 5.4. EMMC Version.
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1995). EPA Region III Risk-Based Concentration Table. Accession date: 15 June 2025. Accession link: https://hwbdocuments.env.nm.gov/Los%20Alamos%20National%20Labs/References/9642.PDF.
21. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2016). Risk-Based Concentration Table. Accession date: 26 June 2025. Accession link: https://archive.epa.gov/region9/superfund/web/pdf/master_sl_table_run_june2015_rev.pdf.
22. Usman AT, Abugu HO, Okoye COB (2023). Preliminary investigation of pollution, impact on milk quality and health risk of potentially toxic elements in raw milk from free-ranging cattle bred in Northwestern Nigeria. J Environ Anal Chem, 104(18), 7261-7280.